Tesis Doctoral

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Tesis Doctoral PHD THESIS Heterobasidion Bref. and Armillaria (Fr.) Staude pathosystems in the Basque Country: Identification, ecology and control. Nebai Mesanza Iturricha PHD THESIS 2017 PHD THESIS Heterobasidion Bref. and Armillaria (Fr.) Staude pathosystems in the Basque Country: Identification, ecology and control. Presented by Nebai Mesanza Iturricha 2017 Under the supervision of Dr. Eugenia Iturritxa and Dr. Cheryl L. Patten Tutor: Dr. Maite Lacuesta (c)2017 NEBAI MESANZA ITURRICHA Front page: Forest, by Araiz Mesanza Iturricha Acknowledgements This work was carried out at Neiker- Tecnalia (Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development) and at the Department of Biology at the University of New Brunswick, and it was funded by the Projects RTA: 2013-00048-C03-03 INIA, Healthy Forest: LIFE14 ENV/ES/000179, the Basque Government through a grant from the University and Research Department of the Basque Government, a grant from the New Brunswick Innovation Foundation, and a grant from the European Union 7 th Framework Programme (Marie Curie Action). I am especially grateful to my supervisors Dr. Eugenia Iturritxa and Dr. Cheryl L. Patten for their constant support during this process and for giving me the opportunity to get involved in this project. I would also like to thank Ander Isasmendi and Patxi Sáenz de Urturi for their skillful assistance during the sampling process, and in general to all the people that have shared their knowledge and time with me. My deepest gratitude to Carmen and Vitor, you have been my shelter since I know you. Araiz, you are the best illustrator ever. Thank you very much to you and Erling for the Mediterranean air and the wild boars. I also appreciate the good moments and delicious meals with all my family. I am very thankful to all my friends for being an oasis for my brain. Maialen, I know our situation was not the best but I am very glad we were together in this. Artyom, thank you very much for the music and letting me sing. Urko, let´s go to the swimming pool! Arrate, thank you very much for your perspective. Zurine, I really enjoy our conversations late at night and all the painting. Thank you very much to Heather, Danna, Caroline, Shane, Victoria, TeeJ and Charlotte for making my first Christmas in Canada warm. Finally, I warmly thank Thomas for all his input, fresh ideas, and help; and for all the amazing adventures. List of original articles This thesis is based on the following articles: Mesanza, N., Patten, C. L, Iturritxa, E., 2017. Distribution and characterization of Armillaria complex in Atlantic forest ecosystems of Spain. Forests (Submitted). Mesanza, N., Iturritxa, E., Patten, C.L., 2016. Native rhizobacteria as biocontrol agents of Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and Armillaria mellea infection of Pinus radiata. Biol. Control 101, 8-16. Mesanza, N., Iturritxa, E., 2012. Root and butt rot caused by Heterobasidion annosum in Atlantic coniferous ecosystems of Spain. For. Pathol. 42, 514–520. Summary of contents Summary of contents CHAPTER 1: Introduction and objectives................................................................................ 1 1.1. Armillaria species complex ............................................................................................ 2 1.1.1. Taxonomy ............................................................................................................ 2 1.1.2. Armillaria species and their distribution ............................................................. 3 1.1.3. Host susceptibility ............................................................................................... 5 1.1.4. Infection and life cycle......................................................................................... 6 1.1.5. Symptoms and signs of infection ........................................................................ 8 1.1.6. Damage................................................................................................................ 9 1.2. Heterobasidion species complex .................................................................................... 10 1.2.1. Taxonomy .......................................................................................................... 10 1.2.2. Heterobasidion species and their distribution..................................................... 10 1.2.3. Host susceptibility ............................................................................................. 12 1.2.4. Infection and life cycle....................................................................................... 13 1.2.5. Symptoms and signs of infection ...................................................................... 15 1.2.6. Damage.............................................................................................................. 16 1.3. Area of study ............................................................................................................... 