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WTAUNTON’S 18th-Century Six-Board Chest

A project plan for building a sturdy chest

©2009 The Taunton Press

Build an Bookcase From Getting Started in , Season 2 Enjoy our entire site Simple, Sturdy By AsA ChristiA n A ou can thank Mike Pekovich, Fine Woodworking’s art direc- For more FREE A n A From Getting Startedtor, for designing in Woodworking,this simple but Season 2 Y A Christi stylish bookcase. He took a straightforA - Simple, Sturdy Workbench By A n As ward form--an oak bookcase with and joints--and added nice pro- A ChristiLisT From Getting Startedportions in and Woodworking, elegant curves. Season 2Lies By As D supp We agreed that screws would reinforceDware anLisT Mber, harLies the joints nicely, andLu that gave us a deD - supp 8-ft.-long 2x4s, kiln-dried be FREE for 14 days! inexpensivesign option on the sides.4 Dware Choose oak an plugs, and align the grain carefully, and n be versatile Mber, 2har 8-ft.-longln-dried 4x4s, kiln-dried his workbench is easy and the plugsLu disappear. Make them from a 1/2 in. longide. byFront 3 3/4in. jaw in. wide. cathick. Front jaw can The base is 4 8-ft.-long1 2x4s,4x8 ln-dried kisheet of MDF by 6 in. long to build, yet is sturdy and contrasting , like walnut, and the 3/4 in. thick. long T 8-ft.-long2 4x4s, ki pieces 1/2for in. longthick jaws, by and 3 7 in.the w rear jaw is rows of plugs2 add a nice design feature ear -in.-thickjaw is , 4 in. wide project plans from 4s and 2x4s), joined between 1 in. and 1 3/4 4 in. wide by 6 in. enough for any woodworker. to the broad1 sides,4x8 sheethinting of atces MDFthe for con vise- jaws, 7 hort dowels. The 1/2 in. thick and the r his workbenchconstruction is easy and inexpensive (4x 1 Filler 1block for mounting3/4-in.-thick vise, plywood, struction in a2 subtleHardwood way. pie edium-density orking Vise aft.com)(www.woodcraft.com) to build,simply yet is sturdywith long and bolts versatile and s By design the betweenbookcase1 1 containsbottlein. andunting of a yellow vise, glue 450+ videos, 33-year archive, T sheet,number with of fundamental lessons for g Vise (www.woodcr top is two layers of MDF (m 1 Filler block1 7-in. for glue moGroz Rapid-Action⁄ -in.-dia. threadedWoodw rod enough for any woodworker. The base is would-be furniture-makers, and like the andy shelf. bottle of yellow6-ft. lengthstion Woodworkin of ed rod constructionfiberboard), lumber (4x4s cut andfrom 2x4s), a single joinedother projects 1in this video4 series, the this bench 7-in. Groz Rapid-Ac⁄ -in.⁄ -in.-dia.washers thread e simply withenough long bolts left and over short to makedowels. a Thehwhole thing can-1 be built with16 just a few ching front jaw of vise portable power tools:6-ft. a circularlengths⁄ ,-in. of nutsa g fronthing jaw rear of vis jaw The only tools needed to saw,make and a hand 4 16 -20 bolts, nuts, washers for atta top is two layers of MDF (medium-density -in. washers 1/4 ar jaw , and a ⁄ 2 2-in.-long . 16 1/4-20washers flathead for screws attachin for natingattac benchtop fiberboard),are cut a fromdrill/driver, a single a sheet,circular with The- shelves attach to⁄ -in. the nuts sides with-in.-long, small cast-16 2 11/2-20 bolts, nuts, ws for attachingting benchtopre for attaching vise simple dadoes, and the back and1/4 back- -in.-long drywall screws for lami enough leftheld over router to make or a router a handy table shelf. 2-in.-long 1/4 attaching vise 2 1 Box1/4 -20of 1flathead scre blogs, and more Fine Woodworking splash drop into . Screws rein- -in.-longlLumber screws lag for and screwslamina hardware and washers, List The only tools needed to make this benchh is an essential 1/2 There is room at one end for a 11/2-in.-long,⁄ -in.-dia., 2 and washers, for force the dado joints2 and also attach4 1/4-in.-long the drywal are a drill/driver,iron woodworking a ,vise, andwhic op.a hand The vise is Part longQtY size materiaL lower stretcher, and 1woodBox plugs of16 1 coverS-clip-type1/2-in.-long tabletop lag screws fasteners denthe screwjaws, holes. and the Smaller ⁄wood-in.-dia., screws 2 top fasteners held routertool or ina routerany woodworking table. sh 4 16 ⁄ -in.-dia. dowels, roughly 3 in. are used to attach the plywood back. sides There isfitted room with at onenon-marring end for a woo smalldog cast- holes, sized S-clip-type table oughly 3 in. long Curves add life to rectangular16 pieces nch accessories. ⁄ -in.