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CONTRIBUTIONS to Die HISTORY of the PACIFIC NORTHWEST

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CONTRIBUTIONS to Die HISTORY of the PACIFIC NORTHWEST CONTRIBUTIONS to die HISTORY of the PACIFIC NORTHWEST NORTHWEST HISTORY W. D. VINCENT IsffiSEfS: CONTRIBUTIONS to &e HISTORY of the PACIFIC NORTHWEST NORTHWEST HISTORY W. D. VINCENT Spokane Stud}) Club Series Series A PUBLISHED BY STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON 1930 *M PREFATORY STATEMENT By E. A. BRYAN Research Professor in Economics and Economic Science and History TiH E successful business man who is endowed with historical sense and a passion for research has a unique opportunity, not possessed by the recluse, of contributing to regional history. The wide range of the business man's contacts, possessed as he is of the means for col­ lecting and preserving rare books, manuscripts and illus­ trative material, and even of travel throughout the region for the verification and classification of historical data, enables him to give a broad, accurate, and common sense interpretation to the history of the men and things of an earlier day. Mr. Vincent has for many years been a student of Northwest history and has been a collector of its source material and an intelligent expositor of its earlier phases. From time to time he has given to his fellow members of the Spokane Study Club the results of his studies. This paper on Northwest History is one of five such papers read to the club which the State College of Washington will publish as series A, of "Contributions to the History of the Northwest." J NORTHWEST HISTORY By W. D. VINCENT H ISTORY is made up of yesterdays—the tomorrows will pass judgment upon the value of the actions of today. More than a hundred thousand yesterdays passed between the landing of Columbus on our eastern shores and the land­ ing of Captain Robert Gray on the banks of the great river he named Columbia. It was nearly twelve years more be­ fore the recorded history of our Inland Northwest began. It would be interesting to discuss the Anglo-Saxon in­ stinct that caused Mackenzie to reach the Arctic Ocean by canoe down that great river which bears his name and after­ ward to accomplish the first land crossing of the Dominion of Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Mackenzie's explorations of 1789 to 1793 must have been a spur to that same Anglo-Saxon instinct which drove Lewis and Clark on to the mouth of the Columbia. The full title of their journal is Travels to the Source of the Missouri River and Across the American Continent to the Pacific Ocean. On their return trip while camped on the Clearwater, this entry is made in their journal under date of Tuesday, May 6, 1806: "We here found three men of a nation called Skeet- somish, who reside at the falls of a large (Spokane) river emptying itself into the north [east] side of the Columbia. This river takes its rise from a large [Coeur d' Alene] lake in the mountains at no great distance from the falls where J these natives live." This is the first printed record of the Spokanes, as the present Spokane River then had the Indian name of "Skeetshoo." The publication in 1807 of the journal of Patrick Gass, a member of the expedition, and the reports of Lewis and Clark to the United States government evidently created a lively interest in the unknown West. John Jacob Astor was a New York merchant at that time and had virtually a monopoly of the fur trade in the United States. He made a proposition to his partners that an expedition be sent to the mouth of the Columbia for the purpose of establishing headquarters to secure the supply of furs needed in the Company's business. He made overtures to the Northwest Company with the view of cooperating in this territory. His partners, especially in St. Louis, proposed an over-land journey which was undertaken under the leadership of Wilson Price Hunt. With that journey we have little to do, but the voyage directed by Astor is of great historical importance in the development of the Columbia country. The Astor party was made up of four partners, eleven clerks, a dozen boatmen and more than twenty men in the crew. They sailed from New York in the Tonquin, Sep­ tember 8, 1810.