Review Article Nov Tech Arthritis Bone Res Volume 1 Issue 2 - May 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Murugan K DOI: 10.19080/NTAB.2017.01.555558 Review of Ameliorative Potentials of -Derived Phytochemicals against Arthritics

Manoj GS1, Bosco Lawarence2 Sreelekshmi SG3 and Murugan K3* 1Department of Botany, NSS College, 2Department of Botany, Govt. Arts College, India 3Department of Botany, University College, India Submission: May 05, 2017; Published: June 02, 2017 *Corresponding author: Murugan K, Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, , 695 034, India, Email:

Abstract Traditional herbals are practiced from time immemorial for the treatment of arthritis especially in developing countries. inhabiting

suchacross as the Matricaria countries chamomilla especially , CichoriumIndia, China, intybus Korea , Rhododendron and Nigeria were campanulatum, traditionally Plumbago used by rosea,different Salvadora tribes/ethnic oleoides, groups Acacia for polyantha ameliorating arthritis. Herbals/their parts/crude extracts/polyherbal combinations against arthritis have been accounted reviewed in the study. Plants were reportedbeing used in traditionally most of the species.to ameliorate Even though,painful inflammatoryplant extracts conditions or individual but phytochemicals not fully explored derived experimentally from herbals in the exhibit treatment remarkable of arthritis. potential 124 butplant the species underlying are documented biochemical in orthe molecular present study mechanism as tribal has knowledge not been against properly arthritis. elucidated. Similarly, There polyphenols is an urgent are need the major to screen phytochemical the active molecule of these herbals as potential agents and monitor the biosafety of these novel constituents. Keywords:

Herbals; Phytochemicals; Arthritis; Tribal knowledge; Polyphenols

Introduction much interest in those novel drugs derived from herbals because

Arthritis is the inflammation in the joints which leads of their safety and less expensive. Nature has empowered with problem in moving around. It can lead to stiffness, pain, swelling source of therapeutic drugs for the prevention and cure of many such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, infectious arthritis, wealth of herbals and is widely distributed all over the world as and redness in the joints. There are diverse types of arthritis gout and psoriatic arthritis. Generally, it is considered as a part based drugs for their primary health needs. The medicinally diseases. According to WHO, world’s 80% population use plant important parts of these herbals are phytochemical constituents of aging posed disease however it occur to others also. The that produce a desired physiological reaction on the body and major reasons for the incidence of this disease were injury, there by curative action. and tissues, external infection and excess uric acid accumulation. autoimmune i.e., immune system starts attacking its own cells Results and Discussion Herbals are employed for the treatment of many ailments from historical periods and herbal drugs use is as old as mankind. questionnaire analysis used by the Kani tribals from Kerala used Herbal drugs are synthesized from ancient system of medicine by 141 plant species are identified by local interview and for curing arthritis. They are listed in the Table 1 in terms of

binomial, family and parts used. Tablethe traditional 1: practitioners. Nowadays, pharmacologists show

Major plantsBinomial used in traditional medicine are enlisted.Family Parts Used Acacia polyantha Mimosaceae

Achillea millefolium Linn. Compositae HeartPlant wood Adenanthera pavonina Linn. Mimosaceae Leaves Alangium lamarkii Thwaites. Alangiaceae Leaves

Nov Tech Arthritis Bone Res 1(2): NTAB.MS.ID.555558 (2017) 001 Novel Techniques in Arthritis & Bone Research

Alangium salviifolium Wang Alangiaceae Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Apium graveolens Linn. Umbelliferae

Azima tetracantha Lam. Salvadoraceae bark,Seeds leaves Barleria courtallica Nees. Roots Barleria cristata Linn. Acanthaceae Roots latifolia Roxb. Bark Bassia longifolia Linn. Sapotaceae Bark Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Fabaceae Bark Bauhinia tomentosa Linn. Fabaceae Leaf Bula alba Linn Cupuliferae Bark Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Nyctagineae Roots Caesalpinia sappan Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Wood Carthamus tinctorius Linn. Compositae

