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Recycling Hatred: Racism(S) in Europe Today

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Recycling Hatred: Racism(S) in Europe Today Recycling Hatred: Racism(s) in Europe Today A Dialogue between Academics, Equality Experts and Civil Society Activists ENAR Anti-Racism in Focus 1 Recycling Hatred: Racism(s) in Europe Today A Dialogue between Academics, Equality Experts and Civil Society Activists Published by the European Network Against Racism aisbl (ENAR) in Brussels in February 2013 60 Rue Gallait B-1030 Brussels www.enar-eu.org © European Network Against Racism 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated or transmitted in any form, by print, web or any other means, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978-2-9601308-0-5 Layout and printing: Crossmark.be The European Network Against Racism (ENAR) stands up against racism and discrimi- nation and advocates for equality and soli- darity for all in Europe. We connect local and national anti-racist NGOs throughout Europe and act as an interface between our member organisations and the European institutions. We voice the concerns of ethnic and religious minorities in European and national policy debates. For more information on our work: www.enar-eu.org Acknowledgements We are particularly indebted to the Open Society Foundations and the European Union Programme for Employment and Social Solidarity - PROGRESS (2007-2013) for funding this publica- tion and the related symposium entitled ‘Varieties of European Racism(s)’, which took place in Brussels on 27 and 28 September 2012. PROGRESS is implemented by the European Commission. It was established to financially support the implementation of the objec- tives of the European Union in the employment, social affairs and equal opportunities area, and thereby contribute to the achievement of the Europe 2020 Strategy goals in these fields. The seven-year Programme targets all stakeholders who can help shape the devel- opment of appropriate and effective employment and social legis- lation and policies, across the EU-27, EFTA-EEA and EU candi- date and pre-candidate countries. For more information, please see: http://ec.europa.eu/progress The Open Society Foundations work to build vibrant and tolerant societies whose governments are accountable and open to the par- ticipation of all people. For more information: http://www.openso- cietyfoundations.org/ This publication was edited by Shannon Pfohman, ENAR’s Deputy Director of Policy, and Liz Fekete of the Institute for Race Relations (IRR). We are deeply grateful to Liz Fekete for providing not only advice in the design and delivery of this publication but also for her advice and involvement in the development and implementation of the symposium. Moreover, we thank the experts, NGO activists, equality body rep- resentatives, academics and others committed to the fight against 5 racism from across Europe who contributed to this publication and gave generously of their time and expertise during the symposium in order to both enhance our understanding of racism in Europe and to feed into our future advocacy strategy. The profiles of these authors are listed on page 8. The views of all authors in this publication are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of ENAR, the European Commission, the Open Society Foundations, or the Institute of Race Relations. ENAR reserves the right not to be responsible for the accuracy, completeness or quality of the information provided in this publica- tion. Liability claims regarding damage caused by the use of any in- formation provided, including any information which is incomplete or incorrect, will therefore be rejected. 6 Recycling Hatred: Racism(s) in Europe Today Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 Authors’ Descriptions 8 Preface By Shannon Pfohman 17 Welcome and Introductory Remarks By Dr Chibo Onyeji 31 Keynote Speech on Race, Culture, and Religion within Contemporary Forms of Racism By Dr Mutuma Ruteere 34 Section 1: Manifestations of Traditional and New Emerging Forms of Racism in Various European Contexts 42 Racism, Neo-racism By Dr Peter Hervik 43 European Racism in the Past, Present and the Future By Maleiha Malik 53 On Antisemitism By Dr Edie Friedman 58 Entitlement Racism: License to Humiliate By Dr Philomena Essed 62 Reverse Racism and the Manipulation of White Victimhood By Liz Fekete 77 On Xenophobia and Nativism By Dr Sindre Bangstad 87 7 Section 2: Holding States to Account and the Role of Civil Society 95 Institutionalised Racism in Germany: Law Enforcement By Eddie Bruce-Jones 96 Thinking the Unthinkable? Thoughts about Racist Offenders Offered in the Conclusion to the Varieties of European Racism(s) Symposium By Dr Paul Iganski 103 Influencing Racist and Xenophobic Attitudes in Europe – The Dutch Equality Body Perspective By Dick Houtzager 107 Judicial Power and Anti-racism: Some Reflections By Ibrahim Akrouh 115 Quantification of Prejudice By Marwan Muhammad 123 Section 3: Bringing it All Together - Influencing Racist and Xenophobic Attitudes 127 Can We Learn