Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Ferula Species' Essential Oils and Plant Extracts and Their Application As the Natural Food Preservatives

South Asian Research Journal of Natural Products

4(3): 1-23, 2021; Article no.SARJNP.67706

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Ferula Species' Essential Oils and Plant Extracts and their Application as the Natural Food Preservatives

Milad Daneshniya1,2*, Mohammad Hossein Maleki1,2 , Moein Ali Mohammadi1,2, Kimia Ahangarian1, Vahid Jalali Kondeskalaei1 and Hannaneh Alavi1

1Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Qazvin Islamic Azad University, Nokhbegan Blvd., PO Box 34185-1416, Qazvin, Iran. 2Young Researchers and Elite Club, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author MD designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors MHM, MAM and VJK managed the analyses of the study. Authors KA and HA managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

Editor(s): (1) Prof. Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan Hassanien, Zagazig University, Egypt. Reviewers: (1) Hiba Riyadh Al-Abodi, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq. (2) Hong Kan, Jilin Agricultural University, China. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/67706

Received 14 February 2021 Accepted 17 April 2021 Review Article Published 26 April 2021

ABSTRACT

Ferula is a genus of perennial herbs in the Apiaceae family. Members of this genus are found mainly in the Mediterranean region and Central Asia, and they have a long history of utilization in traditional medicine for a variety of diseases. The species of this plant have been used for the ole- gum resin, plant extracts, and essential oils. Ferula species typically have a heavy fragrance due to the presence of essential oils or oleoresins in them. This review aimed to investigate the antibacterial, anti-fungal, and antioxidant activity of essential oils and plant extracts of ferula species and their potential to be used as natural food preservatives. Potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activity due to the specific chemical compounds have approved that the essential oils and extracts of different species of this plant can be utilized as natural food preservatives. Although an array of studies have approved these activities, there are still some vague aspects of their application for the extension of different food products' shelf life and replacement for synthetic (artificial) preservatives. ______

*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected];

Daneshniya et al.; SARJNP, 4(3): 1-23, 2021; Article no.SARJNP.67706

Keywords: Antioxidant; antimicrobial; essential oil; extract; ferula; preservative.

1. INTRODUCTION The ferula plants, on the whole, have an upright perennial plant up to 3 m long, with deeply Given current market expectations, food product dissected leaves, a fleshy taproot, and protection with nutritional content and sensory inconspicuous yellow flowers borne in compound qualities is a primary industrial goal. Besides, the umbels. The plant has a perennial fusiform root, food industry's ever-increasing competitiveness either simple like parsnip, with a coarse, hairy had made cost-cutting inevitable [1]. Follow by summit. The bark is wrinkled and black with large these trends, due to the globalized nature of the quantities of dense alliaceous juice. The leaves, food industry and the remote delivery of goods in where such lobes are oblong and obtuse, are recent years, research and development have shiny. In number, they are few and appear in focused on stable, advanced innovations that autumn. The stem is solid, smooth, herbaceous, extend the shelf-life of a food product while and clothed with membranous sheaths. The maintaining its fresh quality [2]. Studies have fruits, with vittae, are thin, flat, foliaceous, and been looking for antimicrobials and antioxidants reddish-brown [24-26]. to replace synthetic ones, with natural substances implying their importance as Derived plant extracts and essential oils from historically accepted therapeutic agents [3]. various parts of the plant are the two sources of Antioxidants, which may extend food shelf life, compounds with biological activities in ferula. must be used in foods to inhibit the activity of Asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida) is an oleogum free radicals. Currently, synthetic antioxidants resin extracted from the ferula plant affiliated with are becoming less popular due to their adverse the Umbelliferae family. Asafoetida derives from health effects, while natural antioxidants are the Persian aza, for mastic or resin, and foetidus, becoming more widespread [4]. While the for stinking, from the Latin. Asafoetida or similar efficacy of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial oleo gum resins are obtained from F. assa- compounds applied to food products is a cause foetida, F. foetida, and F. narthex; gum of concern, research on the use of herbal galbanum from F. galbaniflua (F. gummosa) and extracts and essential oils in the stabilization of F .rubicaulis [24,25]. Ancient documents note food products such as edible oils have been that this substance "stink finger" was brought conducted, with promising results in the majority west in 4 B.C. by Alexander. It was known as of experiments [5-11]. There are over 1340 "the food of the Gods" to the early Persians and plants with established antimicrobial activities to as Persian sylphium to the Romans. The date and more than 30,000 plant-isolated Europeans likened their fragrance to truffles and antimicrobial compounds. Ferula species have named asafetida, the dung of the devil [24]. It been classified as a rich source of antimicrobial was used as a flavor in ancient Rome and has compounds [12-20]. These species produce been used for centuries in Indian cuisine. alkaloids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, tannins, Asafoetida was used as a condiment and as a coumarins, glucosides, terpenes, and phenolic drug in ancient India and Iran. Even currently, it substances that are secondary metabolites. is a common ingredient in Indian cuisine, most These chemicals with antimicrobial properties likely because its fragrance recalls the scent of have practical food safety applications, avoiding garlic and onion, two sprouting vegetables, as bacteria and fungi infections [21,22]. well as meat [24,28]. Asafoetida has a strong odor that is tenacious and sulfurous. There are more than 150 species of ferula, which Traditionally, asafoetida is used to treat multiple are primarily distributed in the Mediterranean illnesses such as whooping cough, asthma, region and Central Asia. This species belongs to ulcer, epilepsy, stomach pain, flatulence, the Apiaceae family, which is made up of 275 bronchitis, bowel parasites, antispasmodic genera and 2850 species. Many functional illness, impaired digestion, and influenza [29-32]. compounds were isolated from ferula, including Several actions have also been shown sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpene coumarins, and throughout recent pharmacological and biological sulfur-containing compounds. Research findings trials, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, of more than 70 species have shown that the anti-fungal, chemopreventive, anti-diabetic, anti- principal components of this species are carcinogenesis, antispasmodic, and hypotensive, germacranes, humulanes, carotanes, relaxant, neuroprotective and molluscicidal himachalanes, and guaiaanes [2,12,23]. effects of asafoetida [33-43].