Cassia fistula Linn. Caesalpiniaceae LeavesSeeds and oil fruits Cassia fistula Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Fruits Cichorium intybus Linn. Compositae Root Cinchona officinalis Linn. Rubiaceae Bark Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Cucurbitaceae Roots Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp. Verbenaceae Roots Clerodendron inerme Gaertn. Verbenaceae Roots Clerodendron phlomides L.F. Verbenaceae Leaves Clerodendron serratum Spreng. Verbenaceae Roots Clerodendron siphonanthus R.Br. Verbenaceae Roots Clitoria ternatea Linn. Fabaceae Roots Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. Burseraceae Gum Commiphora wightii (arn.)Bhandari Burseraceae Leaves Corallocarpus epigeous (Rottler) Hook.f. Cucurbitaceae Plant Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. Boraginaceae Fruits Cotula anthemoides Lour. Compositae Plant oil Dastica cannabina Linn. Datiscaceae Root Delonix elanta (L.) Gamble Caesalpiniaceae Plant Dichrostachys cinerea Wight &Arn. Mimosaceae Root candolleana Wight Bark Diospyros paniculata Dalzell Ebenaceae Bark Drynaria quercifolia (Linn.) Polypodiaceae Rhizomes Echinopsechinatus Compositae Plant Eclipta prostrata Linn. Asteraceae Roots, Leaves Elaecarpus obolongus Gaertn Tiliaceae

Elaeocarpus serratus Linn. Tiliaceae FlowerLeaves Euphorbia antiquorum Linn. Euphorbiaceae Juice Eugenia operculata Roxb. Myrtaceae Fruit Eugenia spicataLam. Myrtaceae Plant Euphorbia ligularia Roxb. Euphorbiaceae Whole plant narthex Boiss. Umbelliferae

Ficus benghalensis Linn. Moraceae Aerial root, bark,Stem, leaves, leaves buds, fruits,

How to cite this article: Manoj G, Bosco L, Sreelekshmi S, Murugan K. Review of Ameliorative Potentials of Plant-Derived Phytochemicals against 002 Arthritics. Nov Tech Arthritis Bone Res. 2017; 1(2) : 555558. DOI: 10.19080/NTAB.2017.01.555558 Novel Techniques in Arthritis & Bone Research

Flacourtia jangomas Rausch. Flacourtiaceae Fruits Fritillaria roylei Hook. F. Liliaceae Bulbs Glycosmis arborea(Roxb.)Dc. Rutaceae Whole plant Gossypium herbaceum Linn. Malvaceae Leaves Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. Compositae Root Heliotropium indicumnLinn. Boraginaceae Whole plant Hemidesmus indicus (Linn.) R.br. Asclepiadaceae Roots Hiptage benghalensis (Linn.) Kurz Malpighiaceae

Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don Apocynaceae Bark,Bark, leaves, seeds flowers Holoptela integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Ulmaceae Bark, leaves Hyoscyamus niger Linn. Solanaceae Leaves, seeds Illicium verum Hook. F. Magnoliaceae Fruits Inula racemosa Hook. F. Asteraceae Roots Ipomoea nil (Linn.) Roth Convolvulaceae

Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. Oleaceae SeedsRoot Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andr. Oleaceae

Jatropha curcas Linn. Euphorbiaceae Flowers Juglans regia Linn. Var. Kumaonia dc. Juglandaceae SeedsFruits (oil) Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. Acanthaceae Roots, leaves Kaempferia galangal Linn. Zingiberaceae Rhizomes, root-stock, leaves Lantana camara Linn. Var. Aculeate (Linn.) Verbenaceae Fruits Moldenke Launaea pinnatifida Compositae

Lawsonia inermis Linn. Lythraceae PlantLeaves juice Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Lamiaceae

Lilium polyphyllum D.Don Liliaceae Leaves,Bulb flowers longifolia (Koenig) Macbride Sapotaceae

Mangifera indicaLinn. Anacardiaceae Roots,Seed (oil) bark Rhazya stricta Apocynaceae

Rhododendron campanulatum Ericaceae Roots, stem,Leaves leaves, flowers Ricinus communis Linn. Euphorbiaceae Leaves Rosa alba Linn. Rosaceae

Rubia cordifolia Linn. Rubiaceae FlowerRoots Ruta chalepensis Linn. Rutaceae Leaves Salvadora oleoides Salvadoraceae

Salvadora persica Linn. Salvadoraceae Seeds(oil)Leaves Sarcocephalus missionis Rubiaceae Bark Saussura elappa Compositae Root Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken Sapindaceae Bark Semecarpus anacardium Linn.f. Anacardiaceae Fruits Sesbania grandiflora (Linn.) Poir. Fabaceae Root-bark Setaria italic (Linn.) P.beauv Poaceae Grains Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borssum Malvaceae Roots Sida rhombifolia Linn. Malvaceae Roots, leaves Solanum surattense Burm.f. Solanaceae Whole plant Spilanthes acmella Compositae Leaves