16 1.3.1. Localization and geomorphology of the Basque Country ................................ 16 1.3.2. General climate.................................................................................................. 18 1.3.3. Native forest and tree plantations ..................................................................... 19 1.4. Objectives .................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 2: Distribution and characterization of Heterobasidion and Armillaria complexes in the Basque Country........................................................................................... 23 2.1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 23 2.1.1. Objectives .......................................................................................................... 25 2.2. Material and methods ................................................................................................. 26 2.2.1. Collection of fungal material............................................................................. 26 2.2.2. Identification of spatial distribution patterns ................................................... 26 2.2.3. Description of fungal ecosystems...................................................................... 27 2.2.4. Fungal species identification ............................................................................. 29 i Summary of contents 2.3. Results ......................................................................................................................... 31 2.3.1. Distribution of fungal species ........................................................................... 31 2.3.2. Spatial distribution patterns.............................................................................. 33 2.3.3. Ecosystem characteristics in which fungal species were detected.................... 35 2.3.4. Fungal species identification ............................................................................. 40 2.4. Discussion.................................................................................................................... 42 2.4.1. Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 3: Population diversity of Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and Armillaria complex in selected stands of the Basque Country............................................................................... 45 3.1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 45 3.1.1. Objectives .......................................................................................................... 46 3.2. Materials and Methods................................................................................................ 47 3.2.1. Sample collection............................................................................................... 47 3.2.2. Identification and fungal diversity analysis ..................................................... 48 3.2.3. Host susceptibility ............................................................................................. 50 3.3. Results ......................................................................................................................... 51 3.3.1. Analysis of Armillaria population diversity ...................................................... 51 3.3.2. Analysis of Heterobasidion population diversity................................................ 54 3.3.3. Host susceptibility ............................................................................................. 57 3.4. Discussion.................................................................................................................... 59 3.4.1. Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 4: Native rhizobacteria as biocontrol agents of Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and Armillaria mellea infection of Pinus radiata .................................................................. 61 4.1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 61 4.1.1. Objectives .......................................................................................................... 62 4.2. Materials and methods ...............................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • A Nomenclatural Study of Armillaria and Armillariella Species
