PERSOONIA

Published by the Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden

Volume 14, Part 4, pp. 493-507 (1992)

The fungi of North Hoy, Orkney—I

R.W.G. Dennis & B.M. Spooner

396 fungi are recorded in or around the only indigenouswoodland in the Orkney islands.

notable the in the The island of Hoy is as containing only high ground Orkney archipelago, namely the steep-sided flat-topped Ward Hill, 479 m, and adjacent western hills which attain

433 m, as well as for the spectacular Old Red Sandstone sea cliffs along its west coast which are frequented by rock climbers. Archaeologists know it for the unique, rock-cut 2-chambered bronze age tomb in the massive detached sandstone block called the Dwarfie Stane, and for

natural woodlandin botanists it is important as the site of the sole surviving relic of all the northern isles, at Berriedale. Very old, large bushes ofFuchsia magellanica flourishing at

Rackwick testify to its mildAtlantic climate, similar to that of the Hebrides.

Berriedale wood, latitude 58° 54' N, is dominatedby a close stand of subsp. odorifera with subordinateSalix aurita and Salix cinerea subsp. oleifolia. It includes two small clumps ofPopulus tremula, consisting of male trees only, scattered trees ofSorbus aucuparia, bushes of Rosa canina and a single clump of Corylus avellana. Vigorous growth ofLonicera periclymenum binds the trees together, and the ground flora is dominatedby

Luzula sylvatica, with clumps ofAthyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris borreri, D. dilatata and

Juncus effusus. Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Pteridium aquilinum, and Blechnum spicant are also plentiful (Prentice & Prentice, 1975; Chapman & Crawford,

native brambles saxatilis is 1981). There are no and, though Rubus present, especially outside the canopy, it is a straggling plant which carries hardly any fungi. Prentice & Prentice, in addition to a study of the vascular plants, supplied a long list ofBryophyta from North Hoy and recorded the presence of 49 lichens but the only basidiomycete they mentioned was an

Omphalina sp. in the Botrydina state. They made no references to non-lichenisedascomyco- tina. Indeed, there is a remarkable dearth of informationabout Orkney fungi: Berry (1985)

list of could supply only a short 75 microfungi and record the presence ofAgaricus cam- pestris. Between us we have made seven short visits to North Hoy, six of them including the wood at Berriedale, in May, June, September, and October. None ofthem coincided with a rich flush of and it is odd that none of them yielded a single carpophore of an

Amanita. We have however, collected in Berriedale most of the other common mycorrhizal associates of Betula and we feel the following catalogue offers at least a beginning to record-

associated with this and isolatedBritish ing the fungi interesting very woodland and the sur- rounding moorland. There are two small plantations of conifers in the area, one now largely

destroyed by fire, but we have not studied these or included fungi strictly associated with them. Drying kilns incorporated in two old farm buildings indicate corn-growing in the past,

* Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, England.

493 494 PERSOONIA Vol. 14, Part 4, 1992

Fig. 1. Map of North Hoy. DENNIS & SPOONER: The fungi of North Hoy—l 495

in but there is littlearable activity at present and we have made no observations on farm crops

the area. Apart from the small farms fringing the north coast, the map area is mostly a nature

reserve for protection of birds, with only three inhabited houses at Rackwick. To facilitate

comparisons between the two archipelagos the fungi are listed in the same order as in Dennis

(1986).

The British mycota is still so imperfectly known that even study of an apparently unpromising

marginal region like Orkney still yields hitherto unrecorded species. Among these is Sisto-

trema dennisii, kindly determinedfor us by Prof. L. Ryvarden. The specimen is on a fallen

the ofthis from litter under in that pine cone but, though type species was pines Morocco, so

in it may be an alien Hoy, the is not restricted to coniferous substrates. Also new to

Britain are Scutelliniabeatricis Svrbek and S. mirabilis Diss. & Siv. These are morphologi-

cally very similar except with regard to ascospore ornamentation,the latterbeing easily dis-

tinguished by its loosening epispore. Schumacher (1987) treatedthe former as a synonymof

S. macrospora (SvrCek) Le Gal, but we are not entirely convinced by his argument. Svrbek

and follow him for the (1971) clearly thought the two species distinct, we prefer to present.

Protoventuria alpina is also unrecordedfrom Britain but may have beenoverlooked because

ofits minute stature and the alpine habitat of the host, little worked by British mycologists.

Venturia tremulaeis not to be found in the 1985 check list of British Ascomycotina (Cannon

& al., 1985) but its anamorph (Pollacia radiosa (Lib.) Bald. & Cif.) has long beenknown

here, though mistakenly ascribed to V. macularis (Fr.) Muller & v. Arx in a series of publi-

in cations by Sivanesan (e.g. 1984). The two species have ascospores very different shape

as well as size and the situation has been clarified by Morelet (1985). Marssonina sorbi,

described from the Tyrol on leaves of Sorbus aria, has also not previously been reported

from the British Isles. It occurs on fading leaves, and is characterised by epiphyllous, intra-

acervuli which surface epidermal give a blackened appearance to the of the host leaf. The

species is distinctive, producing characteristic Marssonina-hke hyaline conidia (Fig. 2a)

which 19-27 5-7 often measure x pm, and are somewhat kinked or curved above and l(-2)-

septate. These are interspersed in the same acervulus with ellipso-cylindric, non-septate hya-

line conidia, 4-5 x 1.2—1.5(—2) pm, produced on branching phialides (Fig. 2b).

The species included here as Phomatospora cf. ovalis (Fig. 2c, d), on leaves of Luzula sylvatica, matches closely the fungus on Juncus referred here by Munk (1957). It has

15-18 smooth, ellipsoid spores which measure x 4.5-5.5 pm and are partially biseriate in rather broad asci measuring 90-94 x 9.5-10.5 pm. The spores ofP. arenaria are similar in size but differ in being more cylindric and in being uniseriate in narrower, cylindric asci.

Finally, Luellia cystidiata Hauerslev is also the first British record, which we owe to a deter- mination by Dr K.H. Larsson.