Daneshniya et al.; SARJNP, 4(3): 1-23, 2021; Article no.SARJNP.67706

Fig. 1. Two ferula species [27]

Herbal extractions and essential oils have been websites, as well as prominent conferences and used for pharmacological purposes such as congresses. antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, insecticidal, and antispasmodic throughout 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION history. Currently, they are bing used in the pharmaceutical, sanitary, cosmetic, agricultural, 3.1 Chemical Composition and Biological and food industries [5]. Essential oils are a type Activities of liquid that is subtle, highly concentrated, aromatic, and volatile. This natural oils are Essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants mixtures of complex and volatile compounds have shown biological activity and have attracted produced as secondary metabolites by aromatic particular consideration [54]. The direct addition plants [44]. Essential oils are valuable not only of aromatic plant essential oils and extracts to for their natural protective function for host plants food products has been shown to have an but also because they possess properties that antioxidant or antimicrobial impact [55]. Essential are several times more potent than dried herbs. oils (also known as volatile oils) are aromatic oily Antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti- liquids derived from plant materials (leaves, fungal properties, as well as certain specific buds, fruits, flowers, herbs, twigs, bark, wood, therapeutic effects, render essential oils a roots, and seeds). The most popular technique precious factor [45-53]. for commercially extracting essential oils is steam or hydro-distillation, which was first 2. METHODOLOGY introduced in the Middle Ages. Essential oils are complex natural mixtures containing anything This review has been conducted to investigate from 20 to 60 different components in differing the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of concentrations. Two or three main components essential oils and plant extracts of the ferula are found at comparatively high concentrations species, and their potential for being utilized as (20–70%) in essential oils compared to other the natural food preservative. All relevant components present in trace quantities. Essential databases were searched for the terms "Ferula", oils are chemically extracted from terpenes and and "Antioxidant", "Antiradical", "Antimicrobial", their oxygenated derivatives, but different "Antibacterial", and "Antifungal", without any ingredients differ between various plant parts publication date-related restriction up to 2021. and plants [56,57]. However, it might be intriguing for readers to know that the oldest reference used was Essential oils' hydrophobic nature can interact published in 1982. Information was collected with the lipid membrane of bacteria, leading to through search using Scopus, Pubmed, Web of increased permeability of cell constituents, which Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar is compatible with other phenolic compounds databases, and related books and reliable [59-64]. Gram-positive bacteria are more

Daneshniya et al.; SARJNP, 4(3): 1-23, 2021; Article no.SARJNP.67706

vulnerable than Gram-negative bacteria. Gram- membrane with membrane disruption and negative bacteria's cell walls contain subsequent cellular contents leakage and the lipopolysaccharides that serve as a barrier to production of hydroperoxides from polyphenols macromolecules and hydrophobic compounds, are considered to be due to plant extracts' blocking active compounds in essential oils from antimicrobial activity [69-72]. reaching the cytoplasmic membrane [65,66]. Hydrophobicity is a property of essential oils and Plant extracts also have anti-fungal, antioxidant, their constituents that allows them to partition and antimutagenic effects and the potential to with lipids found in the cell membranes of suppress lipid oxidation in food [75-78]. bacteria and mitochondria, making them more permeable by disrupting cell structures. This Antioxidants are substances or compounds that property inevitably contributes to the death of the avoid the production of free radicals by inhibiting bacterial cell leading to a massive number of vital the oxidation of other molecules in our bodies. molecules and ions escaping from the bacterial Antioxidants' anti-inflammatory effects are cell. The effectiveness of essential oils is responsible for most of their health benefits in determined by chemical composition, the body [79]. An imbalance between increased concentration, antimicrobial activity range levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and low matching with the target microorganism(s), antioxidant activity pathway is known as interactions with the food matrix, and application oxidative stress. Increased oxidative stress can process [67,68]. The combined effects of cause damage to the cellular structure and even polyphenols adsorption to the bacterial cell tissue loss. Free radicals can inflict oxidative

Fig. 2. Chemical structure of the most frequent main components present in the essential oils of ferula species [58]

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Fig. 3. (a) Bulk essential oils and different types of essential oil delivery systems, including nanoemulsion, liposomes, and biopolymer films; (b) Proposed common mechanisms of action and target sites of essential oils or essential oil delivery systems on bacterial cell [73,74] damage to cellular structures, leading to a variety oxidation that has already evolved, their effects of chronic diseases. The ROS and reactive can be powerful when these compounds are nitrogen species (RNS) have been identified as introduced early into fresh food items [82]. free radicals that cause oxidative damage. NO Various abiotic stresses cause plants to produce synthase and NAD(P)H oxidase isoforms, excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species respectively, are closely regulated enzymes that (ROS), which are highly reactive and cause produce ROS and RNS. ROS and RNS, such as damage to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and singlet DNA, resulting in oxidative stress. ROS is made − oxygen, as well as other free radicals, including up of free radicals (O2• , superoxide radicals; nitrogen free radicals, are generated in the OH• , hydroxyl radical; HO2• , perhydroxy radical human body by a variety of internal and external and RO• , alkoxy radicals) as well as non-radical conditions [80]. Antioxidants are also crucial in (molecular) forms (H2O2 , hydrogen peroxide and 1 the petrochemical, food, cosmetics, and O2 , singlet oxygen) [83]. Carotenoids and pharmaceutical sectors, where they are used to phenolic compounds such as benzoic acid stabilize polymeric materials. Natural derivatives, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, antioxidants present in foods are well recognized stilbenes, coumarins, lignans, and lignins are for their importance in protecting foods and among the antioxidants found in plants presenting essential antioxidants in vivo. consumed in the diet [66-68]. Primary Antioxidants can significantly avoid or hinder lipid antioxidants, such as phenolic compounds like - oxidation in foods, as well as autoxidation of tocopherol, prevent or delay oxidation by pigments, flavors, proteins, and vitamins, even at scavenging free radicals. Secondary antioxidants low concentrations. work by trapping metal ions, scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), converting Antioxidants may work directly to scavenge ROS hydroperoxides to non-radical species, absorbing or indirectly to prevent them from being UV light, and deactivating singlet oxygen [84]. produced. On further oxidation, they can also Some low-molecular-weight peptides derived scavenge the radical and create a new stable from plant and animal sources have been shown radical through intramolecular hydrogen bonding to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial [81]. Since antioxidants cannot modify any properties [85-87]. Enzymatic antioxidants and

