REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION FOR IMPROVING CROSS-BORDER AREA IN SEBATIK ISLAND

Nuri Widiastuti Veronika Subdivision of Hearing Treatise and Publication Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs of the Republic of Jalan Medan Merdeka Barat No. 15, Jakarta Pusat 10110 [email protected]

Abstract

The proximity of Sebatik Island to and its distance from Indonesia have been the causes why Sebatik people tend to perform economic activities with , Malaysia. Sebatik people have been depending on Tawau to sell their various agricultural commodities and fisheries products. However, informal cross-border trade between Sebatik-Tawau that have been implemented over the past few years has been challenged by some underlying economic problems. Those underlying economic problems are the apparent causes for the lower standard of living of most Sebatik people compared to Tawau inhabitants. As Sebatik people depend on Tawau to fulfill their daily needs, they will have to deal with more hardships since there is a discourse to stop the cross-border trade relations by the government of Tawau. ASEAN Community 2015 which is oriented to establish the regional economic integration in Southeast Asia, may be one solution to the economic problems dealt by the people of Sebatik.

Keywords: ASEAN, regional economic integration, Sebatik, Tawau

Abstrak

Letak Pulau Sebatik yang berada dekat dengan Malaysia dan agak jauh dari Indonesia telah menjadi penyebab mengapa orang-orang Sebatik cenderung melakukan kegiatan ekonomi dengan Tawau, Malaysia. Orang-orang Sebatik telah tergantung pada Tawau untuk menjual berbagai komoditas pertanian dan produk perikanan mereka. Namun, perdagangan informal lintas-perbatasan antara Sebatik-Tawau yang telah dilaksanakan selama beberapa tahun terakhir dihadapkan dengan berbagai masalah ekonomi yang mendasar. Masalah-masalah ekonomi yang mendasarinya adalah standar hidup kebanyakan orang Sebatik yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan penduduk Tawau. Karena orang-orang Sebatik bergantung pada Tawau untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari- hari mereka, mereka akan menghadapi lebih banyak kesulitan dengan adanya wacana untuk menghentikan hubungan perdagangan lintas batas oleh pemerintah Tawau. Komunitas ASEAN 2015 yang berorientasi untuk membangun integrasi ekonomi regional di Asia Tenggara, mungkin menjadi salah satu solusi untuk masalah ekonomi orang- orang Sebatik.

Kata kunci: ASEAN, integrasi ekonomi kawasan, Sebatik, Tawau

Tulisan ini merupakan pendapat pribadi dan tidak mewakili pandangan institusi.

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Introduction and closer to buy daily needs from Sebatik Island is an island Tawau, Malaysia rather than transporting located in , Indonesia some goods from Makassar or Surabaya, where the borderline between two Indonesia due to the long distance as ASEAN countries i.e. Indonesia- well as the duration needed. The intense Malaysia cuts across the middle of this relationship economically as well as island. As half of this island belongs to sosially between Sebatik and Tawau has Malaysia’s territory, it has been the gate also been ungoing for the decades even to enter Indonesia from Malaysian before both countries gain their border and also located nearby the independence from colonial rulers conflicted sea border between Indonesia- (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2013). Malaysia. Socio-economic life of However, there is a huge gap of welfare Sebatik people have long been depended between Sebatik and Tawau as has been with its nearby cross-border city i.e. the characteristics of Indonesian border Tawau. To travel from Sebatik to Tawau, in Kalimantan where the people of it takes only approximately 15 minutes Sebatik mostly life under the poverty using speed boat. Sebatik island is line while the Tawau people life in economically dependent to Tawau in prosperity. That is why, there were also terms of access to gain daily needs such some people of Sebatik who has been as electricity, gasoline, cooking oil, daily trying to switch citizenship to gain meal products and market to sell Sebatik economic benefit from Malaysia. people’s products (Ministry of Foreign Sebatik’s dependence to Tawau has been Affairs, 2013). From the social economic widely highlighted in Indonesian media life of Sebatik people, it is obvious that resulting in the growing concern about Sebatik-Tawau border relation represents the invasion of Malaysian influence the characteristics of Indonesian border towards the Sebatik economy (Susilo, in Kalimantan where people in Indonesia 2011). border area are less wealthy than The borderline cutting across Malaysia (Nugroho, 2012). between Indonesia and Malaysia in East The proximity to Malaysia and Kalimantan which nearly reaches the distances from Indonesia has been the 1.038 km2 has caused almost all area of causes why Sebatik people tend to this province become the gate of perform economic activities with Tawau, entrance for the distribution of goods and Malaysia. In addition, it is much easier people from neighboring country 70 International & Diplomacy Vol. 2, No. 1 (Juli-Desember 2016)