-dia. dowels, r iron woodworkingjaws and vise,benchtop which receive is an essential of furniture, and Pekovich16 worked in sheLVes tool in anyto woodworkingfit a variety of shop. handy The be visethree istypes, each irregular and organic 62 in. (as opposed to radius curves that can fitted with non-marring wooden jaws, and the11/2 in. 4 in. seem mechanical). At the top are gen- back 62sPL in.ash 4 in. jaws and benchtop receive dog holes,tle curves sized that speed up as they move in. to fit a variety of handy bench accessories.forward, each taken from a section of 3 ⁄ 24 in. 1/2 in. arched 3 ⁄ in. 1 ⁄ in. a French1 curve. At the bottom are two 1 ⁄ in. stretcher  long curves formed with a flexible wood click here now batten, one extending end to end on the try it now 24 in. lower stretcher,2 ⁄ in. and the other a short back ⁄ in.33⁄ in. Long stretchers 33 graceful arch at the bottom of the sides, in. 10 in. 1 ⁄ 1 ⁄ in. ending at a straight step at each end to screwsLong FO stretchersr 1 ⁄ in. in. suggest2 ⁄legs. sheLVes 10 in. Sidein. 1 ⁄stretchers--Asa Christiana, editor, Fine Woodworking screws FOr back 9 ⁄ in. 9 ⁄ in. Side stretchers VideOs

41 in. 9 in. 9 ⁄ in. 41 in. 1 ⁄ in. 48 in. 9 in. 48 in. to finish. 9 ⁄ in. 17 in. 1 ⁄ in. how to build this workbench from start startto watch a two-part video detailing how to build this workbench from start to finish. 31/2 in.17 in. Finewoodworking.com/ to watch a two-part video detailing Visit us online at start ViDe Os oodworking.com/ Finew 31/2 in. Visit us online at ViDe Os 18th-Century Six-Board Chest Copying an original is an excellent way to hone your hand-tool skills

BY MIKE DUNBAR

his copy of a ca. 1800 blanket lung protection. When a storm knocked White chest made the old way. Using chest—also known as a six-board out the power one afternoon, I was able to sharp hand tools, the author made a blanket chest—is an ideal project for hon- keep working. It was delightful—just me, chest in a few afternoons. The till—a box within T the box—is used to hold small items. ing your woodworking skills. While the the wood, the tools and the sunlight. chest can be made by machine, its various At first glance the chest appears to be lit- parts are made equally well (and about as tle more than a nailed box. As you make has been in continuous use for nearly 200 fast) by hand, It was fun to spend a few af- the project, you'll begin to respect simple years and is still solid and very much intact. ternoons making something by hand. It re- joinery that requires mostly rabbets and Its survival is not unique. The chest seems inforced for me how delightful the shop dadoes. You'll begin to realize how much to violate an important woodworking prin- can be when the only noise is the whisk of today's woodworking has developed con- ciple, in that the grain of the ends and sides sharp tools. I rediscovered how pleasant struction into a design element. The origi- is arranged in opposite directions. One woodworking is without hearing, eye and nal chest from which this one was copied would expect this to cause the front or back boards to split. However, that did not happen to the original example or to the PERFECT PANELS untold numbers of other chests like it. Un- like glue, the nailing allows enough move- Two edges at once. Boards that will be edge-glued into panels are folded into a vise so that facing sides are clamped against opposite jaws. Any off squareness in the planed edge will ment to compensate. be neutralized when the boards are married into a panel. The original chest is generally referred to as a blanket chest, underscoring its purpose—to store folded items made of cloth. However, this was al- so a utilitarian piece of furniture usually kept in a bedroom against the wall or at the end of a bed. An average house would have several such chests. The original piece's everyday function dictated a couple of con- struction choices for the cabinet- maker. Time-consuming joinery, like dovetails, was replaced with equally strong rabbeted joints. The original was made in New England, where white pine is still sold every- where. Had the cabinetmaker been working in another region, he might have used yellow poplar. I used 5/4 clear white pine. The orig- inal box was made when a 1-in. board was a full inch thick. I felt the proportions of the original were im- portant to the chest's overall appearance, Spring a joint. After which is why I chose 5/4 stock. The excep- jointing paired boards in tion is the chest's bottom panel, which I a vise, take a final pass made from -in.