Daneshniya et al.; SARJNP, 4(3): 1-23, 2021; Article no.SARJNP.67706

Table 1. Some of the researches on antioxidant, antiradical, antimicrobial, antibacterial anti-fungal activity of Ferula species

Activity Evaluation of the activity Type of extract Result / Conclusion Reference Antioxidant and Nitric oxide scavenging, TBARS scavenging, as well as inhibitory The air-dried oleo-gum-resins of the Essential oils derived from the early antimicrobial concentration (IC50) were measured. Two food-borne Gram-negative plants were dissolved in distilled stages of F-asafoetida growth may be activity bacteria, namely Salmonella typhi PTCC 1609 and Escherichia coli water. The solution was subjected to used in the food industry as healthy and [90] PTCC 1330, two food-borne Gram-positive bacteria, namely hydro-distillation using an all-glass efficient natural antioxidants to increase Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1112 and Bacillus subtilis PTCC 1023, Clevenger type apparatus according the oxidative stability of fatty foods and two food-borne fungi, namely Aspergillus niger PTCC 5010 and to the method outlined by the British throughout storage. The essential oil Candida albicans PTCC 5027 were utilized for the test. H2O2 Pharmacopeia. The obtained derived from the later stages of F- scavenging, essential oils were dried over asafoetida development maybe use as a anhydrous sodium sulphate. safe and efficient source of antimicrobial agents in the health industry. Antioxidant and Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), According to the British Pharmacopeia Radical scavenging activity of Carum oil antimicrobial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances method, the air-dried seeds or the air- was higher than that of Ferula oil. activity (TBARS) scavenging activities of Carum and ferula oils along with their dried latex were dissolved in distilled Antibacterial and anti-fungal activities of antibacterial and anti-fungal activities against two Gram-negative water and hydrodistilled using an all- Carum oil were higher than that Ferula [91] bacteria (Salmonella typhi PTCC 1609 and Escherichia coli PTCC glass Clevenger type apparatus. The oil. This study provides additional data 1330), two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1112 essential oil obtained was dried over supporting the use of Carum and ferula and Bacillus subtilis PTCC 1023), and two fungi (Aspergillus niger anhydrous sodium sulphate. oil as an additive in foods against food PTCC 5010 and Candida albicans PTCC 5027) were examined. burn pathogens. Besides, they could be used as a safe, effective, and easily accessible source of natural antioxidants to improve the oxidative stability of fatty foods during storage. Antioxidant and To determination of the antioxidant activity, Total phenolic content By adding 80 percent ethanol and It was revealed that leaf extract antimicrobial (TPC) assay, Total flavonoids content (TFC) assay, and DPPH radical stirring, hydroethanolic extracts of leaf possesses more substantial antimicrobial [92] activity scavenging assay were assessed. Separate tests were conducted and crude F-asafoetida gum were properties against E. coli, S. aureus, and using the dried leaf and gum extracts of F. asafoetida to determine their produced. The solvent was used in S. cerevisiae than gum extract. Ferula activity against Escherichia coli PTCC 1330, Staphylococcus aureus two cycles, and the ratio of solvent to asafoetida extracts can have particular PTCC 1112, Aspergillus niger PTCC 5010, and Saccharomyces dry leaf or fresh crude gum was 3:1 applications in the food industry due to cerevisiae PTCC 5051 for the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity. (w/w). The residue was obtained by beneficial biological activity. evaporating the solvent under a vacuum after filtering. Antioxidant and The essential oil from the seeds of the endemic Tunisian plant ferula On a Clevenger-type apparatus, the Antimicrobial activity against Salmonella antimicrobial tunetana Pomel ex Batt. was assessed for antimicrobial, antioxidant, fresh seeds were subjected to hydro- typhimurium LT2 DT104 and Bacillus activity and antigerminative properties. The isolated oil wastested also for its distillation. The essential oil was cereus ATCC14579 was indicated.