Regional Economic Integration for Improving Cross-Border Area in Sebatik Island especially Malaysia. What makes may be one solution to the economic Sebatik island in East Kalimantan a problems dealt by the people of Sebatik. special attention is that because this There are three pillars of ASEAN island geographically and politically is Community 2015 i.e. ASEAN Political divided into two states region in which and Security Community, ASEAN each half of this area belongs to Economic Community, and ASEAN Malaysia and Indonesia (Susilo, 2011). Social and Cultural Community. Because of this geographical bound, the According to these instruments, the people of Sebatik from Indonesian side establishment of the ASEAN and Malaysian side are interacting to Community would lead to greater each other in almost every aspect of life integration and to move the political and especially politically, economically and security cooperation to a higher place culturally. Economically, most Sebatik- where the members shall rely Tawau economic activities are conducted exclusively on peaceful processes in the informally between the local inhabitants settlement of differences and disputes even before Indonesia and Malaysia (ASEAN Secretariat, 2012). gained their independence from the The integration on political, colonial rules. economic and socio-cultural fields However, informal cross-border ideally can be achieved through a better trade between Sebatik-Tawau that have collaboration among the regional been implemented over the past decades community. However, sometimes it is has been challenged by some underlying difficult to achieve those three fields at economic problems such as illegal trade the same time. On this, David Mitrany activities, non-standardized prices for argued that that successful collaboration agricultural and fisheries products, in one particular technical field would lacking of economic infrastructures and lead to a further collaboration in other informal labor flow. Those underlying related fields. As states and societies economic problems are the apparent become increasingly integrated due to causes for the lower standard of living of the expansion of collaboration in most Sebatik people compared to Tawau technical areas where all parties made inhabitants. absolute gains, the cost of breaking these ASEAN Community 2015 which functional ties would be great (Viotti and is oriented to establish the regional Kauppi, 2010: 126). ASEAN is no economic integration in Southeast Asia, exception from this theory where the International & Diplomacy Vol. 2, No. 1 (Juli-Desember 2016) 71

Nuri Widiastuti Veronika cooperation in economic activities Sebatik. This research is a qualitative especially the free-flow of goods, service approach research where the data and capital will ultimately lead to obtained from the literature reviews and political and socio-cultural integration. field research is analyzed using the In relation to that goal, the descriptive analysis. At the end, this purpose of ASEAN Economic paper will describe how the regional Community (AEC) is to create a large economic integration through the single market which will boost economic establishment of ASEAN Community growth and competitiveness of ASEAN, 2015 can be a means to improve the resulting in better living standards economic life of border communities in (ASEAN Secretariat, 2012). Each pillar the region Sebatik. in ASEAN Economic Community will be the basis for another, it means that the Theoretical Approach single market and production based In order to analyze the impact of inside the ASEAN region alone will be ASEAN Community towards the the trigger for the achievement of improvement of living standard of competitive economic region leading to Sebatik people, it is important to see the competitive economic region with through perspective of regional equitable economic development and at economic integration and inter- the end, the sound, healthy and strong dependence. Economic integration is the regional economy can be integrated into process by which a group of nation- the global economy. states agree to ignore their national From that background, this paper boundaries for at least some economic is divided into two main discussions: (1) purposes, creating a larger and more analyzing the underlying economic tightly connected system of markets problems dealt by the Sebatik people and (Balaam and Veseth, 1996: 219). If it is (2) highlighting the major expected impossible to gain global free trade (first economic impacts of regional economic best solution), the open regional integration through the formation of economic integration represents an ASEAN Community 2015 on various attractive second best solution where sectors of the economy in border areas regional economic integration sometimes including its impact on agriculture and leads to political and social cooperation fisheries, infrastructure building, cross- or integration. border trade as well as employment in 72 International & Diplomacy Vol. 2, No. 1 (Juli-Desember 2016)

