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Estudo Taxonômico De Homobasidiomicetos Corticioides

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Estudo Taxonômico De Homobasidiomicetos Corticioides UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA TESE DE DOUTORADO Estudo taxonômico de homobasidiomicetos corticioides (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) na Região Sul do Brasil Juliano Marcon Baltazar Porto Alegre, 2014 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA Estudo taxonômico de homobasidiomicetos corticioides (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) na Região Sul do Brasil Juliano Marcon Baltazar Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Área de Concentração em Taxonomia Vegetal (Micologia e Ficologia), da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), como um dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências (Botânica). Orientadora: Dra. Rosa Mara Borges da Silveira Departamento de Botânica – UFRGS Coorientador: Dr. Mario Rajchenberg Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), Argentina Porto Alegre, 2014 “I tell you folks It’s harder than it looks It’s a long way to the top If you wanna rock ‘n’ roll” Angus Young, Malcolm Young e Bon Scott (AC/DC), 1975 “Antes de resumir la solución (cuyo descubrimiento, a pesar de sus trágicas proyecciones, es quizá el hecho capital de la historia) quiero rememorar algunos axiomas. El primero: La Biblioteca existe ab aeterno.” Jorge Luis Borges, 1941 AGRADECIMENTOS A realização deste trabalho, assim como a minha formação, não seria possível sem a ajuda de muitas pessoas e instituições. Sou profundamente grato a todos que de alguma forma contribuíram para a sua execução, especialmente aos citados abaixo. Em primeiro lugar, muito obrigado à minha família – pai, mãe e mana – por todo o apoio durante todas as etapas, desde o ingresso na graduação até a conclusão do doutorado. Sempre incentivaram para que eu seguisse estudando e jamais mediram esforços quando sua ajuda foi necessária. Também sou muito grato aos Pereiras – sogro, sogra, cunhados e sobrinhos – por todo o apoio e incentivo a Larissa e a mim. À Larissa, minha esposa, por estar presente em todos os momentos, profissionais e pessoais. Por seu apoio inestimável, desde as coletas até a ajuda com os desenhos e detalhes finais deste trabalho, os comentários sempre pertinentes, as discussões sobre trabalho – a sua opinião foi e sempre será muito valiosa, especialmente por vir de uma grande micóloga. Mas sou grato principalmente por tudo o que se refere à nossa vida pessoal, por ser uma esposa e uma pessoa maravilhosa, além de ser a minha melhor amiga. Muito obrigado também à Nina, nossa primeira filha, que certamente trará muita felicidade a nossa família. Também à Penélope e à Lisbela, pelo seu amor incondicional e por me trazerem muita alegria. À Profa. Rosa Mara B. da Silveira, por aceitar orientar este trabalho e pelo apoio durante estes quatro anos de doutorado. Por disponibilizar toda a infraestrutura dos laboratórios e os recursos de projetos sob sua administração e por apoiar as viagens para eventos e disciplinas fora de Porto Alegre. Ao meu coorientador, Mario Rajchenberg, pelas discussões sobre este projeto desde 2008, pelos ensinamentos sobre fungos afiloforoides, micologia (incluindo patologia florestal) e ciência em geral. Por receber-me durante o estágio sanduíche, além de duas outras visitas minhas à sua instituição, por disponibilizar a infraestrutura de seus laboratórios e seus recursos, e por até dividir seu gabinete comigo! Mas especialmente, muito obrigado ao Mario e sua esposa Viviana Katz pela amizade e por todos os momentos compartilhados. Aos coautores dos manuscritos desta tese, pelo tempo empenhado nestes trabalhos e pelos ensinamentos. À María Belén Pildain, pelos ensinamentos sobre biologia molecular, desde a extração de DNA até a edição das árvores, obrigado pela paciência. Ao Sergio Perez Gorjón, por dedicar desinteressadamente muito do seu tempo a me iii ensinar um pouco de tudo o que sabe sobre as corticiáceas. Obrigado por me hospedar em sua casa, e pela ajuda na minha adaptação a Esquel. Especialmente pela amizade, os mates compartilhados, as discussões sobre micologia, academia, e a vida. Aos micólogos e outros pesquisadores que me ajudaram com discussões e doação de literatura, especialmente: André de Meijer, Jefferson Prado, Karen K. Nakasone, Karl-Henrik Larsson, Leif Ryvarden, Loreta Brandão de Freitas, Maria Alice Neves, Maria Salete Marchioretto, Mateus A. Reck, Olivier Chauveau, Orlando Popoff, Patrícia Valente da Silva, Rafael Trevisan, Richard Korf, Shaun Pennycook, Tatiana Chies e Thiago Alves. Ao Mauro Westphalen e Natália Tedy, pela doação de materiais. Ao João André Jarenkow, pela carona em algumas excursões a campo em suas disciplinas. Aos curadores e funcionários dos herbários BAFC, CIEFAP, CTES, FLOR, ICN, K, LY, O, PACA, S