    A Nomenclatural Study of Armillaria and Armillariella species (Basidiomycotina, Tricholomataceae) by Thomas J. Volk & Harold H. Burdsall, Jr. Synopsis Fungorum 8 Fungiflora - Oslo - Norway A Nomenclatural Study of Armillaria and Armillariella species (Basidiomycotina, Tricholomataceae) by Thomas J. Volk & Harold H. Burdsall, Jr. Printed in Eko-trykk A/S, Førde, Norway Printing date: 1. August 1995 ISBN 82-90724-14-4 ISSN 0802-4966 A Nomenclatural Study of Armillaria and Armillariella species (Basidiomycotina, Tricholomataceae) by Thomas J. Volk & Harold H. Burdsall, Jr. Synopsis Fungorum 8 Fungiflora - Oslo - Norway 6 Authors address: Center for Forest Mycology Research Forest Products Laboratory United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service One Gifford Pinchot Dr. Madison, WI 53705 USA ABSTRACT Once a taxonomic refugium for nearly any white-spored agaric with an annulus and attached gills, the concept of the genus Armillaria has been clarified with the neotypification of Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) Kummer and its acceptance as type species of Armillaria (Fr.:Fr.) Staude. Due to recognition of different type species over the years and an extremely variable generic concept, at least 274 species and varieties have been placed in Armillaria (or in Armillariella Karst., its obligate synonym). Only about forty species belong in the genus Armillaria sensu stricto, while the rest can be placed in forty-three other modem genera. This study is based on original descriptions in the literature, as well as studies of type specimens and generic and species concepts by other authors. This publication consists of an alphabetical listing of all epithets used in Armillaria or Armillariella, with their basionyms, currently accepted names, and other obligate and facultative synonyms.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Bondarzewia from India
    Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2015) 39: 128-133 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-1402-82 A new species of Bondarzewia from India 1, 1 2 Kanad DAS *, Arvind PARIHAR , Manoj Emanuel HEMBROM 1 Botanical Survey of India, Cryptogamic Unit, P. O. B. Garden, Howrah, India 2 Botanical Survey of India, Central National Herbarium, P. O. B. Garden, Howrah, India Received: 25.02.2014 Accepted: 18.07.2014 Published Online: 02.01.2015 Printed: 30.01.2015 Abstract: Bondarzewia zonata, collected from North Sikkim, is proposed here as new to science. It is characterized by basidiomata with strong zonate pilei, thin context turning persistent dark red with guaiacol, comparatively small spores with narrow ornamented ridges, and an absence of cystidioles. A detailed description coupled with macro- and micromorphological illustrations of this species is provided. Its relation to the allied species is discussed and a provisional key to the species of Bondarzewia is given. Key words: Macrofungi, Bondarzewia, Russulales, new species, taxonomy, Sikkim 1. Introduction Picea. After thorough macro- and micromorphological The genusBondarzewia was first described by Singer studies followed by a survey of the literature, it proved to (1940). Presently, it accommodates subtropical (Dai et be new to science. It is proposed as Bondarzewia zonata al., 2010) to temperate and wood-inhabiting parasitic and described here in detail with illustrations. Its relation (causing white rot) poroid macrofungi. Therefore, the with closely related taxa is also discussed. genus Bondarzewia can be characterized as pileate stipitate to substipitate basidiocarps, with a dimitic hyphal system 2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Checklist of Arizona Macrofungi
    A PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF ARIZONA MACROFUNGI Scott T. Bates School of Life Sciences Arizona State University PO Box 874601 Tempe, AZ 85287-4601 ABSTRACT A checklist of 1290 species of nonlichenized ascomycetaceous, basidiomycetaceous, and zygomycetaceous macrofungi is presented for the state of Arizona. The checklist was compiled from records of Arizona fungi in scientific publications or herbarium databases. Additional records were obtained from a physical search of herbarium specimens in the University of Arizona’s Robert L. Gilbertson Mycological Herbarium and of the author’s personal herbarium. This publication represents the first comprehensive checklist of macrofungi for Arizona. In all probability, the checklist is far from complete as new species await discovery and some of the species listed are in need of taxonomic revision. The data presented here serve as a baseline for future studies related to fungal biodiversity in Arizona and can contribute to state or national inventories of biota. INTRODUCTION Arizona is a state noted for the diversity of its biotic communities (Brown 1994). Boreal forests found at high altitudes, the ‘Sky Islands’ prevalent in the southern parts of the state, and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson) forests that are widespread in Arizona, all provide rich habitats that sustain numerous species of macrofungi. Even xeric biomes, such as desertscrub and semidesert- grasslands, support a unique mycota, which include rare species such as Itajahya galericulata A. Møller (Long & Stouffer 1943b, Fig. 2c). Although checklists for some groups of fungi present in the state have been published previously (e.g., Gilbertson & Budington 1970, Gilbertson et al. 1974, Gilbertson & Bigelow 1998, Fogel & States 2002), this checklist represents the first comprehensive listing of all macrofungi in the kingdom Eumycota (Fungi) that are known from Arizona.