How to cite this article: Manoj G, Bosco L, Sreelekshmi S, Murugan K. Review of Ameliorative Potentials of Plant-Derived Phytochemicals against 003 Arthritics. Nov Tech Arthritis Bone Res. 2017; 1(2) : 555558. DOI: 10.19080/NTAB.2017.01.555558 Novel Techniques in Arthritis & Bone Research

Stereospermum colais Bignoniaceae Leaves Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Moore Symplocaceae Bark Tabernaemontana divaricate (Linn.) Apocynaceae Roots Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) Craib Fruits Tribulus terrestris Linn. Zygophyllaceae Whole plant Trichodesma indicum (Linn.)R.br. Boraginaceae Whole plant Trichosanthes palmata Cucurbitaceae Fruit Unona narum Dun. Anonaceae Leaves Uraria lagopoides DC. Papilionaceae Plant Urgenia indica Kunth. Liliaceae Roots Urena lobata Linn. Malvaceae Bark Urtica dioica Linn. Urticaceae Leaves Valeriana wallichii Valerianaceae Root indica Linn.

Vitex negundo Linn. Verbenaceae Seeds(oil)Roots Vitex trifolia Linn. Verbenaceae Leaves Vitis vinifera Linn. Vitaceae

Xylia dolabriformis Mimosaceae Stem(ash) Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae GingerSeeds Zizyphus jujube Mill. Rhamnaceae Roots and Bark

Major Phytochemicals Flavonoids the proliferation of FLS in rats with CIA by inhibiting phosphorylation of ERK and down regulating tyrosine kinase Triterpenesof MAPK signal transduction pathway [5,6]. The mode of action of the flavonoids with antiarthritic activity is narrated below: a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from the latex of Calotropis a) 6-shogaol is identified from the rhizome. Triterpenes possessing antiarthritic properties were Lupeol,

b) 6-Shogaol treatment reduced the concentration of gigantea, showed potent antiarthritic activity as evaluated soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the and monocytes/macrophages into the synovial cavity of the in the rat AA model. Lupeol ameliorated the paw swelling blood, as well as the infiltration of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as Celastrus, is a potent antiarthritic biomolecule. Both Celastrus TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6 [7]. Celastrol, a triterpene extracted from extract and its bioactive component Celastrol suppressed the knee joint [1]. cartilage lining the femur in CFA-induced monoarthritis of c) 6-Shogaol also protected morphological integrity of the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IL-6, and activity of matrix-degrading enzyme MMP-9. In addition, it IFN-), the transcription factor STAT3 for IL-6/IL-17, and the the knee joint of rats. inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK. Celastrol also has a bone assessed clinically and histologically and afforded protection damage-protective effect. Celastrol inhibits osteoclastic activity d) Naringin, a citrus flavanone, reduced arthritis as via reducing RANKL production and suppressing the elevated against interchondral joints damage in rats with CIA [2]. RANKL/OPG ratio in rats with AA [8]. Tripterygium wilfordii e) A similar effect was observed with another citrus destruction in AA. It also suppressed the expression of IL-1 and flavonoid, hesperidin, against CIA [3]. Hoog-derived trypterine reduced the paw swelling and bone

f) Total flavonoid of orange (TFO) decreased paw TNF- in arthritic rats. Boswellic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene thickness and improved pathological condition of ankle joint PGE2 levels in serum and COX-2 expression in the synovial isolated from boswellia plants. It reduced leukocyte infiltration in rats with AA. TFO also suppressed elevated TNF-, IL-1, and into the knee joint and the pleural cavity as observed in bovine- serum-albumin- (BSA-) induced arthritis in rabbits. 3-Acetyl- tissue [4]. 11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), which is well known for of IFN-, increased the production of IL-4, and normalized g) Genistein is an isoflavone, which suppressed the levels anti-inflammatory activity, also has antiarthritic activity. Topical the Th1/Th2 balance in CIA. Genistein also inhibited application of the polymeric nanomicelles of AKBA showed potent anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activities [9].

