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The Land in Gorkhaland on the Edges of Belonging in Darjeeling, India
The Land in Gorkhaland On the Edges of Belonging in Darjeeling, India SARAH BESKY Department of Anthropology and Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Brown University, USA Abstract Darjeeling, a district in the Himalayan foothills of the Indian state of West Bengal, is a former colonial “hill station.” It is world famous both as a destination for mountain tour- ists and as the source of some of the world’s most expensive and sought-after tea. For deca- des, Darjeeling’s majority population of Indian-Nepalis, or Gorkhas, have struggled for sub- national autonomy over the district and for the establishment of a separate Indian state of “Gorkhaland” there. In this article, I draw on ethnographic fieldwork conducted amid the Gorkhaland agitation in Darjeeling’s tea plantations and bustling tourist town. In many ways, Darjeeling is what Val Plumwood calls a “shadow place.” Shadow places are sites of extraction, invisible to centers of political and economic power yet essential to the global cir- culation of capital. The existence of shadow places troubles the notion that belonging can be “singularized” to a particular location or landscape. Building on this idea, I examine the encounters of Gorkha tea plantation workers, students, and city dwellers with landslides, a crumbling colonial infrastructure, and urban wildlife. While many analyses of subnational movements in India characterize them as struggles for land, I argue that in sites of colonial and capitalist extraction like hill stations, these struggles with land are equally important. In Darjeeling, senses of place and belonging are “edge effects”:theunstable,emergentresults of encounters between materials, species, and economies. -
Village & Town Directory ,Darjiling , Part XIII-A, Series-23, West Bengal
CENSUS OF INDIA 1981 SERmS 23 'WEST BENGAL DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK PART XIll-A VILLAGE & TO"WN DIRECTORY DARJILING DISTRICT S.N. GHOSH o-f the Indian Administrative Service._ DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS WEST BENGAL · Price: (Inland) Rs. 15.00 Paise: (Foreign) £ 1.75 or 5 $ 40 Cents. PuBLISHED BY THB CONTROLLER. GOVERNMENT PRINTING, WEST BENGAL AND PRINTED BY MILl ART PRESS, 36. IMDAD ALI LANE, CALCUTTA-700 016 1988 CONTENTS Page Foreword V Preface vn Acknowledgement IX Important Statistics Xl Analytical Note 1-27 (i) Census ,Concepts: Rural and urban areas, Census House/Household, Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes, Literates, Main Workers, Marginal Workers, N on-Workers (ii) Brief history of the District Census Handbook (iii) Scope of Village Directory and Town Directory (iv) Brief history of the District (v) Physical Aspects (vi) Major Characteristics (vii) Place of Religious, Historical or Archaeological importance in the villages and place of Tourist interest (viii) Brief analysis of the Village and Town Directory data. SECTION I-VILLAGE DIRECTORY 1. Sukhiapokri Police Station (a) Alphabetical list of villages 31 (b) Village Directory Statement 32 2. Pulbazar Police Station (a) Alphabetical list of villages 37 (b) Village Directory Statement 38 3. Darjiling Police Station (a) Alphabetical list of villages 43 (b) Village Directory Statement 44 4. Rangli Rangliot Police Station (a) Alphabetical list of villages 49- (b) Village Directory Statement 50. 5. Jore Bungalow Police Station (a) Alphabetical list of villages 57 (b), Village Directory Statement 58. 6. Kalimpong Poliee Station (a) Alphabetical list of viI1ages 62 (b)' Village Directory Statement 64 7. Garubatban Police Station (a) Alphabetical list of villages 77 (b) Village Directory Statement 78 [ IV ] Page 8. -
The Study Area
