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PDF Downloaden 4Vergangenheit:Hollywood-Genrepoetiken Wenn in dieser Arbeit die Konvergenz vonpolitischenund historischen Prozessen mit ästhetischen ErfahrungsmodalitätenimHintergrund der Fragestellungen steht,dannerscheint der Griff zum populären Unterhaltungs-und Genrekino zunächstnicht selbstverständlich. Dahinter steckt aber ein theoretischerBegriff vonGenrekino, der im Folgenden dargelegt und vertieftwerden soll.¹ Es soll herausgearbeitet werden, dass die Erfahrungsmodalitätendes Genrekinos zu verstehen sind als eine spezifische Form und medialePraxisunter anderen, mit der sich ein politisches Gemeinwesen affektivauf sich selbst bezieht.Aus dieser Perspektive heraussoll plausibel gemacht werden, inwiefern diese Form des Bezugs die Gestalt vonSchuldgefühlenannehmen kann. Hier soll die These verfolgt werden, dass sich im Genrekino ein bestimmtes Denken des Politischen, welches jede Form menschlicher Gemeinschaft nur in der konkreten sinnlichen Dimension eines geteilten Wirklichkeitszugangsund einer geteilten Struktur der Anerkennungvon Selbst-Artikulationen verortet,mit einem bestimmtenDenken des Ästhetischen verbindet, das die Erfahrung der Kunst allein auseinem allen Menschen gleich zugänglichen Empfindungsvermögen begründet.Was Robert Burgoynemit Bezugauf Geschichtsfilme im US-amerika- nischenKino der 1980er und 1990erbehauptet,lässt sich aufdas Genrekino im Allgemeinen übertragen: Hinter jeder noch so kommerziellen und populären Erscheinung steht ein Dialog zwischender kritischenNeubetrachtung einerseits und der Erhaltungund Tradierung der zentralen Tropen des Gemeinwesensan- dererseits.Dieser Dialog aktualisiert die fundamentalen Brüche und Machtfragen und artikuliert die grundlegenden Ängste, Ambivalenzen und Hoffnungendieses Gemeinwesens.² Um diese Bedeutung vonGenrepoetik sinnvoll herauszuarbeiten, ist es al- lerdings notwendig, sich jenseits der in weiten Teilen der Filmwissenschaft und des Alltagsgebrauchs gängigen Genrebegriffe zu orientieren, die Genre aufre- produzierte Konventionen und aufProduktionszyklen reduzieren. Als Aus- gangspunkt für diese Kritik berufe ich mich zunächstauf die Thesen Stanley Die folgenden Thesen und Überlegungen beruhen maßgeblich aufeiner gemeinschaftlich er- arbeitetendreiteiligenVorlesungsreihe „Genreund Gemeinsinn“ vonHermann Kappelhoff, Mi- chael Lück und mir,die wir ab dem Sommersemester 2013 an der Freien Universität Berlin gehalten haben. Vgl. Hermann Kappelhoff. Genreund Gemeinsinn.Hollywood zwischen Krieg und De- mokratie. Berlin/Boston 2016. Robert Burgoyne: Film Nation. Hollywood Looks at U.S. History.Minneapolis/London 1997, S.1– 15. DOI 10.1515/9783110531732-005, ©2017 Matthias Grotkopp, publiziertvon De Gruyter. Dieses Werk ist lizenziertunter der CreativeCommons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Lizenz. 184 Vergangenheit: Hollywood-Genrepoetiken Cavells, um diese dann um eine affektpoetische Komponente aufBasis von Theorienzum Melodrama zu ergänzen. In PursuitsofHappiness lehnt Cavell es explizit ab,Genres dadurch zu defi- nieren, dass man eine Mengeannotwendigenoder hinreichenden Eigenschaften angibt.Ein Genreist kein Objekt mit Eigenschaften, an das manden Film als ein weiteres Objekt mit Eigenschaften wieaneine Schablone hält,umsie zu ver- gleichen und festzustellen, ob sie passen oder nicht.Was er stattdessen vor- schlägt,klingt zunächst nicht sehr verschiedendavon: The idea is that the members of agenresharethe inheritanceofcertain conditions,proc- edures and subjects and goals of composition, and that in primary art each member of such a genre represents astudyofthese conditions,somethingIthink of as bearingthe responsi- bility of the inheritance.