Three further species require mention here. Lepteutypa cf. hippophaes, on bark of Fuchsia magellanica, has pale brown, ellipsoid, 3-septate spores measuring 13—18(—21) x 5.5-

6.5(-9) pm. It is very similar to L. hippophaes, described from bark of Hippophae with slightly larger spores 18-23x 6-9 pm (see Shoemaker& Miiller, 1965). Leiosphaerella spec,

is nr. tosta (Fig. 2e, f) possibly a distinct and undescribed species, differing fromL. tosta

(Fig. 2g, h) in its narrower spores 11.5—12.5(—14.5) x 3-3.2 pm, and shorter, more clavate asci 62-65 6-7 the available material is insufficient x pm. However, to serve as a holotype. 496 PERSOONIA Vol. 14, Part 4, 1992 DENNIS & SPOONER: The fungi of North Hoy—l 497

Gaeumannomyces spec. This species, on Juncus gerardii, differs notably from others on

spore characters. It may be undescribed, but the availablematerial is, in any case, too scanty

to serve as a holotype. The fungus is, perhaps, closely allied to G. tax. spec. 3 ofWalker

36-43 3.2-3.8 (1980), on Carex, but has shorter spores x pm.

RECORDS

AGARICALES

Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. Breibister, in meadow 16.9.90

Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Kummer Berriedale,on Salix cinerea 13.9.90

Moness & Rackwick roadside Calocybe gambosum (Fr.) Singer road, grass

15/16.5.90

Cantharellus infundibuliformisFr. Berriedale,under Betula 9.9.88

Clitocybe dicolor (Pers.) Lange Berriedale 4.10.89

C. nebularis (Batsch) Kummer Rackwick, roadside 4.10.89

4.10.89 Conocybe mesospora Kiihner Rackwick, pasture

Coprinus comatusr (Müll.) Pers. Lyness road, roadside 16.9.90

C. cordisporus-, Gibbs Ward Hill, on vole dung 5.10.89

C. ephemerus (Bull.) Fr. Murra, on horse dung May 90

C. heptemerusM. Lange & Smith Murra, on horse dung May 90

C. nudiceps Orton Murra, on horse dung May 90

Cortinarius decoloratus (Fr.)Fr. Breibister, with Salix repens 8.10.89

Hill C. spec. Ward summit, with Salix herbacea 5.10.89

Cyphellopsis anomala (Pers.) Donk Berriedale,on Populus 9.9.88

Flagelloscypha kavinae (Pilat) W.B. Cooke Sandy Loch road, on Equisetum 21.6.87

F. Post Ulex 16.5.9 spec. Office, on europaeus

Galerina Kühner Ward in turf 5.10.89 hypnorum (Schrank) Hill, east slope mossy

G. pumila (Pers.) Sing. Berriedale 9.9.88

Hebeloma helodes Favre Berriedale,under Betula 9.9.88

H. pusillum J. Lange Berriedale, under Salix 4.10.89

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulf.) Maire Rackwick road & Orgil 5/6.10.89

Hygrophorus (Hygrocybe) coccineus (Schaeff.) Fr. Breibister, cliff top pasture 6.10.89

H. (H.) conicus (Scop.) Fr. Rackwick, pasture 4.10.89

H. Smith & Hesler in 14.9.90 (H.) flavescens (Kauffm.) Upper Lyness road, grass

H. laetus Fr. 4.10.89 Rackwick in (H.) (Pers.) Rackwick, pasture road, pasture

15.9.90

H. (H.) langei(KUhn.) Pearson Lyness road,roadside turf 14.9.90

H. (H.) nigrescens (Qudl.) Qu61. Rackwick, in pasture 15.9.90

H. (Camarophyllus)niveus (Scop.) Fr. Breibister, cliff top pasture 6.10.89

H. (H.) quietusKiihner Breibister, pasture 6.10.89

H. russocoriaceus Berk. & Miller roadside 4.10.89 (Cam.) Rackwick, grass

in roadside 15.9.90 H. (H.) substrangulatusOrton Rackwick, grass

H. (H.) unguinosus (Fr.) Fr. Rackwick, in pasture 15.9.90

H. (Cam.) virgineus (Wulf.)Fr. Breibister, in meadow 16.9.90

Hypholomaelongatum (Pers.) Ricken Rackwick, in pasture 15.9.90

H. polytrichi (Fr.) Ricken Berriedale 4.10.89

— — Fig. 2a-b. Marssonina sorbi. a. Macroconidia. b. Conidiophores and microconidia. — c, d. Phoma- tospora cf. ovalis. — c. Asci. — d. Ascospores. — e,f. Leiosphaerella cf. tosta, on Populus leaves. — e. Asci. —

f. — — h. Chamaenerion. Asci. — h. All 1000. Ascospores. g, Leiosphaerella tosta, on g. Ascospores. x 498 PERSOONIA Vol. 14, Part 4, 1992

(AGARICALES)

Hypholoma subericaeum (Fr.) Qu61. Bummouth, wet soil with Salix 4.10.89;Ward Hill summit, with Salix herbacea 5.10.89

H. udum (Pers.) Kiihner Rackwick, in wet pasture 4.10.89

Inocybe parvispora Alessio Beniedale,under Betula 9.9.88

I. umbrina Bres. Berriedale,under Betula 14.9.88

Krombholziella rufescens (Konrad) Sutara Bemedale,under Betula 9.9.88

K. scabra (Bull.)R. Maire Beniedale, under Betula 9.9.88

Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke Berriedale, under Betula & Salix 9.9.88; 4.10.89

Lachnella villosa (Pers.) Gill. Burra House, on Mentha aquatica, Inula helenium &

Iris 21.6.87

Lactarius glyciosmus (Fr.) Fr. Berriedale, underBetula 9.9.88

L. lacunarum Romagn. ex Hora Breibister, under Salix repens 16.9.90

L. pyrogalus (Bull.) Fr. Berriedale,under Betula & Corylus 9.9.88

L. subseriaceus Hora Beniedale,under Betula 9.9.88

L. tabidus Fr. Beiriedale, under Betula 9.9.88

L. torminosus S.F. road 5.10.89 (Schaeff.) Gray Burnmouth,upper

L. turpis (Weinm.)Fr. Berriedale, under Betula 9.9.88:4.10.89

L. vietus (Fr.) Fr. Berriedale, under Betula 9.9.88;4.10.89

Mycena epipterygia(Scop.) S.F. Gray Orgil, in boggy ground 6.10.89

M. filopes (Bull.) Kummer Berriedale 4.10.89;Orgil 6.10.89

M. rorida (Scop.) Quel. Orgil, on fallen twig 6.10.89

M. sanguinolenta (A. & S.) Kummer Berriedale, underSalix 13.9.90

Nolanea cetrata(Fr.) Kummer Berriedale, in moss 9.9.88

N. conferenda (Britz.) Sacc. Rackwick, in pasture 4.10.89

N. sericea (Bull.) Orton Breibister, cliff top turf 6.10.89

N. solstitialis (Fr.) Orton Ward Hill summit 5.10.89

Omphalina ericetorum (Pers.) M. Lange Berriedale,Ward Hill summit & moors generally