-thick #2 pine. that begins and ends several inches from the Jointing stock, gluing panels boards' ends. When The original chest was made of six wide placed flat on a bench, the boards' edges will boards, excluding the three smaller pieces touch at each end and that make up the till, a small lidded com- have a two-- partment within the chest. Today, 18-in.- shavings-wide gap in the wide 5/4 pine is rare, so I bought 5/4x10 middle (left). Two boards that could be glued up into six wide clamps will pull the gap panels. Crosscut the stock 1 in. longer than together for glue-up the finished lengths of the panels so that (right). when you glue them together, you won't have to worry about aligning the ends. Like all hand-tool operations, cutting with a handsaw is easier when the wood is thin top edge, not the face of either side of Use a plane to make the edges securely clamped to a bench. For me, it's the blade (see the photo on p. 50). straight, which may take a little practice. easiest to follow my pencil line if, with Determine and mark the good side of The key is weight transfer; as you start a each pull stroke of the saw, I raise the saw's each board—the side you want to face cut, exert more hand pressure on the teeth out of the kerf, away from the line, out—and pair up the pieces into panels. plane's front knob. As you push the plane and then push them back into the line with Place the paired-up boards together and along the length of the board, transfer each push stroke. This technique helps them in a vise for jointing. Jointing pressure to your other hand and to the rear prevent the saw from wandering. To make the two boards at the same time ensures of the plane. The long, straight sole of a a cut that's to the face of the board, that any variation from square on the two will remove only the boards' rather than one that is undercut or overcut, edges is equalized and that the finished high spots. The first several passes you take try to stand right over the saw. This way, panel will be flat (see the photos and draw- will probably result in less-than-full-length when you look down, all you'll see is the ings above). curls of wood. Once you are able to plane a few full-length curls, sight along the lows. The panels are too long for a smooth HANDMADE boards for straightness or check them with plane. Its short sole will ride down into the BLANKET CHEST a long straightedge. hollows in the surface. I prefer a No. 6 jack Chests like this were as common as Once the boards are straight, take a final plane, which is slightly longer and wider candles in period homes, which were pass with your plane, beginning about 3 in. than a No. 5. For surface" planing, use an notoriously devoid of closets. The chests from the front end of the boards and end- iron with a slight crown honed into it. A were usually placed at the end of beds ing about 3 in. from the far end. This tech- crowned iron, as opposed to one with 90° and stored cloth goods. Local , nique, called springing the joints, aids in corners between the cutting edge and the available in wide boards, were used to gluing up boards. This incomplete pass sides of the iron, reduces the likelihood of make these chests. The boards were creates a slight gap—two plane shavings planing sharp ridges into the surfaces of held together with rabbets, dadoes wide—in the center of the boards when the panels. Instead, the surface will be and cut nails. they are placed together on the bench for slightly scalloped, almost unnoticeably so, which is a sign of handplaned work. One at a time, joint an edge of each pan- el. Use a framing square to lay out the ends prior to trimming. Lay out the finished width at the same time. Measure corner to corner to be sure the panel will be square; if the diagonal measurements are the same, the panel has four 90° corners. Cut the panels to size using a ripsaw along the length and a on the ends. When ripping, the saw's teeth should just touch the outside of the pencil line. This way, when you joint the edge to remove the saw marks, you will not be undersized. Because the rough length of the boards are cut very close to the finished length of the glued-up panels, you'll be left with a thin strip to trim off each one. When using a handsaw, a slight twist of your wrist can break the thin strip, and trying to start the cut again in the middle of the edge can make it ragged and uneven. I like to use the fingertips of my free hand to push light- TILL CONSTRUCTION ly against the strip to keep it from breaking (see the photo at left). Cut boot-jack ends and the stop joint The graceful, curved feet of the blanket chest are referred to as boot-jack ends be- Two-handed