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The Struggle Over the Spalding-Allen Collection, the Ohio Historical Society Resisted

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The Struggle Over the Spalding-Allen Collection, the Ohio Historical Society Resisted WHY SHOULD WE HAVE TO BUY OUR OWN THINGS BACK? THE STRUGGLE OVER THE SPALDING-ALLEN COLLECTION By TREVOR JAMES BOND A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of History MAY 2017 © Copyright by TREVOR JAMES BOND, 2017 All Rights Reserved i © Copyright by TREVOR JAMES BOND, 2017 All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of TREVOR JAMES BOND find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ____________________________ Robert McCoy, Ph.D., Chair ____________________________ Robert Bauman, Ph.D. ____________________________ Jennifer Thigpen, Ph.D. ___________________________ Jeffrey Sanders, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a great debt to Dr. Tabitha (Beth) Erdey and Robert (Bob) Chenoweth at the Nez Perce National Historic Park. Beth Erdey processed the bulk of archival records that made this research possible. She also provided access to images and put me in touch with many of my interviewees. Bob Chenoweth recorded a wonderful interview regarding the Spalding-Allen Collection and also preserved boxes of valuable documents. Linda Paisano kindly recorded an interview and she also provide me with catalog records and other information on the Plateau baskets that Marcus Whitman collected and sent to Dr. Dudley Allen. I am thankful to Dean Jay Starratt for his support in trusting me to balance my research and other responsibilities while working full time. This project would not have been possible without Nez Perce voices. Thanks to Nakia Williamson and Josiah Pinkham for steering me through the Nez Perce research permit process and for recording expansive interviews. I am also deeply indebted to Bill Picard and Kevin Peters who shared their knowledge in oral histories. Thanks also to Lesley Poling, Registrar, at the Ohio Historical Society, Amos Loveday former curator of collections at the Ohio Historical Society, Bob Carroll, retired OHS board member, Ken Grossi, Archivist at Oberlin College and Ashley Morton, at the Fort Walla Walla Museum. Leah Pepin at the Burke Museum assisted with several details. Frank Walker and Susan Buchel, now retired from the National Park Service, graciously recorded interviews. Melissa Sarlin and Bill Huntington at Whitman College sent the Spalding and Allen correspondence. I was fortunate to have a patient and stellar committee Robert McCoy (chair), Jeff Sanders, Jennifer Thigpen, and Bob Bauman. I am grateful for Robert McCoy’s expert guidance through many petitions. Noriko Kawamura read an early draft as part of a History 525 writing seminar. iii I am fortunate to be a part of a community of scholars, Will Hamlin, Cheryl Gunselman, Kimberley Christen, Debbie Lee, and Nicole Tonkovitch. I am also grateful for Steven Grafe’s scholarship on the Spalding-Allen Collection. Thanks to the Pettyjohn fund in history committee chaired by Professor Orlan Svingen for covering the costs of the excellent transcriptions created by Teresa Bergen. I appreciate the beautiful photographs of the Spalding-Allen Collection taken by Zac Mazur and the assistance of NEPE staff including Bob Chenoweth, Beth Erdey, Linda Paisano, Kevin Peters, and Lynn Pinkham who took the collection temporarily off display and handled the items so that we could photograph them. My parents, James and Nancy Bond, remain a constant source of support patiently encouraging me through all of my educational endeavors. Most importantly my wonderful wife, Robin Bond, encouraged me at every step, listened to my minute progress along the way, and continues to inspire me to be a better person. iv WHY SHOULD WE HAVE TO BUY OUR OWN THINGS BACK? THE STRUGGLE OVER THE SPALDING-ALLEN COLLECTION Abstract by Trevor James Bond, Ph.D. Washington State University May 2017 Chair: Robert McCoy In 1836, Henry Spalding and his wife Eliza joined Marcus and Narcissa Whitman on a mission to bring Christianity to the Indians of the Oregon Country. In 1846, Spalding acquired Nez Perce clothing, artifacts, and horse gear which he shipped to his friend and supporter, Dr. Dudley Allen, in Ohio. In exchange for these Native American goods, Dr. Allen, a benefactor to the Presbyterian mission sent needed commodities to Spalding. After Allen’s death, his son, Dudley, donated the Spalding-Allen Collection to Oberlin College in 1893. Oberlin College in turn loaned most, but not all, of the collection to the Ohio Historical Society (OHS) for safe keeping where it languished for decades. In 1976, curators at Nez Perce National Historic Park (NEPE) rediscovered the collection. After negotiations, OHS loaned most of the Spalding-Allen artifacts to the National Park Service in 1980 on renewable one-year loans. However, in 1993 OHS abruptly demanded the return of the collection. In negotiations with OHS, the National Park Service learned that OHS would sell the collection, but only at its full appraised value of $608,100 with a six-month deadline to provide the money. The Nez Perce Tribe raised the money within six months with help from thousands of donors and purchased the collection where it is now on loan to NPS. v This project explores the attempted dispossession of Nez Perce cultural heritage. In his barter of Nez Perce goods, Spalding sought to end traditional Nez Perce culture, by advocating that the Nez Perce adopt western dress, agriculture, and a stern version of Christianity. Ironically, at the same time Spalding worked to “civilize” the Nez Perce, he also created an archive of their earliest documented material culture. The ethics of acquiring, bartering, owning, and selling Native cultural history will be explored. This research is important for it demonstrates that collections are never impartial or neutral, instead archives reflect the interests of their creators resulting in a complex, and often problematic, historical record. The origins of collections—their provenance—is critical for the future ethical curation of indigenous collections held in museums and archives. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 The Nez Perce and the Missionary Collector ............................................... 18 2 The Ohio Years ............................................................................................. 47 3 From Loan to Recall ..................................................................................... 76 4 Securing the Collection .............................................................................. 110 CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................... 130 WORKS CITED ......................................................................................................... 146 APPENDIX Oral History transcriptions .............................................................................. 151 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Henry Spalding’s letter describing the “Indian Curiosities” he collected for Dudley Allen ................................................................................................................. 33 Figure 2. Nez Perce woman’s dress collected by Spalding .......................................... 36 Figure 3. A decorated Nez Perce woman’s saddle ....................................................... 40 Figure 4. One of two surviving pairs of moccasins in the Spalding-Allen Collection . 58 Figure 5. Nez Perce man’s cured hide shirt .................................................................. 72 Figure 6. Nez Perce cradleboard made circa 1846 ....................................................... 82 Figure 7. Nez Perce man’s hide shirt decorated with dyed porcupine quill work and Venetian glass beads ..................................................................................................... 93 Figure 8. Letter from a student at Butte View elementary school in Emmett Idaho .. 116 Figure 9. Nakia Williamson drawing the woman’s saddle in the Spalding-Allen Collection .................................................................................................................... 122 Figure 10. Detailed drawing by Nakia Williamson of the construction and design of the woman’s saddled in the Spalding-Allen Collection.................................................... 123 viii INTRODUCTION On April 27, 1846, writing from Lapwai —Nez Perce for the place of the butterflies— on the Clear Water River, the missionary Henry Harmon Spalding addressed a letter to his “Dear Brother” and former Western Reserve classmate, Dr. Dudley Allen. Spalding wrote, “after many promises & a long delay I have started the boxes containing a small collection of articles of Indian manufacture with some specimens of stone &c, all designed for yourself.”1 Spalding regretted that the two “Grey Bear skins & a pack saddle” were not shipped because “it was thought they would be destroyed on Board ship by rats.” Who knew that bear skins are a rat delicacy? Fortunately, the boxes that Spalding
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