O. hudsoniana (Jenn.) Bigelow Ward Hill summit 5.10.89

Panaeolus fimicola (Fr.) Quel. Berriedale & Rackwick, in pastures 4.10.90

P. retirugis (Fr.) Gill. Rackwick, in pasture 4.10.89

P. (Anellaria) semiovatus (Sow.) Lundell Rackwick, on dung 4.10.89

Phaeomarasmius erinaceus (Fr.) Kiihner Berriedale,on Salix 16.6.87

Psathyrella friesii Kits v. Wav. Beiriedale, under Betula 9.9.88

P. gracilis (Fr.) Qu61. Beiriedale 4.10.89

P. ocellata (Romagn.) Moser Rackwick, in pasture 4.10.89

P. sphagnicola (Maire)Favre Orgil, in boggy pasture 6.10.89

semilanceata in 4.10.89 Psilocybe (Fr.) Kummer Rackwick, pasture

Russula betularum Hora Beiriedale, under Betula 9.9.88

R. emetica (Schaeff.) Pers. Beiriedale, under Betula 9.9.88 (also with pine, Orgil)

R. gracillima J. Schaeff. Berriedale, under Betula 9.9.88

R. nitida (Pers.) Fr. Berriedale,under Betula 9.9.88

Strophariasemiglobata(Batsch) Quel. Rackwick & Sandy Loch 4/5.10.89; 15.9.90

Tricholoma columbetta (Fr.) Kummer Berriedale,under Betula 4.10.89

Tubaria furfuracea (Pers.) Gill. Berriedale,under Betula & Salix 9.9.88

APHYLLOPHORALES

Atheliopsis glaucina(Berk. & Curt.) Parmasto Berriedale, onBetula & Populus 9.9.88;4.10.89

Clavulina cristata (Holmsk.) Schroet. Berriedale, under Populus tremula 9.9.88

helvola Comer Clavulinopsis (Fr.) Rackwick, in pasture 15.9.90

Gloeocystidiellumluridum (Bres.) Boidin Old Church, on Ulex 18.5.90

Hyphodermaroseocremeum (Bres.) Donk Berriedale,on Salix 4.10.89

H. sambuci Jiilich (Pers.) Old Church, onAcer 18.5.90 DENNIS & SPOONER: The fungi of North Hoy—l 499

(APHYLLOPHORALES)

Hyphoderma setigerum (Fr.) Donk Berriedale,on Betula 9.9.88

18.5.90 Incrustoporia nivea (Jungh.) Ryvarden Old Church, on Ulex

Luellia cystidiata Hauerslev Rackwick Road, on burnt Salix 15.5.90

Ulex 18.5.90 Peniophoraincarnata (Pers.) Karst Old Church, on europaeus

20.6.87 P. violaceolivida (Sommerf.) Massee Berriedale,on Salix

Phanerochaete laevis (Fr.) Erikss. & Ryvard. Berriedale,on Betula 9.9.88

P. sordida (Karst.) Erikss. & Ryvard. Berriedale,on Betula 9.9.88

Pistillaria typhicola Bourd. & Galz. Sandy Loch road, onEquisetum 21.6.87

13.9.90 Polyporus badius (Pers.) Schwein. Berriedale,on Salix

P. varius var. nummularius (Bull.) Fr. Burnmouth, on Salix 5.10.89

Radulomyces confluens (Fr.) Christ. Berriedale, on Salix 4.10.89

Schizopora paradoxa (Schrad.) Donk Berriedale on unidentified wood 13.5.

Scopuloidesrimosa (Cooke) Jiilich Berriedale, on Populus & Salix 9.9.88; 4.10.89

Sistotrema brinkmanni (Bres.) Erikss. Berriedale,on Betula 9.9.88

S. dennisii Malenjon Rackwick road plantation,on litter 5.10.89

Stereum Fr. on avellana 4.10.89 rugosum (Pers.) Berriedale, Corylus

Tomentella bryophila (Pers.) M. J. Larsen Berriedale,onPopulus 9.9.88

TrechisporafarinaceaI (Pers.) Liberta s.str. Berriedale, onLuzula sylvatica 4.10.89

T. aff. microspora (Karst) Liberta Berriedale, onLuzula sylvatica 4.10.89

T. stellulata (Bourd. & Galz.) Liberta Old Church, on Thelypteris limbosperma 18.5.90

Typhula phacorrhiza Fr. Berriedale,sclerotia on overwintered leaves of Populus

tremula 13.5.90

T. quisquiliaris: (Fr.) Corner Beiriedale, on Pteridium aquilinum9.9.88

LYCOPERDALES

Calvatia excipuliformis(Schaeff.) Perdeck Burnmouth & Rackwick, in pastures 4/5.10.89

Vascellum Kreisel in 16.9.90 pratense (Pers.) Lyness road, grass

DACRYMYCCTALES

wood Dacrymyces stillatus Nees Orgil, onrotten & Ulex 6.10.89; Church, on

Ulex europaeus 18.5.90

TREMELLALES

Basidiodendron eyrei (Wakef.)LuckAllen Berriedale,on Betula 9.9.88

Myxarium grilletii(Boud.) Reid Berriedale,on effete perithecia in Betula 9.9.88

Tremella Desm. Old Ulex 18.5.90 exigua Church, on europaeus

T. mesenterica Retz. Nr. Old Church, on Ulex europaeus 14.9.90

UREDINALES

Coleosporium tussilaginis (Pers.) L6v. Moness, II on Sonchus oleraceus 6.10.89

Thiim. II Salix 9.9.88 Melampsora capraearum Berriedale, on cinerea

I M. epitea Thiim. Roadside to SandyLoch, on Dactylorchispurpurella

21.6.87

lini II III M. (Ehrenb.) L6v. Rackwick, & onLinum catharticum 4.10.89

Melampsoridium betulinum (Fr.) Kleb. Berriedale,II on Betula 9.9.88

Milesina blechni Syd. Berriedale,II on Blechnum spicant 4.10.89

n M. kriegeriana (Magn.) Magn. Berriedale, on Dryopteris dilatata 13.5.90

Schlecht. Phragmidiummucronatum (Pers.) Burnmouth-Moness road, I on Rosa sp. 18.5.90;