THE STUDY AREA 2.1 GENERALFEATURES 2.1.1 Location and besic informations ofthe area Darjeeling is a hilly district situated at the northernmost end of the Indian state of West Bengal. It has a hammer or an inverted wedge shaped appearance. Its location in the globe may be detected between latitudes of 26° 27'05" Nand 27° 13 ' 10" Nand longitudes of87° 59' 30" and 88° 53' E (Fig. 2. 1). The southern-most point is located near Bidhan Nagar village ofPhansidewa block the nmthernmost point at trijunction near Phalut; like wise the widest west-east dimension of the di strict lies between Sabarkum 2 near Sandakphu and Todey village along river Jaldhaka. It comprises an area of3, 149 km . Table 2.1. Some basic data for the district of Darjeeling (Source: Administrative Report ofDatjeeling District, 201 1- 12, http://darjeeling.gov.in) Area 3,149 kmL Area of H ill portion 2417.3 knr' T erai (Plains) Portion 731.7 km_L Sub Divisoins 4 [Datjeeling, Kurseong, Kalimpong, Si1iguri] Blocks 12 [Datjeeling-Pulbazar, Rangli-Rangliot, Jorebunglow-Sukiapokhari, Kalimpong - I, Kalimpong - II, Gorubathan, Kurseong, Mirik, Matigara, Naxalbari, Kharibari & Phansidewa] Police Stations 16 [Sadar, Jorebunglow, Pulbazar, Sukiapokhari, Lodhama, Rangli- Rangliot, Mirik, Kurseong, Kalimpong, Gorubathan, Siliguri, Matigara, Bagdogra, Naxalbari, Phansidewa & Kharibari] N o . ofVillages & Corporation - 01 (Siliguri) Towns Municipalities - 04 (Darjeeling, Kurseong, Kalimpong, Mirik) Gram Pancbayats - 134 Total Forest Cover 1,204 kmL (38.23 %) [Source: Sta te of Forest -
Chapter Vi Landslide As an Agent of Rayeng Basin Degradation
CHAPTER VI LANDSLIDE AS AN AGENT OF RAYENG BASIN DEGRADATION 6.0 Scenario of landslides The landslides are one of the significant types of natural hazards. Massive landslides make trouncing of both creature existence and assets. Yet, people livelihood in the mountainous regions is habituated to survive with such events. With the augmented tourism over the precedent few decades, residential areas have been make bigger over mountainous slopes, which of course necessitate new communication system. This disturbs the usual slopes and an environment of the mountainous regions, in that way greater than ever susceptibility to landslide happening. Geomorphic studies of landslides take account of the assessment of vulnerability and causes responsible behind occurrences. Landslides are the most significant disparaging geomorphic process accountable for degradation of Rayeng Basin. Throughout intense rainfall, the weathering process is accelerated reducing schists and mudstones into silts and fine sands, and succeeding failure of these fine materials triggers landslides in the Rayeng Basin. 6.1 Methodology of study Study of" landslides of the basin incorporate, recognition of affected areas based on the field study and secondary data from earlier study. Intensive study has been made on the factors associated to landslides such as geology, slope angles, soil, climatic condition, hydrologic conditions, vegetation, and last but not the least i.e. human interferences in the basin. In this milieu, topographical maps, geological map, satellite imageries of the basin have been studied intensively. Meteorological data are collected. On the basis of several factors an effort has been made to prepare a landslides susceptible zones map of the study area. -
Tea Time with Fine Wine of Darjeeling
AMBOOTIA MADE IN INDIA he hill station of Darjeeling of Darjeeling tea—be it for the quality, on the foothills of the flavour and depth of their range, the Himalayas, also known sustainable practices being followed by Tea Time with Fine Wine of as Queen of the Hills, has them or their reputation for reviving Darjeeling Tea been a favoured summer sick tea estates. • Darjeeling tea has a unique Muscatel Tretreat since the days of the British Raj. According to Bansal, the tea garden flavour favoured by connoisseurs. Darjeeling promises a number of exotic model basically depends on leveraging • Darjeeling produces around 10 million and enthralling experiences that would two critical and long term factors of kg of tea annually. stay with you for a lifetime—a ride in production—land and workers. He • Ambootia Tea Estate produces 180,000 kg the toy train, the view of the sunrise firmly believes that if tea gardens don’t of tea annually. over the Kanchenjunga from Tiger Hill, do well, the reason generally is bad • First Flush Darjeeling tea is grown in a walk across the Chowrasta, a treat of entrepreneurship or bad management. mid-March. The spring variety of tea is hot chocolate at Keventer’s, a visit to the If both these factors of production are a connoisseur’s must have. It has light Buddhist monastery at Ghoom and cared for, the tea estate business is quite green colour, light floral or earthy flavour of course, a visit to any of its mystical lucrative in the long run. and is mildly astringent. -