e SI, pelo auxílio durante empréstimos e tombamento de espécimes. Em especial: à Camila, Márcia e Mateus (ICN), pelo auxílio constante no tombamento, empréstimos, doações, etc; à Maria Salete Marchioretto (PACA), pela confiança e todo o apoio durante a revisão dos tipos sob sua responsabilidade, além de doação de literatura rara; e à Norma Deginani (SI), pela ajuda durante as visitas ao Instituto de Botânica Darwinion. Aos administradores, responsáveis e funcionários das Unidades de Conservação e outras áreas visitadas, do ICMBio, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Rio Grande do Sul, pelas permissões de coleta. Às instituições que financiaram este projeto, pelo apoio financeiro que viabilizou sua execução: CNPq, pela bolsa de doutorado (GD 141495/2010-3); CAPES, pela bolsa de doutorado sanduíche no exterior (PDSE, processo 9715/11-8); CAPES e MINCyT (Argentina), pelo projeto de cooperação bilateral (CAPES/MINCyT Rede 003/11); ao CNPq e CAPES, pelo projeto PROTAX (EditalMCT/CNPq/MEC/CAPES 52/2010); ao PPGBOT–UFRGS e PROPG–UFRGS, pelo financiamento parcial de viagens para eventos e excursões de coleta. Aos amigos de laboratório e departamento, pelos momentos compartilhados e discussões em disciplinas ou nos corredores, mas principalmente pelos momentos de lazer: almoços no RU, cafés depois do almoço ou no meio da tarde, mates, cervejas, churrascos, happy hours, encontros na Redenção e no Gasômetro, etc. Aos colegas de Fitobol, pelo “futebol arte” jogado nas quadras da PUC. Aos amigos de Esquel, por tantos momentos alegres. Especialmente ao Oscar Torres (el Chori), por dividir sua casa durante duas passagens minhas por Esquel, e ao iv Andrés de Errasti, por hospedar-me em sua casa. Aos colegas de laboratório de Patologia Florestal do CIEFAP, pelos momentos e experiências compartilhadas, e pela ajuda providencial em muitos momentos. v RESUMO Estudo taxonômico de homobasidiomicetos corticioides (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) na Região Sul do Brasil Os fungos corticioides são um grupo artificial caracterizado pelos basidiomas ressupinados a estipitados, com o himenóforo liso, pregueado, tuberculado, espinhoso, denteado ou raramente com poros verdadeiros. A maioria das espécies possui os basídios não septados (homobasidiomicetos), e somente essas são incluídas neste trabalho. Com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento sobre esses organismos na Região Sul do Brasil, um estudo taxonômico foi conduzido a partir de revisões de herbário e análises de espécimes coletados entre 2010 e 2012 no três estados da Região Sul. Dados de literatura também foram compilados com o objetivo de fornecer um quadro do atual conhecimento sobre o grupo estudado na região. São reconhecidas 226 espécies, pertencentes a 93 gêneros. Dessas espécies, 164 são conhecidas para o Rio Grande do Sul, 71 para o Paraná e 64 para Santa Catarina. Acanthocystidium brueggemannii é descrito como gênero e espécie novos; Athelia fibulata e Steccherinum subcrinale são citadas pela primeira vez para a América do Sul; 12 espécies são registradas pela primeira vez para o Brasil, 16 para a Região Sul, seis para o Paraná, seis para o Rio Grande do Sul e quatro para Santa Catarina. Além disso, 16 novas combinações, um nome novo, nove lectotipificações e duas epitificações são propostas, e Epithele bambusina é aceito como um nome correto para uma espécie válida. Análises filogenéticas dos marcadores nucleares ITS e LSU foram conduzidas para fins específicos: avaliar a posição filogenética de A. brueggemannii, que está relacionada com fungos cifeloides em Agaricales; e verificar a posição filogenética de Hydnum peroxydatum (espécie tipo de Hydnochaete), o que resultou na sinonímia de Hydnochaete com Hymenochaete. Descrições e ilustrações das estruturas microscópicas são fornecidas para espécies pouco tratadas na literatura. Além disso, são fornecidas chaves para identificação dos gêneros e espécies conhecidos para a área de estudo. Palavras-chave: Agaricomycotina – Corticiaceae – fungos estereoides – Hydnaceae – Thelephoraceae vi ABSTRACT Taxonomic study of the corticioid homobasidiomycetes (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) from the Southern Region of Brazil The corticioid fungi form an artificial group characterized by resupinate to stipitate basidiomes, with a smooth, folded, tuberculate, with spines or teeth or rarely with true pores. Most species have non septate basidia (homobasidiomycetes), and only these are treated herein. A taxonomic study was carried out based on revisions of herbaria and study of specimens gathered from 2010 to 2012 in the three States from the Southern Region of Brazil, with the aim to increase the knowledge about these fungi in the area. Literature records were also compiled in order to get to know the current knowledge about
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