Daneshniya et al.; SARJNP, 4(3): 1-23, 2021; Article no.SARJNP.67706

Activity Evaluation of the activity Type of extract Result / Conclusion Reference . antioxidant activity against DPPH, ABTS, O2 and H2O2. Isolated oil was decanted and dried using sodium However, it exerted a moderate [93] tested for its antimicrobial activity using the disc-diffusion and the sulfate as a drying agent. antioxidant activity against H2O2 and . microdilution assays against six Gram-positive (Staphylococcus O2 .essential oil of F. tunetana could be epidermidis CIP 106510, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, used as bactericidal and fungal Micrococcus luteus NCIMB 8166, Bacilluscereus ATCC 11778, Bacillus alternatives to antibiotics against the cereus ATCC 14579, Bacillus subtilus ATCC 6633) and five Gram- microorganisms. negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella typhimurium LT2DT104, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311) as well as towards two Candida species (Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and Candida glabrata ATCC 90030). Antioxidant and The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the aerial parts of ferula Air-dried and powdered aerial parts of Isolation studies were performed on antimicrobial caspica M. Bieb. extracts were examined. CUPRAC, ABTS, FRAP, F. caspica were extracted with chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts activity Folin–Ciocalteu, and aluminum chloride methods were measured by the chloroform and methanol, using a showed the highest activity in the assays [94] antioxidant capacities. The extracts were tested against the bacteria rotary extractor without vacuum. The for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, methanol extract was partitioned respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC between ethyl acetate and water. 29213) and fungal species (Candida albicans ATCC 90028, C. krusei ATCC 6258, C. parasilosis ATCC 90018) for antimicrobial activity. Antioxidant and The chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil from The fresh samples from the The chemical compositions of the [95] antimicrobial the underground parts of ferula tadshikorum M. Pimen, collected from underground parts of F. tadshikorum essential oil were dominated by the activity the southern part of Tajikistan, were evaluated. The antioxidant activity were cut into small pieces and sulfur-containing compounds (Z)-propenyl of the essential oil was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrodistilled to give the yellow sec-butyl disulfide, (E) propenyl sec-butyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] (ABTS), essential oil. disulfide, and (E)-1(1-propen-1-yl)-2(2- and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The essential oil thiopent-3-yl) trans disulfide. The was screened against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus essential oil of F. tadshikorum exhibited (MRSA) NCTC 10442 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 bacteria. low antioxidant activity compared to the positive control, caffeic acid. The essential oil has weak antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, similar to other sulfur-containing ferula oils. Antioxidant Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil and Dry aerial parts of ferula microcolea Ferula microcolea methanol extracts have activity methanolic extracts of ferula microcolea analyzed by gas were subjected to the hydro-distillation a greater antioxidant function than the chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. DPPH using a Cleavenger-type apparatus, essential oil. Ferula microcolea methanol [96] assay, β-Carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay, Total Phenolics Assay, according to the method extracts could be used instead of more and Total Flavonoid Content were assessed for the antioxidant recommended by the European toxic synthetic antioxidants in foods,

Daneshniya et al.; SARJNP, 4(3): 1-23, 2021; Article no.SARJNP.67706

Activity Evaluation of the activity Type of extract Result / Conclusion Reference evaluation. Pharmacopia to produce oils. The pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic obtained essential oils were dried over formulations. anhydrous sodium sulphate. Antioxidant The antioxidant efficacy of aerial parts extracts of ferula communis Sample extracts (flower, fruit, and While in vitro classic assays, as well as in activity L.was evaluated using different experimental models, including total stem) were obtained by stirring dry vitro cellular models, have shown that F. phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, ABTS radical scavenging organs powder in methanol using a communis extracts have strong assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, Oxygen Radical Absorbance magnetic stirrer plate. Extracts antioxidant properties, the antioxidant [97] Capacity assay, Ferric reducing power, Metal-chelating power, as well obtained were filtered through a actions of organs ranged greatly. Flower as In vitro evaluation of antioxidant capacity. Whatman filter paper and freed of extracts had the largest antioxidant solvent under reduced pressure, using capacities and the highest overall a rotary evaporator. phenolic content. These findings suggested that this organ has a lot of potentials as a source of beneficial phenolic compounds and as a potential source of health products for the pharmaceutical industry. Antioxidant Antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of ferula Using a British-style Clevenger In all of the models tested, the aerial parts activity assafoetida was determined by employing various in vitro assay apparatus, the air-dried and ground, of the extract of F. assafoetida had high [98] systems, including total phenolic compounds and flavonoid content, aerial parts of the plant was subjected but varying amounts of antioxidant DPPH radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, nitric oxide- to water distillation. After filtration, the activity. The extracts had strong Fe2+ scavenging activity assay, metal chelating activity, as well as ferric essential oil was dried over anhydrous chelating, DPPH radical scavenging, and thiocyanate method. sodium sulphate. nitric oxide scavenging properties.

The chemical composition and antioxidant properties of ferula-assa- The yellow oil was obtained by hydro- Antioxidant foetida leaves essential oil were determined. For antioxidant activity, distilling the leaves using a Clevenger The essential oil of ferula assa-foetida activity diphenyl picrylhydrazyl was used to evaluate the samples' radical apparatus. Anhydrous sodium sulfate leaf is a readily available source of scavenging behavior (DPPH). The total antioxidant potential was was used to dry the crude. natural antioxidants such as [99] determined using the phosphomolybdate process. Folin-Ciocalteu and eremophilene, δ-cadinene, and Zhishen methods were used to determine the sum of overall phenol and longiborneol, and it may be ideal for use flavonoid. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was also in food and medicinal applications, as used to examine the components of FLEO. well as an excellent substitute to mitigate the risk of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and other free radical-related health issues. The in vitro and in vivo antioxidative and radical scavenging potential of Dried powder of aerial parts or roots The F. szovitsiana extracts show relevant organic extracts of the aerial parts and roots of ferula szovitsiana DC (stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits) of antioxidant activity both in vitro and in