Chapters Water Resource of the Balason Basin 8.1
CHAPTERS WATER RESOURCE OF THE BALASON BASIN 8.1 Introduction The river Balason, originating from Lepchajagat at an elevation of 2416 m, flows through the district of Darjeeling, is noteworthy for its erosional and depositional hazards, causing occasional flood in its lower catchment The discharge of the river at Matigara, varies from a negligible amount of 0.409 cumecs during the dry season (March - April) to a high of over 940 m^/second during the rainy season (July-August). The mean annual sediment discharge is very high and it was estimated to be 87365 metric tons. The mean annual rainfell in the catchment area is 3359.81 mm, based on long-term average data of 22 rainfall recording stations situated within the catchment area. The Balason basin is unable to hold back water due to excessive deforestation, overgrazing and extensive unscientific agricultural use of land in its catchment area. As a result, most of the precipitated water goes down the slope, giving rise to severe soil erosion and landslips. The amount of load transported not only provides an indication of the rate of mechanical denudation in a basin, but also has wider implications for the economic management of the fluvial system. The river is incompetent to cope with the enormous amount of debris load that is transported to its lower course during the monsoon months (June-September). All these processes themselves generate certain responses within the river channel. Flooding is thus, the result of the continuous set of possible responses within the fluvial system. On the other hand, during the non-monsoon months (November to April) negligible amount of water flows through the narrow braided channel and this paucity of water hinders the local people from reaping any benefit out of the soil in a)njunction to the river itself. -
Constructing Colonial Urban Space in the Darjeeling Himalayas: a Re-Reading in History
Vidyasagar University Journal of History, Volume IV, 2015-2016, Pages: 54-70 ISSN 2321-0834 Constructing Colonial Urban Space in the Darjeeling Himalayas: a Re-reading in History Tahiti Sarkar Abstract: This article argues that, for the making of Darjeeling as a colonial urban space, considerations like racial distinctions, climatic value, and strategic importance received priorities. The principal concern was to facilitate the recuperation of European bodies from the heat and diseases of the plains. However, European residential sanctity was intruded upon in the late colonial Darjeeling. By then, the hill station of Darjeeling posited a unique form of colonial urbanism. The study reveals that Darjeeling formed an integral part of the colonial political economy. Once this was accomplished, the integration of its resources into the larger colonial economy sustained the expansion and consolidation of the town. Importantly, plant capitalism, that is the infusion of colonial capital in commercial tea plantation, that had incorporated Darjeeling into the late 19th century capitalist world system, heralded large socio-economic and demographic transformations, resulting in ecological and landscape changes. Key Words: Colonial Urban Space, Recuperation of European Bodies, Colonial Political Economy, Plant Capitalism, Ecological and Landscape Changes. Introduction Studies on colonial hill stations in India evoke a nostalgic sense of loss and appear to look askance at contemporary violation of their idyllic beauty due to population increase and -
A Case from Darjeeling Tea Gardens
