Biologische Bewertung Der Grundwasserökosysteme in Deutschland: Untersuchungen Zum Auftreten Der Fauna Auf Unterschiedlichen R

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Biologische Bewertung Der Grundwasserökosysteme in Deutschland: Untersuchungen Zum Auftreten Der Fauna Auf Unterschiedlichen R Universität Koblenz‐Landau Campus Landau Institut für Umweltwissenschaften Biologische Bewertung der Grundwasserökosysteme in Deutschland: Untersuchungen zum Auftreten der Fauna auf unterschiedlichen räumlichen Skalen Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften, Fachbereich 7: Natur‐ und Umweltwissenschaften Universität Koblenz‐Landau Campus Landau vorgelegt von: Diplom‐Biologin Heide Stein Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 1. Berichterstatter: PD Dr. H. J. Hahn, Univ. Koblenz‐Landau, Campus Landau 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. K. Schwenk, Univ. Koblenz‐Landau, Campus Landau Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Zusammenfassung…………………………………………………………………..1 2 Einleitung………….…………………………………………………........................7 2.1 Gliederung der Arbeit…………………………………………………….........12 2.2 Hypothesen und Fragestellungen der Arbeit……………………..................13 2.3 Aktueller Stand der gesetzlichen Grundwasserbewertung…………..........15 2.4 Aktueller Stand der biologischen Grundwasserbewertung…………..........18 2.5 Die Invertebratengemeinschaften des Grundwassers…………...................22 2.6 Klassifizierung und Typisierung von Grundwassersystemen und ihren Invertebratengemeinschaften……………………………………..........24 2.7 Literatur…………………………………………………………………………26 3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion....................................................................................34 3.1 Die Untersuchung lokaler und regionaler Effekte auf die Invertebraten‐ gemeinschaften quartärer Lockergesteinsleiter im Erftgebiet (Nordrhein‐ Westfalen) ………………………………............................................................34 3.1.1 Zusammenfassung………………………………….................................34 3.1.2 The potential use of fauna and bacteria as ecological indicators for the assessment of groundwater quality............................................36 3.2 Einfluss regionaler und lokaler Effekte auf die Invertebratengemein‐ schaften eines dynamischen Karstsystems und angrenzender fluviatiler Lockergesteinsleiter (Baden‐Württemberg) …………………........................72 3.2.1 Zusammenfassung………………………………….................................72 3.2.2 Ecological assessment of groundwater ecosystems – Vision or illusion?.......................................................................................................77 Inhaltsverzeichnis 3.3 Die Evaluierung biogeografischer Verbreitungsmuster der Inverte‐ bratengemeinschaften im Grundwasser und der Vergleich mit bestehenden oberirdischen Gliederungssystemen.......................................127 3.3.1 Zusammenfassung……………………………………...........................127 3.3.2 The sustainable groundwater management requires the definition of stygoregions..........................................................................................128 4 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick………………………………………..........149 Danksagung…………………………………………………………………………153 Anhang.........................................................................................................................155 1 Zusammenfassung 1 Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung des Grundwassers durch Schadstoffeintrag und Raubbau beeinträchtigt langfristig nicht nur seine Qualität, sondern auch seine Funktionsfähigkeit. Die biologische Aktivität der Grundwasserorganismen leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Reinigung und Speicherung des unterirdischen Wassers, wodurch die Qualität stark vom gesunden Zustand dieses Ökosystems und seiner Biozönosen abhängt. Der nachhaltige Grundwasserschutz erfordert demnach ein Bewertungssystem, das Aussagen über den Ökosystemzustand zulässt. Folglich sollten, zusätzlich zu physikochemischen Analysen, auch ökologische Kriterien bei der Grundwasserbewertung berücksichtigt werden. Dies schließt sowohl die Erfassung subterraner aquatischer Invertebratengemeinschaften (= Stygofauna) ein, deren oberirdische Vertreter schon seit Jahrzehnten erfolgreich bei der Bewertung von Oberflächengewässern eingesetzt werden, als auch die Erfassung mikrobiologischer Parameter. Um die Anwendbarkeit und Eignung faunistischer und mikrobiologischer Organismen für eine qualitative Grundwasserbewertung zu überprüfen, wurden stygofaunale und bakterielle Verbreitungsmuster unterschiedlicher Grundwasservorkommen Deutschlands untersucht. Die Datensätze umfassen insgesamt 1423 Proben, aus 542 Grundwassermessstellen, die zwischen 2002 und 2009 gesammelt wurden. Der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen lag in der Überprüfung des Indikator‐ potenzials von Invertebratengemeinschaften im Grundwasser gegenüber Umwelteinflüssen und insbesondere gegenüber Oberflächenwasser‐ Grundwasser‐Interaktionen. Im