How to cite this article: Manoj G, Bosco L, Sreelekshmi S, Murugan K. Review of Ameliorative Potentials of Plant-Derived Phytochemicals against 004 Arthritics. Nov Tech Arthritis Bone Res. 2017; 1(2) : 555558. DOI: 10.19080/NTAB.2017.01.555558 Novel Techniques in Arthritis & Bone Research

Phenols

and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) scores, and the Capsaicin treatment suppressed bone erosion and trabecular treatment was safe without any significant adverse events. Several polyphenols have been studied extensively for damage in osteoarthritis in rats. Ferulic acid isolated from corn involved in that process; for example, green tea prepared from their beneficial effect against arthritis and the mechanisms germ promotes bone remodeling and prevents bone loss in the dried leaves of Camellia sinensis is a commonly consumed ovariectomized rats. Oleuropein aglycone, an olive oil-derived compound, improved clinical and histological features of arthritis beverage in many parts of the world. The polyphenolic and antiarthritic properties. PGT-induced reduction in clinical compounds from green tea (PGT) possess anti-inflammatory has a bone damage-protective attribute. It inhibited RANKL- in the joints of mice with CIA. Quercetin isolated from onion induced osteoclast differentiation and RANKL-stimulated and histological features of arthritis was associated with a decrease in proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 and increase in CIA model of arthritis, PGT treatment reduced the expression osteoclast-related genes in rats with ovariectomy-induced anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In another study using the bone loss Silibinin, a major active constituent of silymarin, inhibits osteoclast formation by attenuating the downstream of COX-2, IFN-, and TNF-. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is different diseases. EGCG inhibits IL-1-induced inducible nitric signaling cascades associated with RANKL and TNF-, such as one of the most well-studied purified plant components against MMP-9. Rosmarinic acid is an active component of Plectranthus osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), NFATc1, Cat K, and amboinicus. It inhibited RANKL-induced formation of TRAP- oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), and JNK activity, all positive multinucleated cells and suppressed NF-B activation IL-1-induced glycosaminoglycan release from cartilage via of which mediate cartilage degradation. It also suppresses Aleomannan and acemannan found in the species of Aloevera and NFATc1 nuclear translocation in the CIA model [10-13]. inhibiting ADAMTS (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with EGCG reduces osteoclast formation by inhibiting osteoblast thrombospondin motifs), MMP-1, and MMP-13 in chondrocytes. showed anti-tumor, immune-suppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-inflammatory property enabled it to inhibit differentiation without affecting their viability and proliferation. RA are also suppressed. EGCG also inhibits RANKL-induced the activity of COX-2 (cyclooxygenase) enzyme which is involved Osteoclast-specific NFATc1 and bone resorption associated with in the inflammatory pathways. Similarly, Tag et al. [14], analyzed expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 in osteoclast precursors. In potential anti-inflammatory effect of lemon and hot pepper activation of JNK and NFB pathways, thereby suppressing the another study, combination therapy of methotrexate and EGCG extracts on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice. Shivaprasad et al. inhibited arthritis progression as evidenced by histopathology [15] reported about control of autoimmune arthritis by herbal and radiographical examination. Furthermore, this combination extracts and their bioactive components. Choudhary et al. [16], reviewedConclusion medicinal plants with potential anti-arthritic activity. suppressed the expression of TNF- and IL-6 in the joints of rats with AA. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), an damage are generally linked in arthritis and various other effect as evident from suppression of clinical signs of arthritis It is increasingly been realized that inflammation and bone antioxidant derived from grape seeds, showed antiarthritic disorders. A better understanding of the shared processes would for effective antiarthritic therapy. In parallel, it is essential to and IL-17 response along with increased Foxp3-expressing CD4+ help define the molecules and pathways that can serve as targets regulatory T cells. Oligomeric procyanidins (HOPC) isolated but safe. In this regard, herbal products may offer promising from Jatoba, a South American herb, ameliorated arthritic search for newer therapeutic agents that are both effective inflammationResveratrol, and a polyphenolicjoint pathology compound in mice with derived CIA. from grapes, alternatives or adjuncts to conventional antiarthritic agents. aspects of immune pathology and herbal therapy of arthritis. suppressed swelling and bone erosion in the paws of mice with In this paper, we have elaborated upon both these important CIA. This effect was associated with reduced serum levels of References of Th17 cells. The antiarthritic effect of also involves proinflammatory cytokines including IL-17 and reduced numbers 1. proteoglycan synthesis and chondrocyte proliferation in vitro. Galli C, Passeri G, MacAluso GM (2010) Osteocytes and WNT: the suppression of IL-1, ROS, PGE2, and MMPs, and enhancement of 2. mechanical control of bone formation. J Dent Res 89(4): 331-343. 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How to cite this article: Manoj G, Bosco L, Sreelekshmi S, Murugan K. Review of Ameliorative Potentials of Plant-Derived Phytochemicals against 006 Arthritics. Nov Tech Arthritis Bone Res. 2017; 1(2) : 555558. DOI: 10.19080/NTAB.2017.01.555558