    [Show full text]
  • Septal Pore Caps in Basidiomycetes Composition and Ultrastructure
    Septal Pore Caps in Basidiomycetes Composition and Ultrastructure Septal Pore Caps in Basidiomycetes Composition and Ultrastructure Septumporie-kappen in Basidiomyceten Samenstelling en Ultrastructuur (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. J.C. Stoof, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 17 december 2007 des middags te 16.15 uur door Kenneth Gregory Anthony van Driel geboren op 31 oktober 1975 te Terneuzen Promotoren: Prof. dr. A.J. Verkleij Prof. dr. H.A.B. Wösten Co-promotoren: Dr. T. Boekhout Dr. W.H. Müller voor mijn ouders Cover design by Danny Nooren. Scanning electron micrographs of septal pore caps of Rhizoctonia solani made by Wally Müller. Printed at Ponsen & Looijen b.v., Wageningen, The Netherlands. ISBN 978-90-6464-191-6 CONTENTS Chapter 1 General Introduction 9 Chapter 2 Septal Pore Complex Morphology in the Agaricomycotina 27 (Basidiomycota) with Emphasis on the Cantharellales and Hymenochaetales Chapter 3 Laser Microdissection of Fungal Septa as Visualized by 63 Scanning Electron Microscopy Chapter 4 Enrichment of Perforate Septal Pore Caps from the 79 Basidiomycetous Fungus Rhizoctonia solani by Combined Use of French Press, Isopycnic Centrifugation, and Triton X-100 Chapter 5 SPC18, a Novel Septal Pore Cap Protein of Rhizoctonia 95 solani Residing in Septal Pore Caps and Pore-plugs Chapter 6 Summary and General Discussion 113 Samenvatting 123 Nawoord 129 List of Publications 131 Curriculum vitae 133 Chapter 1 General Introduction Kenneth G.A. van Driel*, Arend F.
    [Show full text]
  • New, Rare and Lesser-Known Macromycetes in Moravia (Czech Republic) – IX
    ISSN 1211-8788 Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno) 95(1): 143–162, 2010 New, rare and lesser-known macromycetes in Moravia (Czech Republic) – IX VLADIMÍR ANTONÍN 1 & DANIEL DVOØÁK 1, 2 1Moravian Museum, Dept. of Botany, Zelný trh 6, CZ-659 37 Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2Masaryk University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Botany and Zoology, Kotláøská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] ANTONÍN V. & DVOØÁK D. 2010: New, rare and lesser-known macromycetes in Moravia (Czech Republic) – IX. Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno) 95(1): 143–162. – The authors give descriptions of macro- and microfeatures of 13 rare or lesser-known macromycetes collected in Moravia (Czech Republic). Elaphomyces septatus and Lepiota griseovirens are recorded for the first time in the Czech Republic. Lepiota lilacea and Psilocybe laetissima are published for the first time from Moravia, Coprinopsis spelaiophylla for the second time. Armillaria ectypa has been re-collected after almost 50 years, Clavariadelphus truncatus after almost 30 years, and Geastrum berkeleyi after more than 20 years. Biscogniauxia simplicior and Lyophyllum leucophaeatum have only a few recent Moravian localities. Further, Callistosporium pinicola represents a rare, only recently-recorded taxon. Crepidotus crocophyllus has been collected outside its previously-known range in the southernmost part of Moravia. Aleurodiscus disciformis is a critically endangered species that has been collected at several localities in Moravia. Key words. Basidiomycetes, Aleurodiscus, Armillaria, Biscogniauxia, Callistosporium, Clavariadelphus, Coprinopsis, Crepidotus, Elaphomyces, Geastrum, Lepiota, Lyophyllum, Psilocybe, Moravia, Czech Republic Introduction In the course of their mycological field research in various parts of Moravia in recent years, the authors have found several rare or interesting macromycetes.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Ecology of Armillaria Species in Virgin Forests in the Ukrainian Carpathians
    Mycol Progress (2012) 11:403–414 DOI 10.1007/s11557-011-0755-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Diversity and ecology of Armillaria species in virgin forests in the Ukrainian Carpathians Tetyana Tsykun & Daniel Rigling & Vitaliy Nikolaychuk & Simone Prospero Received: 20 September 2010 /Revised: 9 March 2011 /Accepted: 11 March 2011 /Published online: 13 April 2011 # German Mycological Society and Springer 2011 Abstract In this study, we investigated the diversity and saprotrophs. Forest management may increase the frequency ecology of Armillaria species in virgin pure beech and of the pathogenic species A. ostoyae, which is rare in virgin mixed conifer forests (15,000 ha) of