Daneshniya et al.; SARJNP, 4(3): 1-23, 2021; Article no.SARJNP.67706

Activity Evaluation of the activity Type of extract Result / Conclusion Reference Antioxidant (Umbelliferae) were evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power F. szovitsiana was extracted serially vivo by means of scavenging free activity (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging with hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl radicals, reducing the cellular lipid [100] activities in vitro. The influence of the most potent sample was acetate, and methanol. The extraction peroxidation, and increasing the activity examined in rats for the prevention of plasma and liver lipid peroxidation was repeated three times, and the of antioxidant enzymes and total and activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide solvent was evaporated in a vacuum. antioxidant power. The higher antioxidant dismutase (SOD). potential of methanol extract of F. szovitsiana shown in the current study indicates that most of the active constituents of this plant are polar phenolic components. Antioxidant and antihaemolytic activities of ferula foetida regel A known amount of each sample was Excellent antioxidant and antihemolytic Antioxidant (Umbelliferae) were evaluated. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical extracted at room temperature by activities in the hydroalcoholic extract of 2+ activity (DPPH), nitric oxide and H2O2 scavenging activities, Fe chelating percolation with ethanol/water. The ferula foetida regel Boiss flower, stem, [101] ability, reducing power, and hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid extract was then separated from the and leaf were highlighted, resulting from peroxidation were used to evaluate antioxidant activities. Total phenolic sample residue by filtration through a their high phenol and flavonoid contents. compounds were determined as gallic acid equivalents, and total Whatman filter paper. This procedure flavonoid contents were calculated as quercetin equivalents from a was repeated thrice. The resulting calibration curve. extract was concentrated over a rotary vacuum until a crude extract was obtained. To evaluate the antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts and The stems of the plant were washed Compared to ultrasonic and classical Antioxidant essential oil of ferula orientalis L. various in vitro assays approaches, and crushed into small pieces with a water, ethanol:water, and methanol:water [102] activity including total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and DPPH and blender. Water, ethanol, and methanol samples, the essential oil of F. orientalis ABTS radical scavenging activity assays, as well as some in vitro extracts were prepared by using had a moderately high antioxidant assays were examined. ultrasonic and classical methods, and function. The total phenolic and total essential oil was obtained by the flavonoid contents of the extracts were hydro-distillation method. measured at high concentrations, especially in the methanol:water extract. The antioxidant potential of dierent ferula species, F. caratavica, F. All the plant materials were air-dried in The essential oils obtained from different kuchistanica, F. pseudoreoselinum, F. samarcandica, F. tenuisecta and the shade and powdered using a ferula species, F. caratavica, F. [103] Antioxidant F. varia, was assessed in vitro using different assays including 2,2’- mortar and pestle to get particles of a kuchistanica,F. pseudoreoselinum, F. activity azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), cupric uniform, reduced size. Preparation of samarcandica, F. tenuisecta and F. varia reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing power (FRAP) the essential oil samples was showed significant variation as revealed and phosphomolybdenum (PM) assays. achieved by hydro-distillation of the by GC analyses. the different ferula air-dried aerial parts of the different species could serve as a promising ferula species by Clevenger-type natural antioxidant drug that could be

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Activity Evaluation of the activity Type of extract Result / Conclusion Reference apparatus. Anhydrous Na2SO4 was included in different products and used as used to dehydrate the prepared spices to alleviate hyperglycemia and as essential oils a natural ingredient in pharmaceutical cosmetics to counteract hyperpigmentation. The antioxidant property of the extracts of ferula elaeochytris and The aerial parts of F. elaeochytris The methanol and water extracts of F. Antioxidant Sideritis stricta was determined by evaluating the total phenolic and were extracted separately with elaeochytris and the acetone and [104] activity flavonoid contents, β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, DPPH free radical different solvents according to their methanol extracts of S. stricta containing scavenging assay, ABTS cation radical scavenging assay, cupric- increasing polarity: hexane, acetone, the highest amount of total phenolic and reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay, and metal chelating and methanol. The water extract was flavonoid contents showed the highest assay. obtained by lyophilization using a antioxidant activities in β-carotene– freeze-drier. linoleic acid, DPPH•, ABTS•+ , and CUPRAC assays. Ferula and Sideritis species have promising activities and high phytochemical contents. They could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Aerial parts of F. latisecta and M. The essential oil of F. latisecta has no Antibacterial aerial parts of ferula latisecta and Mozaffariania insignis, which are insignis were subjected to hydro- impact on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but [105] activity endemic to Iran, were evaluated. The Gram-positive bacteria included distillation using a Clevenger-type showed substantial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC apparatus to produce light yellow oils. Gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia 15753, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9372, and the Gram-negative coli. M. insignis essential oil had the bacteria included Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 3583, Pseudomonas highest inhibitory efficacy against aeruginosa ATCC 27852, and Escherichia coli ATCC 9763 were used Staphylococcus aureus and for antimicrobial evaluation. demonstrated significant activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, but was ineffective against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. Antibacterial Ferula gummosa Boiss. (Apiaceae) fruit volatile oil in vitro antimicrobial F. gummosa . Boiss fruits were The bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity activities were determined by the agar disc diffusion method. Gram collected from wild plants. Air-dried properties of the oil are suspected to be [106] positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis, and Bacillus fruits were powdered and subjected to associated with the high a-pinene and b- subtilis), three strains of Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, hydro-distilation using a Clevenger- pinene content. The results indicate that Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and two strains of type apparatus. the fruits have the potential for use as an fungi (Candida albicans and C. kefyr) were used for the antimicrobial aromatic antimicrobial agent.

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Activity Evaluation of the activity Type of extract Result / Conclusion Reference test. Content of polysulphides in the volatile oil of ferula latisecta Rech. F. et Air-dried fruits of the plant were The volatile oil from F. latisecta Antibacterial Aell. fruits and antimicrobial activity of the oil were analyzed by GC/MS. powdered, and the oil was obtained possesses moderate antibacterial activity [107] activity For antimicrobial evaluation, five microorganisms, including by hydro-distillation using a against Staph.aureus and relatively Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538p and Bacillus cereus ATCC10876 Clevenger-type apparatus. The oil strong anti-fungal activity against as gram-positive bacterial species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC was separated from the aqueous C.albicans. The major component of the 9027 and Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 as gram-negative bacterial layer, dried over anhydrous sodium oil of the fruits of F.latisecta was sec- species, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 as a fungal strain were sulfate. butyl-(Z)-propenyl disulphide. used. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) was used to Hydrodistillation was used on air-dried The disulphide compounds were the main Antibacterial examine the essential oil of the aerial part of ferula assa-foetida. Using flowering aerial parts, and the oil was constituents of the essential oil of F-assa- activity the microdilution process, the essential oil's minimum inhibitory dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. foetida L- from the Neishabour mountains [108] concentrations were investigated against Gram-positive bacteria, (Iran) among the different compounds namely Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus found in the oil. Disulphide compounds subtilis and Gram-negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, may be the source of this plant's mild Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia. antibacterial effect, according to other studies from around the country. Antibacterial Antibacterial activity of the different extracts of F. asafoetida was Both the red and white type of ferula The extracts of F. assafoetida [109] activity determined by the disc diffusion method and various bacteria including asafoetida were firstly dried and then demonstrated activity against both gram- Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, grinded to powder. Then both positive and gram-negative bacteria. Shigella flexneri, and Enterococcus faecalis. powdered forms were suspended in However, enterobacters were found to be autoclaved distilled water. Similarly, more susceptible. Organic extracts have the extracts in hot water, hexane, shown more potent activity in comparison ethanol, and petroleum ether were to aqueous extracts. prepared.