* Please note the date, also the fact that New York City then had a population estimated at 90,000. The voyage of the Tonquin ended March 22, 1811, the party *Irving setsthe date of sailing at September 8, 1810. Washington Irving, Astoria or Anecdotes of an Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains, (Philadelphia, 1836), p. 54. "We went on board ship, and weighed anchor on the 6th of September in the morning—on the 8th we weighed anchor for the third time." Gabriel Franchere, Narrative of a Voyage to the Northwest Coast of America in the Years 1811, 1812, 1813 and 1814 or The First American Settlement on the Pacific, (translated by J. V. Huntington), (New York, 1854), landing on the south bank of the Columbia River at Point George, where was established the Pacific Fur Company post of Astoria. Alexander Ross and Gabriel Franchere, clerks of the company and members of the expedition, both wrote narratives that are of intense interest to students of Northwest history. Franchere's narrative was printed in French and published in Canada in 1820. It was translated into English and printed in New York in 1854. It is not my intention to quote too freely from authori­ ties, but Franchere's narrative on the particular point that I wish to emphasize is of vital importance in determining the question as to the first permanent settlement of a white man in this Pacific Northwest. On June 15, 1811, Franchere writes:— "Some natives from up the river, brought us two strange Indians, a man and a woman. They were not at­ tired like the savages on the river Columbia, but wore long robes of dressed deer-skin, with leggings and moccasins in the fashion of the tribes to the east of the Rocky Moun­ tains. We put questions to them in various Indian dialects; but they did not understand us. They showed us a letter addressed to Mr. John Stuart, Port Bstekatadene, New Caledonia. Mr Pillet then addressing them in the Knisten- eaux, they answered, although they appeared not to under­ stand it perfectly. Notwithstanding, we learned from them p. 32. A statement of a different narrator cites the earlier date of September 6, 1810, but his statement would not absolutely preclude the sailing on a later date. " .... on the 6th of September 1810 all hands, twenty-two belonging to the ship, and thirty-three pas­ sengers, being on board, the Tonquin set sail ." Alexander Ross, Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, being a narrative of the expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor to establish the Pacific Fur Company, with an account of some Indian tribes from the coast of the Pacific, (London, 1849). ^sA that they had been sent by a Mr. Finnan M'Donald, a clerk in the service of the Northwest Company, and who had s post on a river which they called Spokan [Franchere's spelling]; that having lost their way, they had followed the course of the Tacousah-Tesseh [the Indian name of the Columbia], that when they arrived at the Falls, the natives made them understand that there were white men at the mouth of the river; and not doubting that the person to whom the letter was addressed would be found there, they had come to deliver it. "We kept these messengers for some days, and having drawn from them important information respecting the country in the interior, west of the Mountains, we decided to send an expedition thither, under the command of Mr. David Stuart; and the 15th July was fixed for its departure. "All was in fact ready on the appointed day, and we were about to load the canoes, when toward midday, we saw a large canoe, with a flag displayed at her stern, round­ ing the point which we called Tongue Point. We knew not who it could be; for we did not so soon expect our own party, who (as the reader will remember) were to cross the continent, by the route which Captain Lewis and Clark had followed, in 1805, and to winter for that purpose some­ where on the Missouri. We were soon relieved of our uncertainty by the arrival of the canoe, which touched shore at a little wharf that we had built to facilitate the landing of goods from the vessel. The flag she bore was the British, and her crew was composed of eight Canadian boatmen of voyageurs. A well-dressed man, who appeared to be the commander, was the first to leap ashore, and addressing us without ceremony, said that his name was David Thomp­ son, and that he was one of the partners of the Northwest Company. We invited him to our quarters, which were at one end of the warehouse, the dwelling-house not being yet completed. After the usual civilities had been extended to our visitor, Mr. Thompson said that he had crossed the continent during the preceding season; but that the deser­ tion of a portion of his men had compelled him to winter at the base of the Rocky mountains, at the headwaters of the Columbia. In the spring he had built a canoe, the materials for which he had brought with him across the mountains, and had come down the river to our establish­ ment. He added that the wintering partners had resolved to abandon all their trading posts west of the mountains, not to enter into competition with us, providing our compa­ ny would engage not to encroach upon their commerce on the east side: and to support what he said, produced a letter to that effect, addressed by the wintering partners to the chief of their house in Canada, the Honorable William M'Gillivray.
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