Regional Economic Integration for Improving Cross-Border Area in Sebatik Island

Economic integration is one way integration is successful, economic for nations to achieve greater efficiency growth rate increases which raises living in their use of scarce resources and standards. higher rates of economic growth From the theoretical approach (Balaam and Veseth, 1996: 221). mentioned above, the model of analysis Integration produces static efficiency in this paper can be seen from the gains (specializing products & creating diagram below: large-scale integrated markets that promotes large-scale productions) and dynamic efficiency gains (promoting economic growth and competition promotes innovation). In regional economic integration, each participating country is connected to each other through the economic interdependence relationship. For Nye and Keohane, interdependence is defined as mutual dependence resulting from the Underlying Economic Problems in types of international transactions Sebatik catalogues by transnationalists—flows of 1. Agriculture and Fisheries Problems money, goods, services, people, Most Sebatik people work as communications, etc. (Viotti and farmers and fishermen. There are Kauppi, 2010: 130). In another word of countless traditional ports among the saying, interdependence is a prerequisite inhabitant’s place neighborhood where for the economic regional integration the Sebatik fishermen start to catch sea where the free flow of goods, services products such as lobsters, shrimps, fish, and capital investments is possible. As crabs and other products. Those ports economic interdependence spreads, have also become the gate to conduct economic development in the economic activities especially in participating countries through trade and distributing daily needs and gasoline foreign investment becomes a self- from Tawau to Sebatik and selling sea reinforcing process and an integral part products from Sebatik to Tawau. Those of a state’s strategy (Viotti and Kauppi, ports have also become the gate to send 2010: 138). Ultimately, if economic International & Diplomacy Vol. 2, No. 1 (Juli-Desember 2016) 73

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Sebatik farmers’ crop i.e. palm oil which by public transport from the major cities has been the highly-demanded so that the infrastructure provided there commodity. Besides palm oil, other are only minimal. Likewise, this crops from Sebatik consist of cacao, condition also happens in Sebatik where banana and coconut. However, since the the infrastructures are very limited and palm oil gives more profits than other usually are not functioning optimally. crops especially in terms of the numbers The lack of infrastructure for example of harvest time and the relatively simple the means of transportation, lack of treatment, most Sebatik farmers prefer to highways and road, lack of production grow palm oil rather than other products. facilities such as company and factories Even though palm oil has been have been the causes for the cutting-of the highly-demanded commodity in Sebatik Island from the major cities in Tawau and the sea products from Sebatik Indonesia such as Makassar and are high qualified products, almost all of Surabaya. Lack of infrastructure which is the products are sold to the Tawau coupled with the difficult and limited collector agents who determine a non- access to transportation to the island of standardized price or below the standard Sebatik from those major cities have price. This happens because the lack of resulted in high price of fuel needed to infrastructure linking Sebatik area has power generators, boats and supply fuel caused the difficulties to sell or process consumption daily. That is why, most the product in Sebatik i.e. the lack of Sebatik people have no other choices but palm oil processing plant, ice factory to to buy fuel and sell their crops as well as supply the fishermen’s products and fisheries products to Tawau. cacao production facility. Because of this In addition, transportation dependence, Tawau collector agents set infrastructure connecting the island of their own price that should be accepted Sebatik and Nunukan Island are very by the Sebatik farmers and fishermen limited. The absence of ferry ships and since they have no other choices in order bridges between islands has led to to keep the products quality before it Sebatik’s greater reliance on Tawau. decayed. Limited access to Nunukan Island also result in difficulty of paperwork, such as 2. Lack of Infrastructure driver's license. Inadequate port facilities It is a common thing that usually and access roads are still not evenly there is a difficult to reach border areas distributed, especially the way from and 74 International & Diplomacy Vol. 2, No. 1 (Juli-Desember 2016)