bandsawing. To avoid breaking cause their shapes are similar to a once- a fragile edge, and thus making it difficult to common device used to help pull off boots restart a cut, hold the fingertips of your free hand lightly against the thin waste piece. To by jamming the heel into the V. saw a square edge, stand directly above the To cut these ends, first make a template cut so that you see the thin top edge of the half the width of the chest's side and draw saw, rather than either side of the blade. a curve that pleases your eye. After tracing the pattern ends of the chest, cut out the clamping. Because the boards touch at pattern using a small bowsaw (see the top each end, one or two clamps spring the photo on p. 56). The saw works best on the middle of the boards together. pull stroke. Use two hands and try to cre- ate a fluid motion that uses almost the en- Surface the panels tire length of the blade. Clean up the cuts and cut them square using a and a , working Surface both sides of the panels to remove from the center out on each side so as to Till front butts bottom. thickness-planer marks and to level the cut with the grain. Thumbnail on till lid is smaller sides. As you plane, you'll find that what Lay out the stop using a square than thumbnail on chest lid. seemed like flat boards have lots of hol- and a marking . Cut the return with a THUMBNAIL ON CHEST LID BOTTOM CORNERS BOOT-JACK END OF FRONT AND Boot-jack ends are BACK PANELS cut with a bowsaw and finished with Cross-grain rabbet is a spokeshave and cut in. wide. After chisel. chest has been assembled, is used to trim edge flush with sides.

Rabbet plane is used to make - deep cut, then edge is rounded over with block plane. white pine, you can cut a dado very easily using a utility knife and a chisel (see the photo below). Lay out the dado and clamp a straightedge along the mark, Score the line several times with a utility knife. Re- peat on the other mark. With a chisel, pare the waste from the dado. When necessary, score the dado again and trim to depth. Making the till Like most early blanket chests, this one has a till in one end. The till was used for stor- ing small items that would be hard to find if placed in the chest itself. The till fits into stop dadoes cut in the front and back pan- els and in a dado on one side panel. Surface-plane all till parts. Joint and cut them square. Thin wood presents a prob- lem when cutting with a handsaw. The used in general work are too large and frequently break the piece. I own a number of small handsaws that are cut with 14 teeth per inch for small work. The till has its own lid that hinges on two wood pins called lugs, which are made by removing all but a short rounded tenon from the lid's end-grain ends. Lay out the Bowsawed boot jack. A plywood half pattern, seen on the uncut panel, is used to trace the boot- lugs with a and trace a -in. cir- jack end that forms the blanket chest's feet. If the bowsaw jams in the cut, pop out the waste cle on the end of each lug. Cut away the piece with a chisel blow to the panel's end grain. waste with a dovetail saw and a small handsaw. Clean up next to the lugs by par- dovetail saw. Cut the length of the joint wood fibers ahead of the cutter, eliminat- ing away with a chisel. Using a chisel, un- with a fine ripsaw. The surface needs to be ing dreaded tearout. dercut the waste on the corners of the smoothed with a block plane to remove To avoid blowing out the end of a cross- square lugs (see the left photo on the fac- saw marks. By skewing a block plane, you grain rabbet, clamp a strip of sacrificial ing page). Pare away the waste to round can start close to the stop. Straighten out wood to the far side of the board you're the lug. Test its fit into a -in. hole drilled the plane as you continue the cut. Clean in- cutting. And when starting a cross-grain in a piece of scrap. to the stop using a chisel. Test the joint with rabbet, draw the plane backward so that The till lid's front edge is molded with a a straightedge. the scribe makes a preliminary cut. When very traditional profile known as a thumb- you push the plane, be sure to keep it Cut the rabbets and dadoes square with the surface and end of the pan- The front and back of the blanket chest el. You need to apply as much pressure in have a rabbet cut across the grain. An iron and down with the hand supporting the rabbet plane has an adjustable that plane as you do with the one pushing it. regulates the width of the cut. Set the plane As the rabbet nears completion, the to cut a rabbet in. wide—wider than the depth stop will begin to ride on the panel's 1-in. width of the sides. The face edge will surface. Usually, it comes in contact first on overhang the sides slightly and can be the side nearest you, as it is a natural ten- planed smooth after the chest has been dency to decrease the pressure on the nailed together. The plane's depth stop plane as your arms become extended. regulates the depth of cut; set it to cut a Make sure the rabbet has a consistent -in.