Berriedale II & III on R. canina 13.9.90

Puccinia acetosae Kiim. Widespread, IIon Rumex acetosa 4.10.89

P. arenariae (Schum.) Wint. Orgill, III on Silene dioica 6.10.89; 15.5.90 500 PERSOONIA Vol. 14, Part 4, 1992

(UREDINALES)

Puccinia brachypodii Otth Berriedale,II onBrachypodium sylvaticum 13.9.90

II P. calcitrapae DC. Ward Hill, & III on Cirsium palustre 5.10.89

P. calthae Link Breibister, on Caltha palustris 16.9.90

P. caricina EXT. Rackwick, II on Carex binervis 4.10.89

P. chrysosplenii Grev. Old Church gulley, III on Chrysosplenium oppositi- folium 19.5.90

P. dioicae Magn. Rackwick road, I on Cirsium palustre 5.7.90

P. elymi West Old Church shore, II on Elymus arenarius 21.6.87; 9.9.88; 6.10.89

16.9.90 P. glomerataGrev. Breibister, on Senecio aquaticus

I P. heraclei Grev. Moness, on Heracleum sphondylium 16.5.90

P. hieracii Mart Moness, II& ID on Taraxacum 18.9.90

P. menthae Pers. Burra House, I on Mentha aquatica 21.6.87

Luzula 4.10.89 P. obscura Schroet. Widespread, II on sylvatica 5.7.70;

P.poae-nemoralis Otth Hoy Church, II onAnthoxanthum odoratum

18.5.90

P. Niels. I on Tussilagofarfara5.7.70; 21.6.87 poarum Moness, II P. primulae Duby Widespread, I, & III on Primula vulgaris21.6.87;

16.5.90; 13.9.90

II & III Galium 18.9.90 P. punctata Link Moness, on verum

P. punctiformis (Strn.) Ruhl. Widespread, II& III on Cirsium arvense 5.7.90

I II III P. sessilis Schroet. Burra House, on Allium ursinum 21.6.87 & on

Phalaris arundinacea 18.5.90

P. variabilis Grev. Murra road, I, II & III on Taraxacum 21.6.87

P. violae DC. Lyness road, n & III on Viola riviniana 5.5.70

II Pucciniastrum vaccinii (Wint.) Jorst. Berriedale, on Vaccinium myrtillus 9.9.88;

4.10.89

II III Rumex Uromyces acetosae Schroet. Lyness road, & on acetosa 5.7.70

armeriae III maritima U. Kickx Old Man cliffs, onArmeria 14.9.90

I U. behenis (DC.) Unger Cliff edge, Old Man, on Silene maritima 17.5.90

U. dactylidis Otth. Burra House & Berriedale,I on Ranunculus ficaria

21.8.87; 13.5.90

Old Church gulley,on R. acris 18.5.90

U. Hotson III 14.9.90 nerviphilus (Grogn.) Lyness road, on Trifolium repens 5.7.70;

USTILAGINALES

Burra Entylomaficariae (Berk.) Fisch. v. Waldh. Berriedale, House, Hoy Old Church 21.6.87;

18.5.90

PE2JZALES

Ascobolus albidus Crouan Lyness road, on horse dung 18.9.90

Cheilymenia fimicola (de Not. & Bagl.) Breibister, on horse dung 16.9.90

Dennis

Coprobia granulata (Bull.) Boud. Rackwick, on cow dung 4.10.89

Peziza badia Pers. Rackwick, on peaty soil 4.10.89

Svrîek Rackwick-Old bare 17.5.90 Scutellinia beatricisr Man path, on peat

S. mirabilis & Sivertsen in dried 16.5.90 Dissing Orgill, onalgal mat up pool

Thecotheus apiculatus Kimbrough Murra on horse dungMay 1990

Thelebolus crustaceus (Fuck.) Kimbrough Ward Hill, on vole dung 5.10.89

PROTOMYCETALES

Burra 21.6.87 Protomyces macrosporus Ung. House, on Aegopodiumpodagraria DENNIS & SPOONER: The fungi of North Hoy—l 501

TAPHRINALES

Taphridiumumbelliferarum(Rostr.) Moness, on Heracleum sphondylium 21.6.87

Lagerh. & Juel

Taphrina betulina Rostr. Berriedale,onBetula 20.6.87

HELOTIALES

arenaria 17.9.90 Albotricha spec. Rackwick, on Ammophila

Ascocoryne sarcoides (Jacq.) Groves & Berriedale,onBetula 9.9.88

Wilson

Burra Belonium nigromaculatumGraddon House, on Irispseudocorus21.6.87

Salix 4.10.89 Calycellina spec. Berriedale,on

Chlorospleniumaeruginascens (Nyl.) Karst. Old Church, on Fraxinus 14.9.90

Cistella fugiens (Buckn.) Matheis Berriedale,onLuzula sylvatica 13.9.90

Clavidisculum grevillei (Berk.) Raitviir Burra House, on Symphytum 21.6.87

Cyathicula cyathoidea (Bull.) Thiim. Burra House, on Ranunculus acris & Rumex acetosa

21.6.87

of Durella atrocyanea (Fr.) v. Hohn. Berriedale,on decorticated wood Populus 13.5.90;

Old Church, on Ulex 18.5.90

Geoglossum fallax: Durand Bummouth,in roadside grass 4.10.89

G. nigritumCooke Rackwick & Dwarfie Stane carpark, 4.10.89

Heterosphaeriapatella (Tode) Grev. Berridale, on Angelica sylvestris 20.6.87

Hyaloscypha fuckelii Nannf. var.fuckelii Old Church, on Ulex europaeus 18.5.90

4.10.89 H. hyalinai (Pers.) Boud. Berriedale,on Calluna vulgaris

Hymenoscyphus constrictus (Karst.) Bummouth, onSalix cinerea subsp. oleifolia 4.10.89