Regional Economic Integration for Improving Cross-Border Area in Sebatik Island to plantations. In addition, less electrical to rely heavily on Tawau therefore the installations also lead to frequent termination will lead to a serious blackouts in Sebatik. problem for Sebatik people. As Sebatik people depend on Tawau to fulfill their daily needs, they 3. Illegal Economic Activities will have to deal with more hardships One of the most prominent illegal since there is a discourse to stop the economic activities in Sebatik is the cross-border trade relations by the transnational forestry-related crime government of Tawau. The plan to halt especially illegal timber trading and this economic activity has been smuggling. In 2003, for example, the determined by the government of Tawau Forestry Ministry reported the loss from through the cessation of the use boat these crimes was 10 million cubic meters below 7 GT (7 Gross Ton) which has of logs per year (Yansen, 2010). These been the means of transport for Sebatik forestry-related crimes do not only cause people to sell and buy products to Tawau economic losses but also environmental (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2013). The degradation. For the last couple of years, termination has been caused by the fact the rate of timber smuggling has that there are some smuggling activities decreased significantly to about 3 of subsidized goods in Malaysia to million cubic meters per year and in Sebatik, which are bought cheaply in 2001 and 2002, East Kalimantan Tawau and then sold at high prices in supplied about 2 million cubic meters of Sebatik. Since December 2012, logs to , most of which were Malaysian police have done high illegally traded. surveillance activities to prevent boat Traced from the historical below 7 GT entering Tawau from background, there was a huge timber Sebatik. Although the decision’s nature company namely PT Yamaker is final, but the Sebatik local government established in 1975 by the member of has sent a petition to Tawau government Defense Ministry that operated in East to reopen the access to the boat below 7 Kalimantan (Widjanarko, 2013). This GT because Sebatik port facilities are Company built a highway Logging Road still unable to accommodate large at the border between East Kalimantan vessels such as boats 7 GT. In addition, and Sabah Malaysia and was responsible the distance of Sebatik from the major for the vast number of smuggled logs cities in Indonesia have caused Sebatik from Sebatik to Malaysia through the International & Diplomacy Vol. 2, No. 1 (Juli-Desember 2016) 75

Nuri Widiastuti Veronika river that flows between Sebatik and there will be no more fish left to grow in Malaysia. along the highway logging the area that causes significant loss for roads, there were some sawmill company Sebatik fishermen that influence their that were responsible for the millions of livelihood. cubic meters illegal logs smuggled to Malaysia. 4. Informal Labor Problems Illegal logging has been resulted As a border area, Sebatik and from the two extreme sides of Indonesia Nunukan are the gates area for informal and Malaysia protection efforts. In one workers from Indonesia to enter side, Malaysian government implement Malaysia. Based on the data published an extremely tight protection towards by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in their forests so that the perpetrators of 2010, the number Indonesian workers all illegal logging will be subject to harsh over the world is about 3,294,565 people penalties such as jail sentences and and 42% of that number are Indonesians maximum fines. This makes Malaysian living in Malaysia. The implementation protected forest is maintained and of Border Crossing Arrangement (BCA) prevented from illegal logging. for Nunukan and Sebatik in East Meanwhile, the extremely low protection Kalimantan has facilitated the process of efforts from Indonesian government has sending informal labors from Indonesia lead the illegal logging to happen in to Malaysia, whether legally or illegally. Indonesian areas where there were no BCA has stated the use of Cross-border harsh punishment and high fines pass for the local inhabitants of Sebatik implemented. Most of the illegal logging and Nunukan to enter Malaysia. The were transferred through the river cross-border pass can only be used by between Sebatik and Tawau as well as the local border inhabitants, but in the through the logging road made by some reality, most informal labors from Nusa Indonesian and Malaysian forestry Tenggara Timur, Makassar and Java businessmen (Widjanarko, 2013). have been misusing this pass to enter Other illegal activity is illegal Tawau and Sabah. Supplied with only fishing shown by the use of trawls from cross-border pass, the informal labors some Malaysian fishermen in Sebatik have been entering Malaysia illegally areas. The use of trawls is prohibited without national passports. As a since it will take all kinds of fish even consequence, they are illegal labors the smallest fish all at once. Therefore, without trainings and other skills needed 76 International & Diplomacy Vol. 2, No. 1 (Juli-Desember 2016)