The antibacterial effect of the aerial parts and root essential oils of F. By using Clevenger and distillation Both essential oils have antibacterial Antibacterial haussknechtii were separately tested against 9 bacteria, naming with water, the essential oils of aerial effects on Staphylococcus aureous, activity Bacillus cereus PTCC 1015, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 , Bacillus parts and root of ferula haussknechtii Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus [110] pumilus PTCC 1274, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 465, Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated pumilus. By considering F. haussknechtii ATCC 10031, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29737, Staphylococcus compounds and the antibacterial effect of aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228, and its essential oils, it can be used in Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 85327. The antibacterial activity of pharmaceutical and food industry. essential oils was determined via the disk diffusion method. Antimicrobial Screening of anti-fungal properties of many organic and aqueous Asafoetida powder and asafoetida Ethanol extract of asafoetida powder form activity extracts of Asafoetida against Gram positive bacteria, namely crude form each was dissolved in the was found to be more effective than other [111]

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Activity Evaluation of the activity Type of extract Result / Conclusion Reference Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 3160 and Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441, ethanol (95%), Acetone, Petroleum extracts. Solvents containing asafoetida and Gram negative bacteria, namely E.coli MTCC 443 and ether, a mixture of Carbon powder were tested against test Pseudomonas aruginosa 4673 was carried out. tetrachloride, and methanol. Then organisms and found to have no inhibition Soxhlet extraction was run. All zone against any of them. extracts were concentrated by evaporating the solvent. Antimicrobial Antimicrobial activities of Asafoetida resin extracts were measured with The crude form of Asafoetida was B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, P. activity the help of E.coli MTCC-443, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC4673, crushed into a fine powder with the aeruginosa, and Aspergillus niger were [112] Staphylococcus aureus MTCC3160, Bacillus subtilis MTCC-441, pestle and mortar. Then the crude all eliminated by alcoholic and aqueous Aspergillus niger MTCC-1344. (resin) form of Asafoetida was extracts of Asafoetida. dissolved in ethanol, petroleum ether, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, methanol, and aqueous extracts were prepared. Antimicrobial Fungal strains Aspergillus flavus MTCC 277, Aspergillus niger Pathani and Irani oleo gum resins Variations in chemical composition activity MTCC281, Aspergillus ochraceus MTCC 4643, Fusarium oxysporum were hydrodistilled using Clevenger between the varieties of asafoetida were MTCC 1755 and Penicillium chrysogenum MTCC 161 and bacterial apparatus. The volatile distillates were well demonstrated, due to which Pathani strains Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 7443, Yersinia enterocolitica collected and dried over anhydrous oil resulted in being an antibacterial agent [113] MTCC 859, Salmonella typhi MTCC 80, Salmonella paratyphi sodium sulphate. while Irani to be a fungicidal agent. The MTCC537, Bacillus cereus MTCC 1305, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441, variation in the constitution of active Listeria monocytogenes MTCC 657, Escherichia coli MTCC 118 were components present in the two varieties used for the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of volatile oils from and their potential in pharmaceutical uses ferula asafoetida varieties. and food preservation was illustrated. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil obtained The aerial parts of ferula szovitsiana The essential oil of F. szovitsiana Antimicrobial from stem/leaves and flowers/fruits of ferula szovitsiana D.C. were (stem/leaves and flowers/ fruits) were represents the most potent antimicrobial [114] activity analyzed by GC and GC–MS. The antimicrobial and anti-fungal dried and subjected to hydro- candidates for Bacillus subtilis. However, activities of the equal mixture of essential oils from stem/leaves and distillation, using a Clevenger-type the essential oil of the plant exhibited flowers/fruits were determined against Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 12711), apparatus. The essential oil weaker activity against other Gram- Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29737), Echerichia coli (ATCC 8739), preparation from each part was positive bacterial strains tested, and in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Aspergillus niger performed three times, and oils were particular against Gram-negative (ATCC16404) and Candida albicans (ATCC 14053). dried with anhydrous sodium bacterial or fungal strains, even at a high sulphate. concentration. The chemical composition and biological activity of ferula aucheri The shade-dried flowering tops, fruits, Root and fruit oils were more effective Antimicrobial essential oil were investigated. Nine bacterial strains including and roots of F. aucheri were ground than gentamicin against Escherichia coli, activity Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC and each powder was subjected to and flowering tops oils proved lower MICs [115] 6633), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC hydro-distillation at normal pressure versus Staphylococcus aureus. The