H. rhodoleucus (Fr.) Phill. Sandy Loch road, on Equisetum 21.6.87

H. vitellinus (Rehm) O. Kuntze Moness, onFilipendulaulmaria 6.10.89

Loch on Carex 21.6.87 Hysteronaevia spec. Sandy road, panicea

Hysteropezizellafoecunda (Phill.) Nannf. Dwarfie Stane, on Trichophorum caespitosum 5.10.89

Karstenia cf. lonicerae (Vel.) Sherwood Berriedale,on Salix 4.10.89

Lachnellula pulveracea (A. & S.)Dennis Berriedale, on Rosa canina 20.6.87

Lachnum acutipilum(Karst.) Karst Burra House, on Phalaris arundinacea 21.6.87

L. apalum (Berk. & Br.) Nannf. Orgill, on Juncus effusus 21.6.87

L. cf. brevipilosum Baral Ward Hill, on Arctostaphylos or Empetrum 5.10.89

L. diminuens (Rob.) Rehm Lyness road, on Juncus effusus 5.7.70 Rackwick, on

J. 17.5.90 squarrosus

L. fuscescens (Pers.) Karst. Berriedale, on fallen Salix leaves 20.6.87

Moors L. imbecille Karst. opposite Old Man, on Eriophorum 17.5.90

L. minulissimum (Crouan) Baral Berriedale, on Vaccinium myrtillus 13.5.90

L. mollissimum (Lasch) Karst. Rackwick Bar, on Angelica sylvestris 15.5.90

L. nidulum (Schmidt & Kunze) Karst. Burra House, on Filipendulaulmaria 21.6.87

L. nudipes (Fuck.) Nannf. Burra House, on Filipendulaulmaria 21.6.87

L. palearum (Desm.) Korf Rackwick Bar, on Ammophila arenaria 15.5.90

L. pteridis (A. & S.) Berriedale, on Pteridium aquilinum20.6.87

L. pudibundum (Quel.) Schroet. Rackwick road, on Salix aurita 15.5.90

L. subnudipes Baral ([Dasyscyphus nudipes Burra House, on Mentha aquatica 21.6.87

var.minor)

L. sulfureum (Pers.) Karst. Moness, on Urtica dioica 6.10.89

L. virgineum (Batsch) Karst. Hoy Old Church, on Ulex europaeus 18.5.90

Laetinaevia spec. Berriedale, on Carex ? binervis 4.10.89

Microscypha ellisii var. eriophori Dennis Sandy Loch road, onEriophorum21.6.87

M. grisella(Rehm) Sydow Berriedale,on Pteridium aquilinum21.6.87

Mitrula paludosa Fr. Rackwick road, onrotting Molinia in ditch 15.5.90

Mollisia cf. citrinuloides Rehm Rackwick bay, on Phragmites 15.5.90 502 PERSOONIA Vol. 14, Part 4, 1992

(HELCrnALES)

Mollisia cf. discolor (Mont.) Phill. Berriedale,on Sorbus aucuparia 20.6.87

M.fuscostriata Graddon Burra House, onFilipendulaulmaria 21.6.87

M. melaleuca (Fr.) Sacc. Berriedale,onRosa canina 9.9.87

Betula Sorbus 13.5.90 M. spec. Berriedale,on or

M. palustris (Rob.) Karst. Buna House, on Phalaris arundinacea 21.6.87

M. pastinacae Nannf. Berriedale,or Angelica sylvestris 13.5.90

M. spec. Berriedale,onpyrenomycete stromata onBetula 13.5.90

Le M. undulato-depressula(Feltgen) Gal & Mai. Berridale, on soaked, rotten wood 13.5.90; small form

onPopulus tremula 9.9.88

Nimbomollisia Nannf. Luzula 4.10.89 eriophori(Kirchn.) Berriedale, on spec.

Niptera spec. Sandy Loch road, onEriophorum 21.6.87

N. melatephra(Lasch)Rehm Nr Sandy Loch, on Eriophorum21.6.87

N. cf. submelaena Rehm Dwarfie Stane, on Carex binervis 5.10.89

N. Nr Dwarfie Eleocharis 1.10.20 spec. Stane, on multicaulis,

leg. H. Halcro Johnston.

Orbilia alnea Vel. Hoy Old Church, on Ulex europaeus 18.5.90

O. auricolor (Blox.) Sacc. Berriedale, onBetula 9.9.88

O. inflatulaKarst. Berriedale,on Betula 9.9.88; Sorbus 4.10.89

Pezizella chrysostigma (Fr.) Sacc. Berriedale, on Pteridium 13.9.90

Phaeangellinaempetri (Phill.) Dennis Berriedale,on Empetrum 4.10.89

Phialina ulmariae (Lasch) Dennis Moness, onFilipendulaulmaria 4.10.89

Pirottaea cf. exilispora Graddon Burra House, on Silene dioica 21.6.87

P. spec. Burra House, onMentha aquatica21.6.87

Propolomyces versicolor (Fr.) Dennis Berriedale, on bare wood ofBetula, Lonicera,Rosa!&

Salix 20.6.87; 13.5.90; Rackwick, on Fuchsia

magellanica 17.5.90

Pseudopeziza trifolii(Biv. Bern.) Fuck. Lyness road, on Trifolium repens 9.9.88

Psilachnum acutum (Velen.) Svrtek Berriedale,on Luzula silvatica 20.6.87

P. inquilinum(Karst.) Dennis Sandy Loch road, on Equisetum 9.9.88

Sclerotinia Karst. curreyana (Berk.) Orgill, anamorph onJuncus effusus 16.5.90

S. fuckeliana (de Bary) Fuck. Sandy Loch road, as Botrytis cinerea on Potentilla

21.6.87

S. globosa (Buckw.) Webster Burra House, asBotrytis globosa Raabe on Allium

ursinum 21.6.87

S. gregorianaPalmer Dwarfie Stane, apothecia on Trichophorum caespi-

tosum 15.5.90

Stamnaria persoonii (Moug.)Fuck. Sandy Lane road, onEquisetum 20.6.87

Tapesia cinerella Rehm Berriedale, on Calluna vulgaris 20.6.87

T. fusca (Pers.) Fuck. Berriedale, on Salix 20.6.87; Rackwick road, on Salix

aurita 15.5.90

T. retincola (Rab.) Karst. Rackwick, on Phragmites 15.5.90

T. rosae (Pers.) Fuck. Berriedale, onRosa canina 20.6.87

Trichobelonium obscurum (Rehm) Rehm Berriedale, on Calluna vulgaris 20.6.87

Urceolella crispula (Karst.) Boud. Burra House, on Filipendulaulmaria 21.6.87

Vibrissea truncorum Fr. Berriedale,on root of Salix in bum 21.6.87

PHACIDIALES

Arwidssonia empetri (Rehm) B. Erikss. Berriedale,on Empetrum 4.10.89

Didymascella tetraspora (Phill. & Keith) Maire Berriedale,on Juniperuscommunis 13.5.90