Regional Economic Integration for Improving Cross-Border Area in Sebatik Island to work professionally (Widjanarko, goods in this case related to the trading 2013). activities that will provide mutual In addition, the sending of illegal benefits for all parties involved. In turn, labors to Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia has the mutual benefit will arise if the exposed them to the high risk for their products traded have the same standards own safety, well-being and protection and mutually agreed price. This will not assurance. The use of cross-border pass open an opportunity for one party to to send informal labor has been one of dictate others and make the other party the modus operandi of Indonesian labor to experience lost. sending company in Nunukan and In the case of Sebatik, the trading Sebatik (Widjanarko, 2013). activities between Sebatik and Tawau Consequently, Indonesian labor in which are not comparable or unequal can Malaysia has caused a problem such as be overcome by adapting of the criminal, abuse and other social standardized price and demanding problems. This problem sometimes leads similar quality. This can be achieved by to high tension between Indonesian and setting an agreed price of agricultural Malaysian politics. Therefore, Sebatik and fishery products which are approved island as the border area between by the Tawau-Sebatik through Malaysia and Indonesia has participated cooperation at the ASEAN level. In to the increasing number of informal addition to overcoming the problem of labors in Malaysia. the price gap, this agreement also paves the way for the formation of several Impact on Economic Interdependence local associations or home industries between Sebatik and Tawau through aiming to process the agricultural ASEAN Community 2015 products and fisheries managed by the 1. Agriculture and Fisheries: two parties that will eradicate the Standardized price and eschew the involvement of any collector agents. collector agents Therefore, the agreement at the ASEAN One of the goals of the level will raise the position of the parties establishment of ASEAN Community who used to feel lost in terms of trading 2015 especially in the economic sector is activities i.e. Sebatik people. the creation of a free flow of goods and services that will ultimately improve the standard of living. The free flow of International & Diplomacy Vol. 2, No. 1 (Juli-Desember 2016) 77

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2. Infrastructure Building and community empowerment (Ministry In realizing the ASEAN of Foreign Affairs, 2013: 9). Economic Community in 2015, the main Some Indonesian interests in the obstacle is the large gap or disparity in MPAC projects are the West Economic development in both the Kalimantan-Sarawak interconnection, regional and national context. undersea power cables in Pekanbaru- Indonesia's economic growth still has Malaka, as well as networking Roll on wide gap between the western region of Roll off (RoRo) and short-sea shipping. Indonesia and eastern Indonesia. Lack of Through the interconnection project, it is infrastructure and people to people expected that demand for electricity in connectivity in the region has created West Kalimantan region can be met remote or isolated pockets or the pockets properly, so as to support the of underdeveloped in Indonesian eastern industrialization program (Ministry of area. Based on data from Indonesian Foreign Affairs, 2013: 9). Statistics Bureau, 75% Indonesian In Sebatik case, as one of industry is located on Java (Ministry of Indonesian border area, it is important Foreign Affairs, 2013: 9). for Indonesian government to improve Realizing connectivity the development process to support constraints in the region, ASEAN leaders ASEAN connectivity. In relation to this, endorsed the Master Plan on ASEAN it is possible for Indonesia to enlarge the Connectivity (MPAC) at the 17th projects of interconnection between Summit in Hanoi, Vietnam, October Sebatik and Tawau by improving the 2010. MPAC contains three priority development of the means of areas of cooperation, namely physical transportation between the two areas by connectivity (transport, energy and ICT), providing formal ports, ferries and short- institutional connectivity (facilitation of sea shipping facilities in Sebatik. In investment and goods) and people-to- addition, the infrastructure building such people connectivity (tourism, education as electricity, roads, mode of and culture). MPAC will be a catalyst in transportations, sanitary, health and accelerating the process of economic processing factories should be integration in ASEAN through the established in Sebatik so that the real realization of the various programs and benefit of economic integration in projects in infrastructure, institutional ASEAN can be achieved and felt by the local people as well. 78 International & Diplomacy Vol. 2, No. 1 (Juli-Desember 2016)