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Activity Evaluation of the activity Type of extract Result / Conclusion Reference 29737), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 10031), Staphylococcus using a Clevenger- type apparatus. essential oils of F. aucheri were found to epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Shigella dysenteriae (PTCC 1188), Proteus The essential oils were collected, have antimicrobial properties as well as vulgaris (PTCC 1182), Salmonella paratyphi A- serotype (ATCC 5702), dehydrated over anhydrous sodium inhibition properties against acetylcholine as well as two fungus including Aspergillus brasiliensis (ATCC 5011) sulfate. esterase enzyme. and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404), and a yeast, Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) were used for evaluation of the antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial The composition, antibiofilm, and antimicrobial activities of essential oil The air-dried oleo-gum resin of The essential oil of F. assa-foetida has a activity of ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin were assessed. Candida F.assa-foetida was hydrodistillated, considerable antimicrobial activity against albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei , C. tropicalis, using a Clevenger-type apparatus, some bacterial and fungal species. As the [116] Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus flavus, A.fumigatus , A. oryzae, based on the method outlined by the industries tend to use natural A. clavatus, Pseudallescheria boydii, Penicillium marneffei and British Pharmacopoeia. The obtained preservatives instead of chemical Exophiala dermatitidis , as well as Microsporum gypseum, M. canis and oils were dried over anhydrous additives in their products, the essential Trichophyton rubrum were used for the determination of anti-fungal sodium sulfate. oil of F. assa-foetida with potential activity. The antibacterial activities of the essential oils were tested antimicrobial activities might be against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus considered as a proper natural source to mutans, S. sanguis, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia control bacterial and fungal coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and clinical isolates of Listeria contaminations in the products and monocytogenes, S. aureus, S. mutans, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. improve their shelf life and quality. antibacterial and anti-fungal activity of extracts of Asafoetida was The powdered plant material was The antimicrobial and anti-fungal efficacy Antimicrobial measured. For antibacterial activity Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus extracted in the various extracts, of ethyl acetate, ethanol, and methanol activity aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and for anti-fungal namely chloroform, ethyl acetate, extracts is significant, with methanolic [117] activity Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans were selected. ethanol, methanol, and water. extract having the highest activity. Extraction was carried out at room temperature, filtered, and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of isolates obtained from the The underground parts of ferula The CHCl3 and MeOH extracts exhibited Antimicrobial underground parts of the Balkan endemic plant ferula heuffelii Griseb. heuffelii were collected. Air-dried plant moderate antimicrobial activity, more activity ex Heuff. were assessed. the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus material was powdered and then pronounced against Gram-positive than [118] aureus (ATCC 25923), S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Micrococcus macerated, first with CHCl3 and then Gram-negative bacteria, especially luteus (ATCC 3341), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), and Bacillus with MeOH. The extracts were then against Staphylococcus aureus and subtilis (ATCC6633), the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli filtered, and the solvents evaporated. Micrococcus luteus. (ATCC25922 and ATCC 10536), Klebsiella pneumoniae (NCIMB 9111 and ATCC13883), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and one strain of the yeast Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) were used for antimicrobial activity.

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Activity Evaluation of the activity Type of extract Result / Conclusion Reference The essential oils from the leaves and stems of ferula szowitsiana DC. Air-dried leaves and stems of F. The findings suggest that the leaf oil of F. (Umbelliferae) were separately obtained and then analyzed by GC and szowitsiana were separately szowitsiana may be used as an aromatic [119] Antimicrobial GC/MS methods. The antimicrobial activity of the leaf oil was tested via hydrodistilled using a Clevenger-type antimicrobial agent against a variety of activity in-vitro microdilution broth technique. Antibacterial activity was apparatus to yield oils. The oils were pathogenic bacteria. assessed by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus dried over anhydrous sodium vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, sulphate. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial The composition, antimicrobial, antiradical, and spasmolytic activity of Air-dried underground parts were Two strains of Candida albicans and and antiradical ferula heuffelii Griseb. ex Heuffel (Apiaceae) essential oil were powdered, and the essential oil was Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus activity assessed. Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC isolated by hydro-distillation in a epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, and [120] 25923), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Micrococcus luteus Clevenger-type apparatus according Micrococcus flavus showed the highest (ATCC 3341), Micrococcus flavus (ATCC 10240), Enterococcus to the procedure of the European vulnerability against the antimicrobial faecalis (ATCC29212), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), and Gram Pharmacopoeia, using n-hexane as a activity of the essential oil. Scavenging of negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), Klebsiella collecting solvent. DPPH radical. However, it was pneumoniae (ATCC 13883), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), concentration-dependent and two strains of a yeast Candidaalbicans (ATCC 10259 and ATCC 10231) were used for evaluation of the antimicrobial activity. 2,2- diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) was also used for the radical scavenging activity evaluation. Anti-fungal Essential oils derived from spices were investigated for their anti-fungal The essential oils of 20 spices, All fungal strains were inhibited by activity activity against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Candida blanki, including asafoetida, were tested. asafoetida oil, but Candida tropicalis, [121] Candida cylindracea, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei,Candida Candida albicans, Saccharomyces tropicalis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the disc diffusion cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger method. experienced the most inhibitory action. Essential oils extracted from the seeds of neem (Azadirachta indica), Seeds of mustard (Brassica Regarding A. flavus and Nigella sativa, Anti-fungal mustard (Brassica campestris), black cumin (Nigella sativa), and campestris), black cumin (Nigella asafoetida oil at 0.1% and [122] activity asafoetida (Ferula assafoetida) were evaluated for their anti-fungal sativa), neem (Azadirachta indica), 0.15% significantly inhibited the growth of activity against eight seed borne fungi, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, and Asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida) all test fungi. All oils were more effective Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme, F. nivale, F. semitectum, were ground into a fine powder in an and well compared to fungicide except Drechslera hawiinesis and Alternaria alternata. Ridomyl gold was used electric grinder, and oils were mustard oil. Our data on the anti-fungal for comparison. extracted with n-hexane on Soxhlet's properties of oils suggest that these oils extraction apparatus. should be examined further to evaluate their potential as a natural fungicide. Anti-fungal Ninety formulations of neem oil (Azadirachta indica), and ferula Different formulations of neem oil, and Anti-fungal behavior was observed in activity asafoetida, were screened in vitro against Sclerotium rolfsii ITCC 5226 ferula asafoetida test samples were formulations containing F. asafoetida as a [123] and Macrophomina phaseolina ITCC 0482. prepared in acetone. natural ingredient.