the Carpathian forests. Biosphere Reserve in Ukraine. Armillaria rhizomorphs were systematically sampled, both from the soil and from Keywords Rhizomorphs . Wood-decaying fungi . Natural the root collar of trees (epiphytic), on 79 plots (25×20 m) forests . The Carpathian Biosphere Reserve . Forest of a 1.5×1.5 km grid. In both forest massifs, rhizomorphs management were present in the majority of the soil samples, with an estimated dry weight of 512 kg/ha in the pure beech forests and 223 kg/ha in the mixed conifer forests. Similarly, in Introduction both forest massifs, most of the trees inspected had rhizomorphs at the root collar. Species identification based The basidiomycete genus Armillaria (Fr.: Fr.) Staude is an on DNA analyses showed that all five annulated European important natural component of the mycoflora in forest Armillaria species occur in these virgin forests, as ecosystems worldwide (Shaw and Kile 1991). All Armillaria previously observed in managed forests in central Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Lost & Found Fungi Project Report, July 2015
    Lost & Found Fungi project report, July 2015 Brian Douglas Hi all, Here’s the July update for the Lost and Found Fungi project, featuring more recent finds, species to look out for, project progress, and announcements. It’s now getting later on into the year, so we’ll be beginning to feature more basidiomycete macrofungi (mushrooms to the layperson). I hope this change in focus will appeal to many of you, and maybe also to some members of the broader biodiversity recording community, who may be more interested in rare mushrooms than obscure ascomycetes or smuts and rusts. Apologies for the report getting later and later as the months pass – but I think this may be a good sign that the project is getting busier and busier as more people get involved! You may also notice that I’ve combined the “New Finds” and “Species to look for” sections this month. This is because many of you are two steps ahead of me and have been sending in finds before I ask for them. This makes it difficult to neatly format the newsletter into two main sections, but I’m personally extremely impressed, and we’re all extremely grateful for this sort of participation. I would like to re-emphasise the importance of “unsuccessful surveys”. If any of you have been actively looking or just keeping an eye out for species, please let me know. A notable example of how important this is can be seen with Polystigma rubrum, which despite few previous records is now currently “blooming” in Cornwall.
    [Show full text]
  • Armillaria Ectypa
    Acta Mycologica DOI: 10.5586/am.1064 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Publication history Received: 2015-07-23 Accepted: 2015-07-28 Armillaria ectypa, a rare fungus of mire in Published: 2015-08-05 Poland Handling editor Tomasz Leski, Institute of Dendrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Małgorzata Stasińska* Department of Botany and Nature Conservation, Center for Molecular Biology and Funding Biotechnology, Environmental Testing Laboratory, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 The study was financed by the Szczecin, Poland University of Szczecin as part of individual research grants. * Email: [email protected] Competing interests No competing interests have been declared. Abstract Armillaria ectypa is a saprotroph that occurs on active raised bogs and alkaline Copyright notice fens, as well as Aapa mires and transitional bogs. It is a very rare and threatened © The Author(s) 2015. This is an Open Access article distributed Eurasian species and one of the 33 fungal species proposed for inclusion into the under the terms of the Creative Bern Convention. Its distribution in Poland, ecological notes and morphology of Commons Attribution License, basidiocarp based on Polish specimens are presented. which permits redistribution, commercial and non- Keywords commercial, provided that the article is properly cited. Basidiomycota; Physalacriaceae; distribution; ecology Citation Stasińska M. Armillaria ectypa, a rare fungus of mire in Poland. This issue of Acta Mycologica is dedicated to Professor Maria Lisiewska and Professor Acta Mycol. 2015;50(1):1064. Anna Bujakiewicz on the occasion of their 80th and 75th birthday, respectively. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/ am.1064 Digital signature This PDF has been certified using digital Introduction signature with a trusted timestamp to assure its origin and integrity.