from the US Context? On Positive Action By Dr Aryeh Neier 128 European Roma at Crossroads: Politics and Empowerment By David Mark 132 The HOPE not Hate Campaign By Nick Lowles 142 Hegemony under Siege By Dr Andreas Hieronymus 153 Section 4: Conclusions and Way Forward 164 Policy Implications and Recommendations By Shannon Pfohman and Emma McCarron 165 Authors’ Descriptions 8 Recycling Hatred: Racism(s) in Europe Today Authors’ Descriptions1 Shannon Pfohman, Deputy Director of Policy of the European Network Against Racism (ENAR) Shannon Pfohman has been the Deputy Director of Policy at ENAR since June 2011. Prior to this, she worked in the Department of Migration and Qualification as the Competence Centre Manager for Equal Opportunity at the Confederation of German Trade Unions’ Education Department. She was formerly a researcher at the Berlin Institute for Social Research (BIVS), where she published multi- ple books and policy-related papers on asylum, migration, ethnic- ity, and anti-discrimination, among other related topics. She taught Intercultural Communication at the Alice-Salomon University of Applied Sciences Master’s Programme in Berlin and was previous- ly a freelance diversity and intercultural trainer. Shannon recently completed her PhD at the Free University in Berlin, in which she compared the reception and settlement conditions of a sample of Bosnian refugees in Berlin and Chicago. Dr Chibo Onyeji, Chair of the European Network Against Racism (ENAR) Dr Chibo Onyeji is a civil rights campaigner who has been active in the anti-discrimination movement for many years. He is a suc- cessful poet and writer and was awarded the 2007 Olaudah Equiano First Prize for fiction for his short story ‘Escapegoat’. He holds a PhD from Texas A&M University. He was a Research Associate at the Centre for Advanced Decision Support for Water and Environmental Systems (CADSWES), the University of Colorado at Boulder, and Research Scholar at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenberg (Austria), work- ing on the potential impacts of climate change on international ag- riculture and economy. He teaches courses on migration and the 1 The order in listing the authors is in accordance with their location within this publication. Authors’ Descriptions 9 political economy of hunger at the University of Vienna. He also provides development programming services for specialised UN Agencies, and continues to be active in anti-discrimination work. He was Vice-Chair of ENAR during 2007-2010 and has been Chair of ENAR since December 2010. Dr Mutuma Ruteere, United Nations Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance Dr Mutuma Ruteere has been serving as the UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance since November 2011. He is Director of the Centre for Human Rights and Policy Studies, an in- dependent research centre based in Nairobi, Kenya. He holds a PhD in political science with a specialisation in human rights. He has taught at universities in Kenya and other countries and has widely published on human rights issues, including criminal violence and policing, terrorism and counter-terrorism, civil wars and transitions, poverty and access to rights. He has advised state agencies, NGOs and private sector organisations on human rights. In his current work at the Centre for Human Rights and Policy Studies, he at- tempts to link theoretical research with policy making and innova- tion to address human rights problems. Dr Peter Hervik, Professor in Migration, Aalborg University, Denmark Dr Peter Hervik is professor in migration at the Centre for the Study of Migration and Diversity (CoMID) at Aalborg University in Denmark. He holds a PhD in Social Anthropology from the University of Copenhagen; an MPhil in International Migration and Ethnic Relations (IMER); and is an Associate Professor in the Department of Culture and Global Studies at Aalborg University. He has done research and written extensively on the Danish media coverage of ethnic and Islamic minority issues as well as on the so- cial construction of Yucatec Mayan identity in Mexico and is author 10 Recycling Hatred: Racism(s) in Europe Today of The Annoying Difference: the emergence of neonationalism and populism in the post-1989 world (Berghahn Books, 2011). Ms Maleiha Malik, Professor in Law, King’s College London (KCL), United Kingdom Ms Maleiha Malik studied law at the University of London and University of Oxford and is now a Professor in Law, teaching courses in Jurisprudence and Legal Theory, Discrimination Law and European Law to undergraduate and postgraduate students alike. She is a barrister and member and fellow of the Honourable Society of Gray’s Inn. She has written extensively on discrimination law, minority protection and feminist theory and is co-author of a leading text entitled Discrimination Law: Theory and Practice (2008). Along with Dr Jon Wilson from the Department of History at KCL, she co-ordinates the AHRC project on ‘Traditions in the Present’, exploring the relevance of ‘tradition’ in contemporary societies.
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