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Activity Evaluation of the activity Type of extract Result / Conclusion Reference The anti-fungal and allelopathic effects of the methanol extracts A sample of oleogum-resin was At higher concentrations, asafoetida Anti-fungal concentrations against T. harzianum and Pleurotus spp., were macerated with 96% (v/v) methanol. demonstrated fungicidal activity against [124] activity investigated in dual culture experiments The sample was filtered and T. harzianum strains and Pleurotus spp. concentrated in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure. The dried methanol extract was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. Anti-fungal Anti-fungal effects of asafoetida seed essential oil on in vitro growth of Clevenger apparatus used for seed The growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana has activity five species of plant pathogenic fungi namely, Bipolaris sorokiniana, essential oil extraction. been pretty much stopped. With an [125] Verticellium. Sp, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium solani and increase in essential oil concentration, Aspergillus niger were assessed. the growth of other species improved as well. Anti-fungal activity of in vitro aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Barije The plant was dried in the dark, and Methanol and ethanol extracts proved to Anti-fungal root (Ferula gummosa) was evaluated against Candida albicans (PTCC aqueous, alcoholic extracts of its root have anti-fungal activity against Candida [126] activity 5027), Trichophyton rubrum (PTCC5143), and Aspergillus fumigatus powder were prepared using the albicans yeast in vitro, while the fungi of (PTCC 5009). Soxhlet method. Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum had no sensitivity to these types of extracts. Composition and anti-fungal activity of the oil of ferula gummosa The fruits of three samples of F. The anti-fungal compounds of samples Anti-fungal samples from Iran were evaluated. Strains of the Colletotrichum gummosa Boiss. were powered assayed are not well known; however, [127] activity gleosporoides, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus separately and subjected to hydro- the amount of some components might niger were used for the determination of the anti-fungal activity. distillation, using a Clevenger-type determine the level of toxicity for the apparatus. The oils were dried over fungus. anhydrous sodium sulphate.

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non-enzymatic antioxidants are the two primary been encouraged to develop novel and more categories of natural antioxidants. Primary and efficient natural products due to today's secondary enzymes make up the enzymatic consumer preference for natural preservatives antioxidants. Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide over synthetic additives. Aside from the current dismutase, and catalase are the main enzymes ones, there are undoubtedly many more natural that catalyze the direct decomposition of ROS herbal, animal, or microbial additive ingredients species to inactive compounds, while glutathione that have yet to be found. One of the plants reductase and glucose-6-phosphate studied in various research, ferula, has been dehydrogenase are secondary enzymes. The approved to have promising antibacterial, anti- glutathione reductase converts oxidized fungal, and antioxidant activity; hence, essential glutathione to its reduced state, allowing further oils and plant extracts of ferula species can be free radicals to be neutralized. NADPH is used as a potential natural preservative. There produced by glucose-6-phosphate, which does are challenges for the industrial application of not instantly neutralize free radicals but can ferula, and the first one is cultivation. As this stimulate other endogenous antioxidants [88]. plant is wild-flower, a suitable method of Non-enzymatic antioxidants scavenge peroxy or production should be introduced. Besides, the alkoxy radicals, quench singlet oxygen, and essential oils of the ferula species have been eliminate pro-oxidative transition metal indicated to have higher antimicrobial and pollutants. A category of natural substances antioxidant activity than plant extract; hence, an known as antioxidants includes simple phenols, approach for high quantity yielding of essential phenolic acids, polyphenolic derivatives, amino oils is required. To cope with mentioned acids, tocopherols, and ascorbic acid (vitamins E challenges and move toward industrial and C, respectively) [89]. application, more research on the treatment of various food products with ferula species' In the food industry, antioxidants and essential oils and plant extract addition should be antimicrobials should be used extensively to done. inhibit microbial growth in foods, as well as to prevent the degradation of fats from preventing COMPETING INTERESTS rancidity. Nonetheless, growing concern about the adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants and Authors have declared that no competing antimicrobials on consumers' health, as well as interests exist. the benefits of natural compounds, has triggered further scientific experiments into the mechanism REFERENCES of action and toxicity of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials. As shown in table1, among 1. Clemente I, Aznar M, Silva F, Nerín C. various tested natural antioxidants and Antimicrobial properties and mode of antimicrobials, those derived from ferula species action of mustard and cinnamon essential have appealed quite an interest. Although the oils and their combination against food- method of isolation of compounds with biological borne bacteria. Innovative Food Science & activity, as well as part of the plant used for Emerging Technologies. 2016;36:26-33. isolation, growth-stage of the plant, and some 2. Becerril R, Manso S, Nerin C, Gómez-Lus other contributing factors can affect the R. Antimicrobial activity of Lauroyl Arginate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of plant Ethyl (LAE), against selected food-borne extracts and essential oils, on the whole, it can bacteria. Food Control. 2013;32(2):404-8. be deduced that different species of ferula are 3. Wu N, Fu K, Fu YJ, Zu YG, Chang FR, potential sources of natural food preservative Chen YH, Liu XL, Kong Y, Liu W, Gu CB. compound. Antioxidant activities of extracts and main components of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan 4. CONCLUSION (L.) Millsp.] leaves. Molecules. 2009; 14(3):1032-43. Food safety is a significant concern for both 4. Akbarirad H, Gohari Ardabili A, Kazemeini consumers and the food industry, so specific S M, Mousavi Khaneghah A. An overview preservative agents with significant antimicrobial on some of important sources of natural and antioxidant properties have been used on antioxidants. International Food Research food products to make them safer and protect Journal. 2016;23(3):928-33. them from oxidation and food-borne pathogens. 5. Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Food researchers and the food industry have Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential

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