LophodermiumapiculatumDuby Dwarfie Stane, on Molinia caerulea 5.10.89 arundinaceum (Schrad.) L. Chev. Rackwick, onElymus arenarius 21.6.87; on

Ammophila & Phragmites May 90 DENNIS & SPOONER: The fungi of North Hoy—l 503

(PHAODIALES)

Nr Lophodermium cf. caricinum (Rob.) Duby Sandy Loch, on Eriophorum 21.6.87

L. juniperinum(Fr.) de Not. Berriedale, onJuniperus communis 13.5.90

Propolisphacidioides (Fr.) Corda Western Hills, on Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 21.6.89;

14.6.90

Between Rhytisma salicinum Fr. Burnmouth & Moness, on overwintered leaves

of Salix aurita 14.5.90

.

Sporomegadegenerans(Fr.) Corda Berriedale, on Vaccinium myrtillus 20.6.87

Terriera cladophila (Lmv.) B. Erikss. Berriedale, on Vaccinium myrtillus 4.10.89

LECANORALES

Dactylospora stygia (Berk. & Curt) Haf. Old Church, onAcer pseudoplatanus 18.5.90

Rackwick, onFuchsia magellanica 17.5.90

OSTROPALES

Stictis radiata Pers. Berriedale, on Salix 4.10.89;on Lonicera 13.5.90

Burra House, onFilipendulaulmaria 21.6.87

Gully beside old church, on Thelpteris limbosperma

18.5.90

CLAVICIPITALES

Fr. Rackwick on Molinia caerulea 5.10.89 Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) road,

SPHAERIALES

Anthostomella fuegianai Speg. Berriedale,on Luzula sylvatica 4.10.89

A. lugubris (Rob. & Desm.) Sacc. Rackwick dunes, on Ammophilaarenaria 14.9.90

A. phaeosticta (Berk.) Sacc. Rackwick Bar, on Ammophila arenaria 15.5.90;

17.9.90

Apiocreachrysosperma (Tul.) Syd. Berriedale,onKrombholziella scabra 13.9.90

Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa (Fr.) Booth Berriedale, onBetula 10.6.87

Old Church, on Ulex europaeus 18.5.90

C. pulviscula (Curr.) Booth Berriedale,on Calluna vulgaris 20.6.87

Coniochaeta discospora (Auersw.) Cain Ward Hill summit, on mountain hare dung 5.10.89

C. 10-11 6-7 4-5 13.10.90 spec, (spores x x pm) Berriedale, on grouse dung

Diaporthe eres Nits (D. incarcerata (B. & Br.) Nits.) Berriedale, on Rosa canina 20.6.87

D. pardalota (Mont.)Fuck. Berriedale,onLonicera periclymenum 20.6.87

Diaporthopsisangelicae (Berk.) Wehm. Berriedale,on Angelica sylvestris 20.6.87

Diatrypellafavacea (Fr.) Sacc. Berriedale,on Betula 20.6.87

Eutypa lata (Pers.) Tul. Berriedale, on Salix 20.6.87; 4.10.89 onLonicera

13.5.90

Gaeumannomyces graminis v. avenue(Turn.) Dennis Berriedale, onDeschampsia caespitosa4.10.89

G. Juncus 18.9.90 spec. Moness, on gerardii

Gnomonia alniviridis Podlahova & SvrCek Berriedale, onBetula 13.5.90

G. comari Karst. Sandy Loch road, on Potentilla comarum 21.6.87

G. nervisequa (Wallr.) Fuck. Berriedale,onCorylus avellana 20.6.87

Hypoxylon multiforme (Fr.) Fr. Berriedale, onBetula 9.9.88

Lasiosphaeria caudata (Fuck.) Sacc. Old Church, on Ulex europaeus 18.5.90

Leiosphaerella cf. tosta (Berk. & Br.) Mtiller Berriedale, overwintered leaf of Populus4.10.89

Lepteutypa cf. hippophaes (Sollm.) v. Arx Rackwick, onFuchsia magellanica 17.5.90

Fuck. Cliff Old Man, on Salix 17.5.90 Linospora capreae (DC.) top at repens

Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. Old Church, anamorph on Acer pseudoplatanus 18.5.90

Nectriella dacrymycella (Nyl.) Rehm Burra House, onIris pseudocorus 21.6.87

Niesslia 7-9 1-1.5 Old Church arenarius 21.6.87 spec. (Spores x pm) bay, on Elymus

Phomatospora arenaria Sacc., Bomm. & Rouss. Rackwick dunes, on Ammophilaarenaria 14.9.90 504 PERSOONIA Vol. 14, Part 4, 1992

(SPHAERIALES)

Phomatospora dinemasporiumWebster Old Church, anamorph on grass 21.6.87

(Dinemasporiumstrigosum (Fr.) Sacc.)

P. cf. ovalis (Pass.) Sacc. s.s Munk Berriedale,on Luzula sylvatica 13.9.90

Phyllachora junci (Fr.) Fuck. Burra House, onJuncus 21.6.87

P. sylvatica Sacc. & Speg. Moness, onFestuca rubra 18.9.90

Physalospora vitis-idaeae Rehm Berriedale, onArctostraphylos uva-ursi 4.10.89

Plagiosphaeria immersa (Trail) Petrak Burra House, on Urtica dioica 14.5.90

Schizothecium vesticola (Berk. & Br.) Lundq. Ward Hill, on vole dung5.10.89

Sordaria fimicola (Rob.) Ces. & de Not Lyness road, on horse dung 18.9.90

Sydowiellafenestrana (Duby) Petrak Rackwick road, on Chamaenerion angustifolium

15.5.90

Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev. Berriedale, on Salix 4.10.89; 13.5.90

CORONOPHORALES

Nitschkia grevillei(Rehm) Nannf. Berriedale,on Sorbus aucuparia 4.10.89

ERYSIPHALES

Erysiphe graminis DC. Sandy Loch road, on Holcus 21.6.85;

21.6.87 Moness, on Agropyron repens

Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.) Lmv. Berriedale, on Betula 9.9.88; 4.10.89

LOCULOASCOMYCETES

Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & de Not. Berriedale,onRosa canina, all visits

Dangeardiellafusiformis Christ Berriedale,on Dryopteris dilatata 20.6.87

arenaria Didymosphaeria arenaria Mouton Rackwick Bar, on Ammophila 15.5.90

D. futilis (Berk. & Br.) Rehm Rackwick road, on Chamaenerion angustifolium

15.5.90

Farlowiella carmichaeliana (Berk.) Sacc. Berriedale, anamorph on Betula 20.6.87

(MonotosporamegalosporaBerk. & Br.)