    [Show full text]
  • ECCB 2018 Program
    Presenters Bath, Alistair 583 Carvalho, Filipe 195 Batáry, Péter 588 Carvalho, Silvia 727 Aakala, TUOMAS 404 Bautista, Carlos 347 Ceausu, Silvia 766 Aavik, TSIPE 127 Baynham-Herd, Zachary 377 Cebrian, Merben 326 Abdullah, Md. Rishad 28 Baynham-Herd, Zachary 222 Cerri, Jacopo 8 Abrahams, Mark 503 Beja, Pedro 173 Chamorro, Darío 198 Abrego, Nerea 162 Belinskij, Antti 204 Chatterjee, Anindita Bidisha 336 Acil, Nezha 197 Berggren, Åsa 200 Chatterjee, Nilanjan 319 Aggrey, Siya 15 Bergman, Eva 231 Chaudhary, Abhishek 484 Ahmad, Riyaz 380 Bermudez-Urdaneta, Martin 381 Chen, Ron 158 Ahmad, Irfan 642 Bernardo-Madrid, Rubén 177 Clough, YANN 572 Ahti, Pauliina A. 60 Bernes, Claes 607 Colleony, Agathe 524 Ahti, Pauliina A. 348 Berry, Pam 486 Comor, VINCENT 165 Aimé, Emilie 411 Bertolino, Sandro 729 Conenna, Irene 734 Ajder, VITALIE 62 Bertram, Michael 617 Consorte-McCrea, Adriana 575 Akeredolu, Excellence 736 Bhattacharyya, Debjyoti 427 Consorte-McCrea, Adriana 552 Akonwi Nebasifu, AYONGHE 540 Biancolini, Dino 316 Consorte-McCrea, Adriana 590 Alagador, Diogo 613 Biber-FreudenberGER, Lisa 201 Constable, Amy Louise 472 Albrecht, Matthias 577 Bladon, Andrew 315 Coppes, Joy 156 Alexander, Meghan 728 Boissier, Olivier 476 Correa, Diego F. 258 Alimba, Chibuisi 655 Bombieri, Giulia 478 Correia, Ricardo 489 Aljes, Maria 42 Borderon-Carrez, Séverine 495 Cortés Capano, Gonzalo 205 Allen, Andrew 234 Bosco, Laura 300 Cortés Capano, Gonzalo 21 Andersson, Anastasia 679 Bouarakia, Oussama 172 Cotton, Sam 278 Andrew, Carrie 599 Boyer, Stéphane 410 Crawley, Jennie
    [Show full text]
  • PDF with Supplemental Information
    Review Potential Interactions between Invasive Fusarium circinatum and Other Pine Pathogens in Europe Margarita Elvira-Recuenco 1,* , Santa Olga Cacciola 2 , Antonio V. Sanz-Ros 3, Matteo Garbelotto 4, Jaime Aguayo 5, Alejandro Solla 6 , Martin Mullett 7,8 , Tiia Drenkhan 9 , Funda Oskay 10 , Ay¸seGülden Aday Kaya 11, Eugenia Iturritxa 12, Michelle Cleary 13 , Johanna Witzell 13 , Margarita Georgieva 14 , Irena Papazova-Anakieva 15, Danut Chira 16, Marius Paraschiv 16, Dmitry L. Musolin 17 , Andrey V. Selikhovkin 17,18, Elena Yu. Varentsova 17, Katarina Adamˇcíková 19, Svetlana Markovskaja 20, Nebai Mesanza 12, Kateryna Davydenko 21,22 , Paolo Capretti 23 , Bruno Scanu 24 , Paolo Gonthier 25 , Panaghiotis Tsopelas 26, Jorge Martín-García 27,28 , Carmen Morales-Rodríguez 29 , Asko Lehtijärvi 30 , H. Tu˘gbaDo˘gmu¸sLehtijärvi 31, Tomasz Oszako 32 , Justyna Anna Nowakowska 33 , Helena Bragança 34 , Mercedes Fernández-Fernández 35,36 , Jarkko Hantula 37 and Julio J. Díez 28,36 1 Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), 28040 Madrid, Spain 2 Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; [email protected] 3 Plant Pathology Laboratory, Calabazanos Forest Health Centre (Regional Government of Castilla y León Region), Polígono Industrial de Villamuriel, S/N, 34190 Villamuriel de Cerrato, Spain; [email protected] 4 Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management; University of California-Berkeley,
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix: Orchid Potting Mixtures - an Abridged Historical Review 1