-deep rabbet. The plane has a scribe depth, then test the fit of the side panel in- (also called a nicker) under the depth stop. to the rabbet. Cut all of the cross-grain rab- The scribe looks like a rounded cross with bets, then cut the rabbets along the bottom Scribe with a knife, then cut a dado with a chisel. Soft white pine, used for this chest one corner missing. Each corner is sharp- of the front and back pieces to accommo- and for thousands of similar antique versions, ened and, when placed into the opening, date the chest's bottom panel. cuts easily with sharp hand tools. After a little projects below the sole. It is used when The bottom panel of the chest also fits in- chisel work, scribe again with the knife to cut cutting cross-grain. The scribe severs the to dadoes cut in the side panels. In soft cross-grain fibers until the dado is in. deep. Wood hinge for the till. After clamping the chest together for a test fit, mark the dadoes for the till. The tilt's lid hinges on lugs, small round tenons made by removing a strip of wood from each end of the lid and rounding off the remaining stub with a chisel. nail. Make this molding the same way as those on the chest lid (see below).

Final assembly doesn't require glue Use a square to lay out the dadoes for the till bottom and front, but do not cut them yet. First, test-assemble the chest. This not only allows you to check your joints but also to be sure that the stopped dadoes you've laid out will intersect. Run a clamp through the boot-jack ends to hold the bot- tom in place and the ends vertical. You can easily assemble the rest from this stage. Disassemble and make any necessary ad- Start the thumbnail with a rabbet plane; finish it with a block plane. The lid of the blanket justments. Cut the till dadoes the same way chest has a thumbnail, a popular edge profile from the 18th century, on the two sides and the as those in the end pieces. Drill the -in. front. The thumbnail is made in two steps; first, cut a -in. rabbet, then round over the remaining holes for the lugs in the locations shown. square edge with a low-angle (12°) block plane. When you're sure of the fit, reassemble the chest with the till parts in place and nail gauge set to the desired angle and hinges were drilled through the chest and the rabbet joints. I used 8d fine-cut finish cut them with a dovetail saw. Strike the clinched over into the wood. Some early nails from Tremont Nail Co. (800-842- with a low-angle block plane to blanket chests used butt hinges, while oth- 0560). These nails look the same as those smooth away the saw marks. ers used blacksmith-made offset strap on the original chest. To make the thumbnail molding, start hinges. Ball and Ball (800-257-3711) sells Because the nails are visible, their spac- with a rabbet plane to cut a -in.-deep rab- the handsome wrought-iron reproduction ing is important; use five nails per joint. bet on the lid's front and side edges. Again, strap hinges I used. Drill a -in. pilot hole for each nail and it's a good idea to clamp a sacrificial waste The location of the till makes it necessary run the long head with the grain. block when planing end grain. Turn the to mount the hinges off center, a common Use a low-angle (12°) block plane to trim rabbet into a thumbnail by using a block practice in the 18th century. To mount the the rabbets' face edges flush with the chest plane to round the square edge (see the hinges, simply mark their locations on the ends. (Remember that you cut the rabbet photo above). Check to ensure that the chest, mortise the short leaves into the joints wide on the front and back panels.) profile is uniform along all edges. Attach chest's back panel and drive in a handful of the cleats using #10 by -in. screws. black iron screws. Make and fit the lid The original chest had snipe hinges, Cut the lid to size and make the cleats. which look like two cotter pins connected Mike Dunbar is a contributing editor to Trace the beveled ends of the cleats with a by their eyes. The leaves of the snipe Fine Woodworking.