Gibbera myrtilli(Cooke) Petrak Berriedale, on Vaccinium myrtillus 15.5.90

Gloniopsis praelonga (Schw.) Zogg Berriedale, on Corylus, Lonicera, Rosa, Salix all visits

Keissleriella fusispora Scheuer Rackwick road, on Carex binervis 5.10.89

Lembosina gontardiiMuller Berriedale and western hills, on leaves and stems of

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 21.6.85; 20.6.87; 14.5.90

Leptosphaeria acuta (Fr.) KarsL Burra House, on Urtica dioica 14.5.90

L. compositarumMuller Berriedale, on Scabiosa succisa 4.10.89

L. epicalamia (Riess) Ces. & de Not Berriedale,on Luzula sylvatica 20.6.87

L. eustoma (Fuck.) Sacc. Berriedale, on Luzula sylvatica 20.6.87

L. fuckelii Niessl Berriedale, on Deschampsia caespitosa 13.5.90

L. herpotrichoides de Not. Burra House,on unidentified grass 21.6.87

L. litoralis Sacc. Rackwick Bar, on Ammophilaarenaria 15.5.90

L. luctuosa Niessl unidentified 16.5.90 Breibister, on grass

L. marram (Cooke) Sacc. Old Church bay, on Elymus arenarius 21.6.87 &

18.5.90

L. silvatica Pass. Berriedale,onBrachypodium sylvaticum 13.9.90

Lophiostoma angustilabrum (Berk. & Br.) Cke. Hoy Old Church, on Ulex europaeus 18.5.90

L. vagabundum (Sacc.) Chesters & Hall Berriedale,on Rubus saxatilis 4.10.89

Moness, onFilipendula ulmaria 4.10.89

Melanomma fuscidulum Sacc. Berriedale,on Sa/tx4.10.89

M. pulvispyrius (Pers.) Fuck. Rackwick, onFuchsia magellanica 17.5.90

Mycosphaerella aspidii (v. Hohn.) Holm Berriedale, on Dryopteris dilatata 13.5.90

M. lineolata (Rob.) SchroeL Nr. Sandy Loch, on Eriophorum21.6.87 DENNIS & SPOONER: The fungi of North Hoy—l 505

(LOCULOASCOMYCETES)

Mycosphaerellapseudopsammae Munk Rackwick Bar, on Ammophilaarenaria 15.5.90

M. vaccinii (Cooke) Schroet. Berriedale,on Vaccinium myrtillus 13.5.90

Mytilidion acicola Wint. Berriedale,on Juniperus communis 13.5.90

M. decipiens (Karst.) Sacc. Berriedale,on Juniperus communis 20.6.87

Ophiobolus acuminatus (Sow.) Duby Murra, on Cirsium palustre 21.6.87

O. cirsii (Karst.) Sacc. Rackwick road, on Cirsium palustre 15.5.90

Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabh. Moness, on Tripleurospermum maritimum 20.6.87

Rackwick E. Carex & Cliff, on spec. Plantago

Breibister, on Iris pseudocorus 16.5.90 [maritima

P. vagans Niessl Moness, onFestuca rubra 20.6.87

Burra House, on Cerastium & Silene dioica 21.6.87

Barr Protoventuria alpina (Sacc.) Summit of western hills, onArctostaphylos alpina

14.5.90

Rhopographusfilicinus (Fr.) Nits. Berriedale,on Pteridium aquilinum 13.5.90

Splanchnonema scoriadeum (Fr.) Barr Berriedale,onBetula 20.6.87

australis Sporormiella (Speg.) Cain & Ahmed Ward Hill summit, on mountain hare dung 5.10.89

S. intermedia (Auersw.) Ahmed & Cain Ward Hill, on vole dung with the preceding 5.10.89

communis Stomiopeltisjuniperina (Grove) Holm Berriedale,on Juniperus needles 20.6.87

Ward Trichodelitschia bisporula (Crouan)Fuck. Hill, on vole dung 5.10.89

Venturia ditricha (Fr.) Karst. Berriedale,on Betula 13.5.90

V. rumicis Wint. Rumex 5.7.70 (Desm.) Moness, on spec.

V. tremulae Aderh. Berriedale,on overwintered leaf ofPopulus 13.5.90

& as anamorph Pollaccia radiosa (Lib.) Bald. &

Cif. 20.6.87

MUCORALES

Pilobolus kleinii v. Tiegh. Breibister, on horse dung 16.9.90

PERONOSPORALES

Albugo tragopogi var. cirsii Cif. & Biga Burnmouth, on Cirsium palustre 18.5.90

Peronosporaficariae Tul. Berriedale,on Ranunculus ficaria 13.5.90

P. minor (Casp.) Gaum. Old Church bay, on Atriplex seedlings 18.5.90

P. ranunculi Gaiim. acris Burnmouth,on Ranunculus 5.7.70; on R.flam-

mula 18.5.90

cf. Ito Phytophthora cyperi (Idato) Breibister, onIris pseudocorus 16.9.90

SPHAEROPSIDALES

Grove Ascochyta equiseti (Desm.) Dwarfie Stane, on Equisetumfluviatile 5.10.89

A. festucae Punith. Moness, onFestuca rubra 20.6.87

Petrak Coleophoma empetri (Rostr.) Berriedale, on Empetrum4.10.89

uva-ursi Western hills, on Arctostaphylos 14.5.90

nivea Cytospora cf. Sacc. Berriedale,on Populus tremula 20.6.87

ulicis Sacc. & Diplodia Speg. Old Church, on Ulex europaeus 18.5.90

Diplodina galii Sacc. Moness, on Galium aparine 20.6.87

Fautr. Hendersonia epilobii Rackwick road, on Chamaenerion angustifolium

15.5.90

H. sarmentorum Westd. Rackwick, onFestuca magellanica 17.5.90

Leptothyrium vulgare (Fr.) Sacc. Rackwick road, on Chamaenerion angustifolium

15.5.90

Berriedale & Rackwick, onRubus saxatilis 4.10.89

Marssonina potentillae(Desm.) Magn. SandyLoch road, on Potentilla erecta 21.6.87

M. sorbi (Magn.) Magn. Berriedale,on Sorbus aucuparia 13.9.90 506 PERSOONIA Vol. 14, Part 4, 1992

(SPHAEROPSIDALES)