WOMEN AT WORK IN CULTURAL AND COMMUNITY CONTEXT : A CASE FROM DARJEELING TEA GARDENS A Thesis submitted for Ph.D .. Degree in Arts ( Sociology and Social Anthropology) University of North Bengal ;' ( : • ', 1 DECEivH3ER. 2004 Smt. Indumati Rai CE·NTRE FOR HIMALAYAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL District- Datjeeling, Pin- 734 430 West Bengal India Ret 3ot.Lif 2 oqs-414 R 14'1 w 17~)117 ~ 3 DE~ 2B05 Pro/ o/ Socio/og'j and Social __Anthropo/og'jJ Centre Jor ..JJimalq'Jan Studie6 UniverJit'J o/ Y/orth Bengal ::biJt. ::barjeeling) WB. J-ndia- 734430 Prof. Sekh Rahim Mandai, M.Sc.; Ph.D Dr. Charuchandra Sanyal Chair Professor of Anthropology and Sociology Centre for Himalayan Studies & Head, Department of Anthropology University of North Bengal Dt. Darjeeling (W.B.), India, Pin- 734430 RefNo ...................... Phone (Res.)- 91·353-2581-123 Fax (Off.)- 91-353-2581-546 Date ...... .•.. .0 email : [email protected] t!{ .~.(2.. 1 CERTIFICATE It gives me immense pleasure to certify that the thesis entitled "Women at Work in Cultural and Community Context : A Case from Darjeeling Tea Gardens" has been prepared by Smt. lndumati Rai under my supervision and guidance. · Smt. Rai has prepared this thesis on the basis of her own investigation, observation and analysis. She has fulfilled the rules and regulations governing the preparation of doctoral thesis of the University ofNorth Bengal. This is an original research work. To the best of my knowledge, realization and belief this thesis or any part of it has not been submitted to any other University or institution for any degree or qualification whatsoever. -
Chapter 4 Pedogeomorphic Relations Within the Basin
CHAPTER 4 PEDOGEOMORPHIC RELATIONS WITHIN THE BASIN 4.1. liitrodactioii Although Robinson (1949) had tried to establish a relationship between soil and landfbmn when he said 'the domain of pectology may come to engross a considerable amount of dynamic geolog/" the two have been frequently treated separately with only a token of awareness of one on the other and vice versa. The increasing awareness due to modem research has led to the understanding that soil and landfbrms are closely dependent upon one other as one influences the other. This has led to the evolution of a new discipline of 'pedo-geomorphology" or soil geomorphology (Conachar & Dalrymple, 1978). The drainage basin provides a convenient and ideal natural unit for the study of pedo-geomorphic parameters and their intenelationships. Within this unit the constituent parameters of landform, soil and drainage frequently show an organized relationship and without the knowledge of the basin in which they occur many of these evente become Incomprehensible (Sarkar, 1987,1994). A realistic correlation can only be drawn if the processes of soil formation are in equilibrium with the surface and sub-surface processes, acting on the slope (Norton & Smith, 1930; Furley, 1968 & 1969; Young, 1968; Jordan, 1974; Gen-ad, 1980;). It is often assumed that the meaningful relationship t}etween slope and soil properties becomes the result of any well-organised study. In the present work pedo-geomorphic study has been carried out to determine and assess the intricate inter-relationship among some of the parameters that include the slope, infiltration and soil properties, in the Balason basin of Darjeeling Himalaya. -
Gorkhaland Territorial Administration
GORKHALAND TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATION OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE ENGINEER, CENTRAL PLANNING QUALITY CONTROL & PROCUREMENT ENGINEERING DIVISION, SAILABASH COMPLEX,JALAPAHAR ROAD, DARJEELING PHONE No: 0354-2256386 FAX: 0354-2259402 E-mail id: [email protected] Memo No : 04/XX-2-(GENSERV)/NIeT-04/EE/CPQCPED/GTA/18-19 Dated: 02.06.2018 NOTICE INVITING ELECTRONIC TENDER No. GTA/EE/ CPQCPED / NIeT-04(SP/AAP-18-19)/e -Tender /2018-19 OF THE EXECUTIVE ENGINEER, CENTRAL PLANNING QUALITY CONTROL & PROCUREMENT ENGINEERING DIVISION, GORKHALAND TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATION On behalf of the Principal Secretary Gorkhaland Territorial Administration, the Executive Engineer, Central Planning Quality Control & Procurement Engineering Division invites e-Tender for the work detailed in the table below.(For Submission of e-Tender through online) . 1. List of schemes:- Price of Technical & Name Financial of the Earnest Period of Sl. Estimated Bid Concern Eligibility of Money Completi N Name of the work Amount documen ed Contractor (Rs.) on o (Rs.) ts Division and & Sub- others Division Annexur e (Rs.) PWD, MES, Railways or Planning any other 172297.00 Quality Government Additional work of Repair In favour of Control Department Executive and Maintenance of I.N.A. & enlisted or Bye - Pass Road (Gandhi Engineer, 6(Six) 1. 