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Dissertationmanuelstriegel.Pdf (3.719Mb) Biodiversität und Ökologie von totholzbewohnenden Pilzen auf Fagus sylvatica in Nordhessen – unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Nationalparks Kellerwald-Edersee II Für Ingrid, Ella und Leonie Sa tu dirghakala nairantarya satkara adhara asevito drithabhumih Bild: Urwald-Parthie (1851), State Regional Archive Trebon IV Universität Kassel Fachbereich 10 Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Fachgebiet Ökologie D I S S E R T A T I O N zur Erlangung des akademischen Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) Biodiversität und Ökologie von totholzbewohnenden Pilzen auf Fagus sylvatica in Nordhessen – unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Nationalparks Kellerwald-Edersee Vorgelegt von Manuel M. Striegel geboren am: 13. Mai 1980 in Karlsruhe Erstgutachter: Professor Dr. Ewald Langer Zweitgutachterin: Professorin Dr. Meike Piepenbring Beisitzer: Professor Dr. Raffael Schaffrath und Professor Dr. Gert Rosenthal Eingereicht am 28. Mai 2018 Verteidigt am 05. Juli 2018 Kassel VI Abstract Since the Kellerwald-Edersee National Park opened on 1 January 2004, the Department of Ecology of the University of Kassel has performed an inventory of fungi located there. To collect data for this dissertation, specific excursions were made to the Kellerwald-Edersee National Park to expand the inventory to categorise the species of fungi. To date, we have recorded 1,309 fungal species in the National Park. These include 145 species that are on the so-called red list of large mushrooms (Dämmrich et al., 2016) and 117 species that are categorised as a surrogate (indicator, signal or relic species). An in-depth analysis of the data collected was used to identify species that are particularly suitable to classify natural beech forests that are minimally affected by humans. In total, 54 indicator and 26 signal species were recorded that are typical of natural structures in Northern Hesse, Germany. In particular, the signal species have a remarkably practical use, especially for professions even without a mycological background. They allow a growing group of nature protectionists to recognise, quantify and thus also qualify these habitat structures based on the fungi found there as well as to continue to observe their development. In addition, a biodiversity study was designed and implemented to compare the species diversity in the National Park with other areas in Northern Hesse, Germany. This made it possible for the first time to identify the quality of biodiversity hotspots as well as the quantity of the species diversity. This comparative study shows that the biodiversity values of the park support a species diversity whose development has been varied. VII VIII Kurzfassung Seit der Gründung des Nationalparks Kellerwald-Edersee am 1. Januar 2004 führt das Fachgebiet Ökologie der Universität Kassel eine Inventarisierung der Funga durch. Für die vorliegende Arbeit wurden im Nationalpark Kellerwald-Edersee gezielte Exkursionen unternommen, um die Artinventarisierung der Pilze zu erweitern. Mit Abschluss dieser Arbeit verzeichnen wir 1 309 Pilzarten im Nationalparkgebiet. Hiervon sind 145 Arten einer Kategorie der Roten Liste der Großpilze (Dämmrich et al., 2016) zugeordnet, 117 Arten einer Kategorie als ein Surrogat (Indikator-, Signal-, Reliktart). Eine weitergehende Analyse der erhobenen Daten diente zur Identifikation von Arten, die sich besonders dazu eignen, naturnahe, vom Menschen minimal beeinflusste Buchenwälder zu klassifizieren. Es konnten 54 Indikator- und 26 Signalarten ausgemacht werden, die in Nordhessen für natürliche Strukturen typisch sind. Vor allem die Signalarten weisen einen ausgesprochen praktischen Nutzen, besonders für Berufsgruppen ohne mykologischen Hintergrund, auf. Sie ermöglichen es außerdem einer wachsenden Gruppe von Naturschutzinteressierten, diese Habitatstrukturen anhand der Pilze zu erkennen, zu quantifizieren und somit auch zu qualifizieren sowie deren Entwicklung weiter zu beobachten. Ebenso wurde eine Biodiversitätsstudie entworfen und realisiert, um die Artenvielfalt (Species Diversity) des Nationalparks mit Gebieten in Nordhessen zu vergleichen. Dadurch ist es erstmals möglich auf die Qualität eines Biodiversitäts- Hotspots sowie auf die Quantität durch den Artenreichtum (Species Richness) einzugehen. Hierbei zeigt die Vergleichsstudie auf, dass die Biodiversitätswerte für den Nationalpark eine differenziert entwickelte Artenvielfalt unterstützen. IX X Inhaltsverzeichnis Kurzfassung ................................................................................................................... VI Abbildungsverzeichnis .............................................................................................. XVI Tabellenverzeichnis ................................................................................................... XIX Abkürzungen und Bemerkungen ................................................................................. XXI 1. Einleitung .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Einführung in die Thematik ................................................................................. 1 1.2 Aktueller Forschungsstand ..................................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Stand der Funga des Nationalparks Kellerwald-Edersee ................................ 6 1.2.2 Weitere Forschungsbereiche ........................................................................... 6 1.3 Fragestellung und Durchführung ............................................................................ 8 1.3.1 Fragestellung ................................................................................................... 9 1.3.2 Durchführung .................................................................................................. 9 2. Material und Methoden ........................................................................................... 10 2.1 Die Inventarisierung des Nationalparks Kellerwald-Edersee ............................... 12 2.2 Sammelstrategien und Biotopzuordnung.............................................................. 14 (i) convenience sampling ................................................................................... 14 (ii) distance sampling ......................................................................................... 15 (iii) plot sampling ............................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Biotoptypen und Exkursionsgebiete ............................................................. 16 2.2.2 Rote Liste Deutschland ................................................................................. 18 XI 2.3 Indikator- und Signalarten .................................................................................... 19 2.4 Biodiversitätsstudie .............................................................................................. 21 2.4.1 Probendesign der Studie ............................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Kampagnen ................................................................................................... 23 2.4.3 Die Probegebiete ........................................................................................... 26 (i) Nationalparkgebiet Traddelkopf ............................................................... 26 (ii) Nationalparkgebiet Ahorndelle ................................................................ 27 (iii) Naturwaldreservat Ruine Reichenbach ................................................... 27 (iv) Naturwaldreservat Niestehänge .............................................................. 27 (v) Naturwaldreservat Haasenblick................................................................ 27 (vi) Falkenstein .............................................................................................. 28 2.4.4 Zusätzliche Feldaufnahmen .......................................................................... 29 2.5 Pilzbestimmung .................................................................................................... 31 2.5.1 Sammeln von Pilzen (fruchtkörperbasierte Untersuchung) .................... 31 2.5.2 Artbestimmung ............................................................................................ 32 2.5.3 Art-Komplexe ............................................................................................... 35 2.6. Statistik ................................................................................................................ 37 2.4.1 Datenverarbeitung ...................................................................................... 37 2.4.2 Durchführung der Analysen .......................................................................... 38 2.4.3 Akkumulationskurven ................................................................................... 38 2.4.4 Biodiversitäts-Indizes ................................................................................... 39 XII 3. Ergebnisse .................................................................................................................. 41 3.1 Zusammenfassung der Arten des Nationalparks .................................................. 41 3.1.1 Zusammenführung der Datensätze ............................................................... 42 3.1.2 Übersichten zu den Pilzen des Nationalparks Kellerwald-Edersee .............. 43 (i) Rote-Liste-Arten und Erstfunde ...................................................................
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