Neophoma graminella(Sacc.) Petrak & Syd. Cliff at Old Man, on Anthoxanthum odoratum 17.5.90

Phoma complanata(Tode) Desm. Berriedale,onAngelica sylvestris 4.10.89

P. herbarum Westd. Burra House, on Urtica dioica 14.5.90

Bummouth-Moness road, on Symphytum 14.5.90

Phyllosticta lonicerae Westend. Berriedale,on Lonicera periclymenum 13.9.90

Pseudoseptoriastomaticola (Bauml.) Sutton Buna House, onDactylis glomerata 14.5.90

Pycnothyrium junci Grove Orgill, on Juncus effusus 16.5.90

P. liligiosum (Desm.) Died. Berriedale,on Pteridium aquilinum20.6.87

Septoria gei Rob. & Desm. Berriedale,on Geum rivale 13.9.90

S. scabiosicola Desm. Rackwick road, on Succisa pratensis 14.9.90

Septoriella junci (Desm.) Sutton Sandy Loch road, onJuncus 20.6.87 & 21.6.87

Sphaerellopsisfilum(Biv. Bern.) Sutton Moness, on Uredo spec, onHolcus 21.6.8

Stagonospora arenaria Sacc. var. minor Trail Old Church bay, onElymus arenarius 18.5.90

S. caricis (Oud.)Sacc. Berriedale,on Carex binervis 13.5.90

S. elegans (Berk.) Sacc. & Trav. Rackwick, onPhragmites 15.5.90

S. luzulae (Westend.) Sacc. Berriedale,on Luzula sylvatica 13.9.90

S. subseriata (Desm.) Sacc. Dwarfie Stane, on Molinia caerulea 5.10.89

Tiarospora perforans (Rob.)v. HOhn Rackwick Bar, on Ammophilaarenaria 15.10.90

Tiarosporellapaludosa (Sac. &Fiori) v. HOhn. Dwarfie Stane, on Trichophorum caespitosum 5.10.89

HYPHALES

Arthrinium arundinis (Cda) Dyko & Sutton Rackwick dunes, on Ammophilaarenaria 14.9.90

Arthrobotrys superba Corda Ward Hill, on vole dung 5.10.89

Bactrodesmium cf. Stereum 13.5.90 biformatum(v. HOhn.) Hughes Berriedale,on rugosum

Chalara pteridina Syd. Berriedale, on Pteridium aquilinum20.6.87

verticillatum Lactarius 9.9.88 Cladobotryum (Link) Hughes Beniedale, on spec.

Cladosporiumherbarum Link Ubiquitous on plant debris

Graphium calicioides (Fr.) Cke. & Massee Berriedale,onBetula 9.9.88

Isariopsis carneaOud. Lyness road, onLathyrus pratensis 18.9.90

Mastigosporiumalbum Reiss Sandy loch road, on Alopecurus 21.6.87

M. rubricosum (Dearn. & Barth.) Nannf. Burra House, onDactylis glomerata 21.6.87

Old Ulex Menispora ciliata Corda Church, on europaeus 18.5.90

Myrothecium cf. roridum Tode Sandy Loch road, on Equisetum 21.6.87

Ovularia primulana KarsL Lyness road, Moness & etc., on Primula vulgaris

Burra Periconia cookei Mason & Ellis House, on Urtica dioica 14.5.90 [1970-78

P. hispidulum (Pers.) Mason & Ellis Sandy Loch road, on Equisetum 21.6.87

Ramularia aequivoca (Ces.) Sacc. f. ranunculi-acris Old Church, on Ranunculus acris 18.5.90

Mass.

R. calthae (Erikss.) Lindr. Lyness road, on Caltha palustris 5.7.70

R. pratensis Sacc. Lyness road, on Rumex acetosa 5.7.70

rubella Nannf. Rumex 4.10.89 R. (Bon.) Bummouth,on spec.

Sarcopodiumcircinatum Ehrenb. Sandy Loch road, on Equisetum 21.6.87

Sclerotium Burra Iris 21.6.90 spec. House, on pseudacorus

Stachybotrys atra Corda Burra House, on Urtica dioica 14.5.90

Thyrostromella myriana (Desm.) v. HOhn Rackwick road, on Ammophilaarenaria 15.5.90

Trimmatostroma betulinum (Corda) Hughes Berriedale,onBetula 20.6.87

Triposporiumelegans Corda Moness, onFilipendula ulmaria 6.10.89

Volutella ciliata (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. Breibister, on Picea needle 16.9.90

Species ofInocybe, Lactarius, Russula, Tricholoma, and Tricholomopsis strictly asso-

ciated with introducedpines in North Hoy have been omittedfrom the list. DENNIS & SPOONER: The fungi of North Hoy—l 507

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks are due to colleagues forindividual specialist determinations,and also to K. Hjorts-

tam, K.H. Larsson and L. Ryvarden for assistance with Aphyllophorales.

REFERENCES

BERRY, R.J. (1985). The Natural History ofOrkney. London.

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CHAPMAN, H.M. & CRAWFORD, R.M.M. (1981). Growth and Regeneration in Britain's most Northerly

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MUNK, A. (1957). Danish Pyrenomycetes. A Preliminary Flora. In Dansk bot Ark. 17: 1-491.

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SIVANESAN, A. (1984). The Bitunicate Ascomycetes and their anamorphs. Lehre.

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WALKER, J. (1980). Gaeumannomyces, Linocarpon, Ophiobolus and several other genera of scolecospored

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