    Appendix: Orchid potting mixtures - An abridged historical review 1 T. J. SHEEHAN Introduction There is little doubt that potting media development over time has been the salvation of orchid growers (Bomba, 1975). When epiphytic orchids were first introduced into England and other European countries in the 18th century growers could not envision plants growing in anything but soil. '"Peat and loam' were good for everything and frequently became the mass murderers of the first generation of epiphytic orchids," Hooker is believed to have said around the end of the 19th century; England had become the graveyard of tropical orchids. Undoubtedly this was in reference to the concern individuals were having over the potting media problems. This problem also drew the attention of such noted individuals as John Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton, as well as the Gardener's Chronicle, who noted that "The Rule of Thumb" had nothing to say about orchid growing; it was only effective in orchid killing (Bomba 1975). Fortunately, the ingenuity of growers solved the problem as innovative potting mixes evolved over the years. After visiting a number of orchid growing establishments it immediately becomes obvious to any orchid grower, professional or hobbyist, that orchids, both epiphytic and terrestrial, will grow in a wide variety of media. It has often been stated that epiphytic orchids can be grown in any medium except soil as long as watering and fertilization are adjusted to fit the mix being used. Ter­ restrial orchids seem to thrive in any medium that contains 40% or more organic matter. Reading cultural recommendations from the early days of orchid growing is most interesting and highly recommended.
    [Show full text]
  • Suomen Helttasienten Ja Tattien Ekologia, Levinneisyys Ja Uhanalaisuus
    Suomen ympäristö 769 LUONTO JA LUONNONVARAT Pertti Salo, Tuomo Niemelä, Ulla Nummela-Salo ja Esteri Ohenoja (toim.) Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus .......................... SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUS Suomen ympäristö 769 Pertti Salo, Tuomo Niemelä, Ulla Nummela-Salo ja Esteri Ohenoja (toim.) Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUS Viittausohje Viitatessa tämän raportin lukuihin, käytetään lukujen otsikoita ja lukujen kirjoittajien nimiä: Esim. luku 5.2: Kytövuori, I., Nummela-Salo, U., Ohenoja, E., Salo, P. & Vauras, J. 2005: Helttasienten ja tattien levinneisyystaulukko. Julk.: Salo, P., Niemelä, T., Nummela-Salo, U. & Ohenoja, E. (toim.). Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levin- neisyys ja uhanalaisuus. Suomen ympäristökeskus, Helsinki. Suomen ympäristö 769. Ss. 109-224. Recommended citation E.g. chapter 5.2: Kytövuori, I., Nummela-Salo, U., Ohenoja, E., Salo, P. & Vauras, J. 2005: Helttasienten ja tattien levinneisyystaulukko. Distribution table of agarics and boletes in Finland. Publ.: Salo, P., Niemelä, T., Nummela- Salo, U. & Ohenoja, E. (eds.). Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus. Suomen ympäristökeskus, Helsinki. Suomen ympäristö 769. Pp. 109-224. Julkaisu on saatavana myös Internetistä: www.ymparisto.fi/julkaisut ISBN 952-11-1996-9 (nid.) ISBN 952-11-1997-7 (PDF) ISSN 1238-7312 Kannen kuvat / Cover pictures Vasen ylä / Top left: Paljakkaa. Utsjoki. Treeless alpine tundra zone. Utsjoki. Kuva / Photo: Esteri Ohenoja Vasen ala / Down left: Jalopuulehtoa. Parainen, Lenholm. Quercus robur forest. Parainen, Lenholm. Kuva / Photo: Tuomo Niemelä Oikea ylä / Top right: Lehtolohisieni (Laccaria amethystina). Amethyst Deceiver (Laccaria amethystina). Kuva / Photo: Pertti Salo Oikea ala / Down right: Vanhaa metsää. Sodankylä, Luosto. Old virgin forest. Sodankylä, Luosto. Kuva / Photo: Tuomo Niemelä Takakansi / Back cover: Ukonsieni (Macrolepiota procera).
    [Show full text]