8614857.59 5000.00 Procure outside Road) from 1.00 to 5.00 CPQC&PEng Months Km (L=4.00 km) under g. Division ment bonafide DED/GTA, Darjeeling G.T.A. Engineeri experienced RTGS/NEFT ng contractors Division /firms having Worked in Hill Areas. 1. In the event of e-Filing intending bidder may download the tender document from the website http://etender.wb.nic.in directly by the help of Digital Signature Certificate & necessary cost of tender document may be remitted through online receipt and refund of EMD and Tender Fees in favour of Executive Engineer Central Planning Quality Control & Procurement Engineering Division G.T.A. -
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19 May, 2004; NOW! 1 SBICAR Bharat Sanchar LOAN Wednesday, 19 May, 2004 Vol. 3 No. 48 Gangtok Rs. 3 Nigam Ltd. the most convenient option Cell Sanction & Disbursement ne in 1 day Lowest interest rate at 9% Connecting India No prepayment charges TALK MORE, PAY LESS No processing charge Free Call Charges in Plan 399 Loan up to 90% Lowest SMS rate @ 40 paise Free accidental death CDMA Mobile at lowest rate insurance of the Lowest Rate in Leased Line, borrower ISDN, STD/ ISD Repayment up to 84 Free unlimited talk to any 3 months numbers by paying just Rs. 75 contact PT Bhutia 98320 35786 Bulk SMS, Bulk Mail or Chettri 94340 12824 Video Conferencing, Web-Hosting ICSE SHOCKER FOR SIKKIM a NOW REPORT GANGTOK, 18 May: The ICSE QUALITY IMPROVES, QUANTITY NOSEDIVES and ISC results were declared earlier this afternoon. Sikkim once again – outsmarted boys, that total girls appearing for the exami- ISC scoresheet for the Science Agarwal with 84.5 percent. As the which has only five schools affili- is. As has been expressed by most nations failing. It has also been stream reads – total appeared 40; principal says “The results for the ated to the Delhi Board fared school staff and to put it plainly, the learnt that at the last results there total passed – 38; failed – 2. ISC have been better compara- rather poorly in the exams com- girls have done better than boys. had been no failures. Rinki Agarwal with an average tively. The girls have done better pared to past results. For Joybells School which had Of the total of 70 students from of 87 percent topped the batch of than the boys.” Many would consider the total a total of 24 students appearing for St. -
Environmental Impact on Anthraquinone Findings in Organic Darjeeling Tea A
Environmental impact on Anthraquinone findings in organic Darjeeling Tea A. Romanotto1, K. Gassert2, F. Muetze1, J. Langner1 1. PiCA GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin Germany 2. Teekampagne , Pasteurstr. 6-7, 14482 Potsdam Introduction In recent years, tea (camelia senesis sp.) has been viewed more and more AQ is regulated in EU Guideline 396/2005 with the MRL of 0.02 mg/kg critically because some substances, which are untypical for tea, such as for tea [1]. The goal of this study is to locate the sources of AQ on the anthraquinone (9,10-anthraquinone, AQ) have been found. The origin of basis of extensive testing and analysis of the teas and their AQ cannot be precisely located, so in spite of the optimizing and environment, including different parts of the plants, air, soil, dust as inspection of growth and production processes from planting to well as fertilizers and fortifiers. The study begins with tea samplings in packaging, many final products are not marketable. Because of its October 2015. The last samples were taken in April 2016. possible use as a pesticide, Study Composition testing volume: 60 tea leave samples from 7 tea gardens To answer the question about environmental impact we defined and 16 additional samples (org. pesticides etc.) tested the following factors (see Results points A., B. and C.) 24 samples of roots and seedlings Nearby we also looked for evidences to rebut the endogenous formation 45 air samples from different seasons: of AQ in tea plant (see Results point D.). October 2015 post harvesting time In this poster we predominatly show the results of plant material and air.