³ In diesemSatz stecken aber zwei entscheidende Aspekte, die ichandieser Stelle nur kurz beleuchten kann. Zunächstmacht Cavell damitdeutlich, dass der Bezug eines Genrefilms aufdas Genre eine inhärente Geschichtlichkeit beinhaltet.Und er führt die Verschiebungein, dass die Verfahren und Themen, die Genrefilme teilen, nicht etwas sind, was sie schlicht ‚haben‘,sondern dass die Filme einesGenres diese Verfahren und Themen zu ihrem Gegenstandselbstmachen. Sie sind Stu- dien ihrer eigenen Bedingungen. AndyWarhols Serienbilder z.B. benutzen den Siebdruck nicht einfach als ein Verfahren der Vervielfältigung,umberühmte Leute wie Marilyn Monroe und Elvis Presley oder industrielle Massenprodukte abzu- bilden, sondern diese Bilder sind Studien über die Fragenach dem Zusammen- hang zwischen Vervielfältigung und Ruhm, Serialität und Publizität. Genre verweist bei Cavell aufeinen Prozess ausBewegungen der Kompen- sation und Negation solcher Bedingungen, in denenjeder Film, jedes ‚Mitglied‘ an den Bedingungendes Genres arbeitet, neue Verfahren hinzufügtoder ersetztund ‚argumentiert‘,dass er trotzdem oder gerade deswegen an diesem Erbe teilhat.Die Filme eines Genres sind sich nichtähnlich, weil sie sich aufdas gleiche ideelle Muster,sondern weil sie sich aufeinanderbeziehen: „Iwould mean not onlythat they look like on another or that one gets similar impressions from them; Iwould mean thatthey are what they are in view of one another.“⁴ Diese Art und Weisedes Zueinandergehörens ist dabei – und in dieser Hin- sicht strengmit dem Geschmacksurteil nach Kant verbunden – durch keinen Begriff und kein Gesetzgeregelt.Esgibt keine Summe vonEigenschaften, keine Stanley Cavell: Pursuits of Happiness.The Hollywood ComedyofRemarriage.Cambridge,MA/ London 1981,S.28. Cavell: Pursuits of Happiness,S.29[Herv.imOrig.]. Genrepoetiken als ästhetische Erfahrungsmodalitäten 185 Grammatik,⁵ die bestimmt,wann welcheFilme zueinander, zu einem Genre ge- zählt werden können, außer der Art und Weise in der die Filme sich selbst ge- genseitig in Perspektive rücken, einem Urteil aussetzen, sich ein Beispiel geben: „a movie comes from other movies“.⁶ Genrefilm zu sein bedeutet,ein Film über die Bedingungen der Zugehörigkeit zu einem Genre zu sein. JederFilm erfindet das Genre, an dem er teilhat, neu. AufBasis dieses Verständnisses soll im Folgenden argumentiert werden, dass es dieser Prozess der gegenseitigen Bezugnahme vonStudien der eigenen Be- dingungenist,der die Inszenierungsweisen der Genrefilme als eine Form greifbar macht,die subjektive,privateErfahrungen in öffentliche konvertiert⁷ und die individuell verkörperteErfahrung mit geteilten Phantasien kurzschließt: „Show- ing us our fantasies, they express the inner agenda of anation thatconceives Utopian longings and commitments for itself.“⁸ Inwiefern es auch und gerade immer wieder um ein Scheitern an diesen Utopien und Selbstverpflichtungen geht,soll hier nun mit Blick aufdas Schuld- gefühl gefragt werden und zwar ausgehend vonzwei Genresdes Hollywoodkinos: dem Western und dem Kriegsfilm. Beide sind dadurch gekennzeichnet,dass sie voneiner spezifischen Krisensituation des Gemeinwesensnach Innen und nach Außen ausgehen.⁹ Zuvormuss aufBasis dieser theoretischenRahmung das Genrekino weiter ausformuliert werden als ein ästhetischer Erfahrungsmodus, dessenBedingungensich maßgeblich anhand der Gestaltungvon Affekten und Gefühlen bestimmen lassen. 