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IMPROVED TURTLE CONSERVATION in SEBATIK ISLAND Page 1 REPORT ON IMPROVED TURTLE CONSERVATION IN SEBATIK ISLAND Page 1 IMPROVED TURTLE CONSERVATION IN SEBATIK ISLAND, NORTH KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA 10 November 2017 FINAL REPORT1 1 Prepared by the Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University (UNHAS). COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE CORAL TRIANGLE: SOUTHEAST ASIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, PHILIPPINES (TA 7813-REG) REPORT ON IMPROVED TURTLE CONSERVATION IN SEBATIK ISLAND Page i Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. ii I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 II. THE ECONOMIC ROLE OF MARINE FISHERIES IN COASTAL COMMUNITIES ........ 2 A. Demographic data ............................................................................................... 2 B. Marine Fisheries Production Data ....................................................................... 3 C. Coastal community fisheries-related economic activities ..................................... 6 1. Dried Fish Production .................................................................................................. 6 2. Production of dried ebi (small shrimp) .................................................................... 7 3. Salt Production .............................................................................................................. 7 4. Seaweed Farming ......................................................................................................... 8 D. Fishing Household Income .................................................................................. 8 E. Dependency of The Sebatik Community on Marine Resources........................... 9 F. Fishing fleet and fishing gear .............................................................................10 G. Fisheries-turtle interactions and impacts ............................................................13 1. Number and Species Composition of Turtles Accidentally Caught in Fishing Nets .................................................................................................................. 13 2. Estimate of Economic Losses Due To Turtle By-catch ................................... 13 3. Fishermen's Perceptions Regarding Turtle By-catch ...................................... 14 III. TURTLE HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION .........................................15 A. Turtle Nesting Habitat ........................................................................................15 1. Turtle Nesting Habitat Characteristics and Location ........................................ 15 2. Turtle nesting habitat around Pulau Bunyu ......................................................... 16 B. Water Quality and Pollution Issues ....................................................................20 1. Turbidity ......................................................................................................................... 20 2. Visual Evaluation of Garbage/Pollution ................................................................ 21 C. Coral reefs, seagrass meadows and other benthic ecosystems ............................22 1. Coral reefs ..................................................................................................................... 22 2. Seagrass Meadows and Other Habitat .................................................................. 26 D. Relative abundance of fishes and other organisms ............................................27 IV. INTERACTION OF MARINE TURTLES WITH THEIR HABITAT AND FISHING ACTIVITIES AT THE PROJECT SITE ..........................................................................28 A. Estimates of Turtle Abundance ..........................................................................28 B. Reasons for the presence of turtles in this area .................................................29 C. Direct and indirect correlations between fish abundance and fishing activity ......31 V. TESTING OF ALTERNATIVE FISHING GEAR TO REDUCE TURTLE BY-CATCH .....31 A. Turtle-repellent Lights and Discs ........................................................................31 B. Trammel-net Modification ...................................................................................33 C. Crab Pots ...........................................................................................................34 VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................35 REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................37 COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE CORAL TRIANGLE: SOUTHEAST ASIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, PHILIPPINES (TA 7813-REG) REPORT ON IMPROVED TURTLE CONSERVATION IN SEBATIK ISLAND Page ii Page ii LIST OF TABLES No. Title 1 Demographic Data for Sebatik Island, Nunukan District, in 2015 2 Marine Fisheries Production Data for Sebatik Island, Nunukan District, 2011 – 2015 3 Sebatik Island monthly marine fisheries catch data, October – December 2015 4 Sebatik Island marine fisheries monthly catch data for January – December 2016 5 Sebatik Island fishing household income by Sub-District in 2017 6 Sebatik Island Employment data in 2011 7 Number and species composition of turtle by-catch in Sebatik and Bunyu Islands, North Kalimantan during 2017 8 General nesting beaches characteristics of turtles found in Indonesia 9 Observation Sites around Pulau Bunyu 10 Coordinates of the coral reef survey stations around Sebatik Island and Ambalat 11 Species and number of fish recorded at Karang Unarang Ambalat LIST OF FIGURES No. Title 1 Map of Sebatik Island 2 The livelihood activities of Sebatik Islanders by sector in 2011 3 Trammel net in Tanjung Karang Village, Sebatik Sub-district 4 Croakers (Johnius sp), the main trammel net catch (by volume) 5 Typical fishing boats used by trammel net fishermen 6 Typical pukat bawal fishing boat preparing to go to sea in Sei Nyamuk Village, Sebatik Timur Sub-District (the net can be seen in the front of the boat) 7 A silver pomfret, the main species (by volume) caught with pukat bawal nets 8 Map of the Tarakan area showing Pulau Bunyu 9 Gillnet fishing activities with and without boats and Interviews with gillnet fishermen and hatchery staff 10 Views of the Pulau Bunyu coast and potential nesting sites 11 Examination of a turtle nest among the Pandanus sp. on Pulau Bunyu 12 High turbidity around Sebatik Island 13 Garbage washed up on one of the beaches and ghost fishing on a coral reef 14 Examples of the dangers ghost fishing poses for turtles and other animals 15 Map of the RRA survey sites around Sebatik Island 16 Coral reef substrate composition using RRA methods at the Sei Taiwan Tanjung Karang COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE CORAL TRIANGLE: SOUTHEAST ASIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, PHILIPPINES (TA 7813-REG) REPORT ON IMPROVED TURTLE CONSERVATION IN SEBATIK ISLAND Page iii Page iii and Tanjung Perancis survey stations 17 Examples of the turbid conditions observed at many sites, including around the Indonesian Boundary Marker at Karang Unarang, Ambalat 18 Benthic cover composition at Karang Unarang, Ambalat 19 Examples of coral reef condition and benthic organisms at Karang Unarang, Ambalat 20 Macrobenthic organism density at Karang Unarang (ind/m2) 21 A typical example of the extensive beaches, with no seagrass or corals, which are common around the shores of Sebatik Island 22 Examples of fish species from two Families (Siganidae and Chaetodontidae) observed at Karang Unarang 23 Some organisms eaten by sea turtles 24 Green lights fixed to nets to repel turtles at night 25 Computer discs (CDs) used to repel turtles during the day 26 Turtle caught in a pukat bawal gillnet in the waters of Pulau Bunyu 27 Rakkang Crab pot being set off Sebatik Island 28 Mudcrabs caught in a rakkang crab pot off Sebatik Island COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE CORAL TRIANGLE: SOUTHEAST ASIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, PHILIPPINES (TA 7813-REG) REPORT ON IMPROVED TURTLE CONSERVATION IN SEBATIK ISLAND Page 1 I. INTRODUCTION Sebatik Island, in Nunukan District, North Kalimantan Province, is one of the outermost islands of Indonesia. The border between Indonesia and Malaysia bisects the Island, with the northern half in Malaysia and the southern half in Indonesia. Two currencies are used in trade on Sebatik Island, the Indonesian Rupiah (Rp.) and the Malaysian Ringgit. Many goods are imported from Tawau City in Malaysia, just across the narrow strait separating Sebatik Island from the mainland of Sabah, Malaysia to the north. The current state and development of Sebatik Island has been, is, and will continue to be strongly influenced by conditions and activities in the nearby economic centres within the two neighbouring countries, i.e. Nunukan (Indonesia) and Tawau (Malaysia). The Indonesian part of Sebatik Island is divided into 5 Sub-Districts (Figure 1). The sub-districts and their administrative capitals are: Sebatik Sub-District, capital Tanjung Karang; Sebatik Timur Sub-District, capital Sei Nyamuk; Sebatik Utara Sub-District, capital Sei Pancang; Sebatik Tengah Sub-District, capital Aji Kuning; and Sebatik Barat Sub-District, capital Binalawan.
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