Regional Economic Integration for Improving Cross-Border Area in Sebatik Island

In order to reduce the misuse of 3. Employment Capacity and Capability cross-border pass held by the local Building Sebatik people, Indonesian government The free flow of services has needs to reinforce the oversight agencies been one of ASEAN Community goals such as the immigration, trade and in economic pillars. In this case, the custom authorities placed in the border services should be represented by the areas of Sebatik. Meanwhile, as the skilled labors who can work infrastructure in Sebatik area grows, the professionally in every part of the government should encourage the labors ASEAN Member States. However, it is to stay in Sebatik and work in the newly difficult for all ASEAN Member States established infrastructures as well as the to provide the standardized skilled labors development projects considering that who can work professional beyond most of them are informal labors that can borders at the moment. The condition of be absorbed with giant projects such as Indonesian labors is no exception from high ways and factory facilities. this fact. Sebatik area as the entrance gate 4. Formal Cross Border Trade to as well as the departure gate from Eradicate Illegal Activities Indonesia to other ASEAN Member ASEAN Economic Community States should be developed as the centre as one of the pillars of the ASEAN of employment training in the border Community is expected to transform area. The training centre will equip the ASEAN into a single market and Indonesian labors with sufficient production base where the flow of knowledge, skill, capability, adaptation goods, services and investments are done skill as well as documentation needed to more current, highly competitive, work in Malaysia. Moreover, the equitable development, and integrated establishment of the training center can with the global economy. The point is to be done together by intensifying the improve national competitiveness to cooperation between the Centre of cope with the challenges of the global Placement Services and Protection of and regional economy and overcome the Indonesian Workers (BP3TKI) in adverse effects that may be encountered Sebatik and Tawau Employment Agency in international trade. in order to provide the legal migrant One of the adverse effects of workers from Indonesia. international trade is the existence of International & Diplomacy Vol. 2, No. 1 (Juli-Desember 2016) 79