4.1 Genrepoetiken alsästhetische Erfahrungsmodalitäten Das Denken der Genre- und Gattungspoetiken¹⁰ nimmt seinen Ausgangbei Ari- stoteles, der Poetik als eine Herstellungsozialer Lernprozesse versteht,die auf Stanley Cavell:The Politics of Interpretation (Politics as opposed to what?). In: ders.:Themes out of School. Effects and Causes.Chicago/London 1984,S.27–59,hier S. 45: „The moral of ordinary languagephilosophy, and of the practice of art,isthat grammar cannot dictatewhat youmean, what is up to youtosay.“ Cavell: The World Viewed, S. 7. Ein Prozess,den Cavell mit Emerson „Denken“ nennt.Vgl.Cavell: Cities of Words, S. 29. Cavell: Pursuits of Happiness,S.18. Vgl. Burgoyne: Film Nation, S. 8. Aussystematischer und ausetymologischer Sicht gibt es keine stringenteMöglichkeit,zwi- schen diesen Begriffen zu unterscheiden. Es kannlediglich im Deutschenein verschiedene Ge- genstandsbereiche wertend differenzierender Begriffsgebrauch konstatiert werden, dem ich mich aber nicht anschließe. 186 Vergangenheit: Hollywood-Genrepoetiken vielfältigeArten und Weisen den Menschen als Möglichkeitswesen erschließen und die engmit einer Politik der Gefühle verbunden sind: Mit dem Begriff der Katharsis führt er eines der produktivsten Rätsel in die Geschichte des Denkens der Künste ein. Es verweist unabhängig vonder konkreten Interpretation aufdie zentrale Rolle der Affektmodulation für die verschiedenen Gattungen und Gen- res.¹¹ Auch wenn ich an dieser Stelle nicht die systematischen und historischen Linien vonder Poetik bis in die Gegenwart nachzeichnenkann, so ist der Hinweis hier insofernbesonders relevant,weildie gängigenPositionen zu Film und Genre eher vonder regelpoetischen Interpretation der Poetik durch Horaz und die französische Klassik bestimmtsind.¹² Dort wird die Vorstellungformuliert,dass Gattungen getrennte Entitäten sind, die in einer gegebenen Ordnungdurch feste Regeln für die Entsprechungenzwischenästhetischen Formen und ihren reprä- sentierten Inhalten zu unterscheiden seien.¹³ DieseIdee einer systematisch und historisch gegebenen Gattungsordnung und ihre strikteEinhaltungwird als not- wendigfür die jeweilige eigene kulturelle Geltungpostuliertund so grundlegend für die Regelpoetiken der frühen Neuzeit und für ihren Vorschriften zur ange- messenenHervorbringungvon Werken. Sie ist in der Tatnach wie vorwirksam, wenn die Genres des Hollywoodkinos als Regeln der wechselseitigen Bestim- mungen vonInhalten der Darstellungund medialen Formen und Verfahren be- schriebenwerden.¹⁴
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    Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: Lakota Leaders and Government Agents: A Story of Changing Relationships Full Citation: Robert W Larson, “Lakota Leaders and Government Agents: A Story of Changing Relationships,” Nebraska History 82 (2001): 47-57 URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH2001LakotaLeaders.pdf Date: 4/11/2011 Article Summary: Led by determined chiefs like Red Cloud, Gall, and Crazy Horse, the Lakota Sioux resisted federal control during the first years of transition to the reservation system. Only after the Battle of Wounded Knee and the Sioux Bill of 1889 did the federal government gain the upper hand. Cataloging Information: Names: Red Cloud, William Dye, J J Saville, Valentine T McGillycuddy, Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, Spotted Tail, Kicking Bear, Short Bull, Crow Dog, He Dog, American Horse, Little Big Man, Yellow Bear, Three Bears, Young Man Afraid of
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