Fokus stand ebenfalls die Analyse stygofaunaler Verbreitungsmuster unter Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher räumlicher Skalen, als Basis und Referenz für ein faunistisches Bewertungssystem für Grundwasserlebensräume. Vor diesem Hintergrund 1 1 Zusammenfassung wurden – erstmals für Deutschland – umfassende, methodisch vergleichbare Untersuchungen der Grundwasserfauna durchgeführt. Die Auswahl der Untersuchungsgebiete konzentrierte sich auf Grundwassersysteme, die sich biogeografisch, physiogeografisch und geomorphologisch voneinander unterscheiden. Dieser Untersuchungsansatz folgt dem Modell eines hierarchischen Gliederungssystems für Grundwasserhabitate und Gemeinschaften nach HAHN (2009). Das Modell berücksichtigt drei räumliche Ebenen, die als prägend für die rezente Invertebratenverbreitung im Grundwasser angesehen werden: die biogeografische, die regionale und die lokale Ebene. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich den Einfluss aller drei Ebenen auf die faunistische Zusammensetzung im Grundwasser. Demzufolge bildet das hierarchische Drei‐Ebenen‐Modell eine geeignete Grundlage für ein faunistisches Grundwasserbewertungssystem. Die stygofaunalen Verbreitungsmuster auf regionaler und lokaler Ebene, wurden exemplarisch anhand unterschiedlicher Grundwassersysteme im Umkreis von Köln (Erftgebiet) und Ulm (Alb‐Donau‐Kreis) untersucht. Im Fokus stand die Erfassung hydrologischer Oberflächenwasser‐Grundwasser‐Interaktionen unter dem Einfluss von Landnutzung und der hydraulischen Konnektivität von Grundwasserleitern. Anhand von Faunadaten aus quartären Lockergesteinsleitern im Erftgebiet konnte die Sensibilitiät der Grundwasserfauna gegenüber Landnutzungs‐ effekten aufgezeigt werden. Korrelationsanalysen ergaben positive Zusammenhänge von organischem Material (geschätzter Detritus, TOC) und Nitrat mit der faunistischen Abundanz, Artenzahl und Diversität sowie dem Anteil grundwasserfremder Arten ( = Nicht‐Stygobionte). Diese Korrelationen spiegeln im Wesentlichen einen erhöhten hydrologischen Oberflächeneinfluss wider. Dabei scheint Nitrat keinen direkten Effekt auf die Grundwassertiere auszuüben, sondern ist vielmehr als eine Folge des erhöhten 2 1 Zusammenfassung Oberflächeneintrags durch intensive Landnutzung anzusehen, mit dem sowohl Nitrat als auch Nahrung (organisches Material) und Nicht‐Stygobionte ins Grundwasser gelangen. In regionaler Hinsicht ergab der Vergleich der Grundwassergemeinschaften, die in zwei unterschiedlichen Grundwasser‐ systemen (Erft‐, Rurscholle) gesammelt wurden, keine signifikanten Besiedlungsunterschiede. Folglich scheint zwischen der Erft‐ und Rurscholle ein hydrologischer Austausch zu bestehenden. Die Grundwasseruntersuchungen im Alb‐Donau‐Kreis berücksichtigen ebenfalls lokale und regionale Verhältnisse. Die Invertebratenbesiedlung wurde unter dem Aspekt des Naturraums (Lonetal‐Flächenalb, Donauried), des Grundwasserleitertyps (Karst‐, Lockergestein), der hydrogeologischen Bezugs‐ einheit (Kalksteine des Oberen Jura, Schotter und Moränen des Alpenvor‐ landes) sowie kleinräumiger Verhältnisse im Bereich einzelner Messstellen betrachtet. Dabei reflektierte die Fauna die Stärke des hydrologischen Austauschs auf unterschiedlichen räumlichen Skalen und zeigte auch die Überlagerung regionaler und lokaler Effekte an. Die Gemeinschaften wiesen keine Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Grundwasserleitertyps und der Hydrogeologie auf, was auf die hohe Konnektivität der untersuchten Grundwassersysteme zurückgeführt wird. Stattdessen zeigten sich geringe naturräumliche Besiedlungsunterschiede, die als Effekte der Landnutzung, abschirmender Deckschichten sowie auf ein unterschiedliches Grundwasser‐ alter, durch das Gradienten im Nahrungsangebot entstehen, angesehen werden. Einen negativen Effekt auf die Gemeinschaften (Diversität, Abundanz) hatte auch die Messstellentiefe, da mit zunehmender Tiefe das organische Material abnimmt. Die Untersuchung biogeografischer Besiedlungsmuster der Grundwasserfauna erfolgte anhand von Daten, die in verschiedenen biogeografischen Regionen, Naturräumen und Grundwasserleitertypen erhoben wurden. Die Analysen ergaben signifikante biogeografische Unterschiede zwischen den subterranen 3 1 Zusammenfassung Gemeinschaften, die deutlich von bestehenden Gliederungssystemen für oberirdische Landschaften oder Fließgewässerzönosen abweichen. Die größten Abweichungen zwischen den stygofaunalen Verbreitungsmustern und den oberirdischen Gliederungssystemen wurden vor allem in den eiszeitlich überprägten Gebieten Nord‐ und Süddeutschlands sowie in den Vorgebirgsregionen der zentralen Mittelgebirge beobachtet. Anhand der erfassten Daten konnten vier Stygoregionen definiert werden, die deutlich unterschiedliche Faunengemeinschaften aufweisen: 1) das „Nördliche Tiefland“, 2) die „Zentralen Mittelgebirge“, 3) die „Südwestlichen Mittelgebirge“ sowie 4) die „Südlichen Mittelgebirge und die Alpen“. Die Untersuchung mikrobieller Gemeinschaften orientierte
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