Nuri Widiastuti Veronika international illegal trade such as illegal on forestry, security and customs in the logging and illegal fishing. Some efforts border areas. to fight against illegal logging and illegal fishing is through the intensifying of Conclusion ASEAN Sectoral bodies in combating In simple words, the regional transnational crime (AMMTC) and economic integration as the process by improving the cooperation in Agriculture which the ASEAN Member States agree and forestry (AMAF). Specifically, in to ignore their national boundaries to order to overcome the illegal logging it gain some economic purposes will create is important to strictly supervise the economic interdependence between them administration process to gain forestry especially through the formation of cultivation permit (Surat Keterangan ASEAN Community 2015. Since Sahnya Hasil Hutan/SKSHH) and interdependence means mutual relation- improving the cross-border local ship, it means that ASEAN Community inhabitants’ living standards to prevent will be a huge chance to reduce Sebatik them from illegally cutting off the logs dependency to Tawau by improving from the forests. some the capacity, capability and In addition, in ASEAN level, the development standard in Sebatik so that formal trade through appropriate it will gain at least the same position procedures between Indonesia and with Tawau. In this case, some Malaysia which is based on formal noticeable economic aspects in Sebatik regulation agreed between the two that can be improved are the agriculture, countries will reduce the number of infrastructure building, cross border illegal activities. Therefore, it is required trade and employment. the diplomatic efforts to solve these There are four underlying problems by making talks and economic problems in Sebatik i.e. first, agreements to make a formal regulations even though palm oil has been the in terms of trade, surveillance and other highly-demanded commodity in Tawau aspects. It is important for Indonesian and the sea products from Sebatik are government to talk with the Malaysian high qualified products, almost all of the government on the issue through the products are sold to the Tawau collector ASEAN forums in order to solve the agents who determine a non- problems and improve the cooperation standardized price or below the standard price due to the lack of infrastructure to 80 International & Diplomacy Vol. 2, No. 1 (Juli-Desember 2016)

Regional Economic Integration for Improving Cross-Border Area in Sebatik Island sell or process the product in Sebatik. standards and overcome their economic Secondly, the minimal infrastructure problems. provided in border areas since the lack of public transport from the major cities in Bibliography Indonesia. Third, there are some most Books prominent illegal economic activities in Balaam, David N. and Michael Veseth. Sebatik i.e illegal logging and illegal Introduction to International fishing using trawls that lover the living Political Economy. New Jersey: standards of the Sebatik people. Fourth, Prentice Hall, 1996. Sebatik are the gates area for informal Viotti, Paul R. and Mark V. Kauppi. workers from Indonesia to enter “Liberalism: Interdependence Malaysia by misusing the cross-border and Global Governance,” in Paul pass. R. Viotti and Mark V. Kauppi. ASEAN Community 2015 is International Relations Theory. expected to be the solution for those Fourth Edition. New York: economic problems by providing the Longman, 2010. options to solve the problems. First, ASEAN community will open the Journals possibility to set a standardized price and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. eschew the collector agents in “Konektivitas ASEAN.” Buletin agriculture and fisheries products. Komunitas ASEAN (January- Secondly, maximizing the benefits of March 2013), pp. 9-10. ASEAN connectivity master plan to Nugroho, Ryant. “Defense Border improve the development process in Policy: Ten Years of Indonesia Sebatik by providing the facilities Policy Defense Border needed. Third, building employment and Developments in Preserving capacity building in Sebatik as the Peace, Security, and Political entrance gate to Indonesian formal Integration.” Jurnal Pertahanan, labors to other ASEAN Member States. Vol. 3 (2012). Last but not least, enhance the formal trade to solve the illegal trade activities. Another Document To summarize, if all goes well, Veronika, Nuri Widiastuti. Interview the ASEAN Community will help the with D.A. Widjanarko. Masalah Sebatik people to raise their living di Perbatasan Indonesia- International & Diplomacy Vol. 2, No. 1 (Juli-Desember 2016) 81

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Malaysia di Kalimantan Timur. Laporan Indonesia (January 12, May 13, 2013. 2013). Susilo. “Dua Sisi Sebatik.” Kompas, Internet August 8, 2011. ASEAN Secretariat. “ASEAN Economic http://regional.kompas.com/read/ Community.” ASEAN 2011/08/08/04132321/Dua.Sisi.S Secretariat, 2012. ebatik (retrieved February 19, http://www.asean.org/communiti 2013). es/asean-economic-community Yansen. “Forestry issues in RI-Malaysia (retrieved June 10, 2013). border talks.” The Jakarta Post, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Penghentian September 27, 2010. Kegiatan Speedboat Jalur Sungai http://www.thejakartapost.com/n Nyamuk (Sebatik, Nunukan) ke ews/2010/09/27/forestry-issues- Tawau oleh Pihak Malaysia. rimalaysia-border-talks.html (retrieved May 13, 2013).

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