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A History of Birth Control Methods
Report Published by the Katharine Dexter McCormick Library and the Education Division of Planned Parenthood Federation of America 434 West 33rd Street, New York, NY 10001 212-261-4716 www.plannedparenthood.org Current as of January 2012 A History of Birth Control Methods Contemporary studies show that, out of a list of eight somewhat effective — though not always safe or reasons for having sex, having a baby is the least practical (Riddle, 1992). frequent motivator for most people (Hill, 1997). This seems to have been true for all people at all times. Planned Parenthood is very proud of the historical Ever since the dawn of history, women and men role it continues to play in making safe and effective have wanted to be able to decide when and whether family planning available to women and men around to have a child. Contraceptives have been used in the world — from 1916, when Margaret Sanger one form or another for thousands of years opened the first birth control clinic in America; to throughout human history and even prehistory. In 1950, when Planned Parenthood underwrote the fact, family planning has always been widely initial search for a superlative oral contraceptive; to practiced, even in societies dominated by social, 1965, when Planned Parenthood of Connecticut won political, or religious codes that require people to “be the U.S. Supreme Court victory, Griswold v. fruitful and multiply” — from the era of Pericles in Connecticut (1965), that finally and completely rolled ancient Athens to that of Pope Benedict XVI, today back state and local laws that had outlawed the use (Blundell, 1995; Himes, 1963; Pomeroy, 1975; Wills, of contraception by married couples; to today, when 2000). -
Screening of Ferula Narthex Boiss Crude Methanolic Extract for Analgesic, Gastrointestinal Motility and Insecticidal Activity
Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 14 (4): 471-475, 2013 ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.14.4.286 Screening of Ferula narthex Boiss Crude Methanolic Extract for Analgesic, Gastrointestinal Motility and Insecticidal Activity 1Shumaila Bashir, 1Mahboob Alam, 21Bashir Ahmad, Akhtar Aman and 3Javid Ali 1Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan 2Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan 3PCSIR Laboratories Complex Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan Abstract: The crude methanolic extract of Ferula narthex (MeFn) was screened for analgesic, GIT motility and insecticidal activity. Acetic acid-induced writhing model was used for assessment of analgesic effect in mice, while charcoal meal model was used for GIT motility assessment. The crude MeFn showed dose dependent analgesic effect, the significant effect was observed with 100 and 200 mg/kg dose. The analgesic effect of diclofenac sodium (standard drug) was greater than crude MeFn. The crude MeFn extract reduced the motility of GIT in mice. The reduction in GIT motility is dose dependent and maximum effect was produced by 200 mg/kg dose. The insecticidal effect was not significant except n-Hexane fraction which possesses moderate activity against all tested insects (maximum 60% against R. dominica). These effects of crude MeFn extract justify its use in folkloric medicines for the management of pain and various gastro-intestinal disorders. Key words: Ferula narthex GIT motility Analgesic Insecticidal Diclofenac sodium Folkloric medicines INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Genus Ferula belongs to family umbelliferae, which Preparation of Crude Extract: In July 2010 comprises 275 genera and 2850 species, which are Ferula narthex plant was collected from Chitral located in distributed throughout the world, especially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. -
Chemical Composition of Volatile Oil of Ferula Assafoetida L
International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences (IJRSAS) Volume 5, Issue 8, 2019, PP 9-14 ISSN No. (Online) 2454–6224 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0508002 www.arcjournals.org Chemical Composition of Volatile Oil of Ferula Assafoetida L P. Estekhdami1*, A. Nasiri Dehsorkhi2 1M.sc. Agronomy, Shahroud of University in Iran (2008). 2Ph.D. student of Agroecology , Agronomy Department, Agricultural Faculty , University of Zabol, in Iran. *Corresponding Author: P. Estekhdami, M.Sc. Agronomy, Shahroud of University in Iran (2008). Abstract: Asafoetida is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from the exudates of the roots of the Iranian endemic medicinal plant, F. asafoetida. It is used widely all over the world as a flavoring spice in a variety of foods. was analysed by GC and GC/MS. The constituents were identified by their mass spectra and Kovats' indices. Among those, The main constituents were (E)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide (58.9%), (Z)-β-ocimene (11.9%), (E)-β-ocimene (9.0%), β-pinene (5.0%) and (Z)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide (3.9%). Keywords: Asafoetida , GC/MS 1. INTRODUCTION The genus Ferula, the third largest genus of the Apiaceae (alt.Umbelliferae) family,is composed of ca. 180 species (Yaqoob and Nawchoo, 2016), 15 of whichare endemic to Iran (Mozaffarian, 1996),nine species to Turkey, seven to China (Yaqoob and Nawchoo, 2016) and one species to Italy, and the rest are indigenousentities of several other countries.The majority of the Ferula plants have a pungent odor and can beused for different purposes.In the literature, numerous reports have described various biolo- gical and medicinal activities for different essential oils and ex-tracts of the Ferula plants. -
DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS Szarvas József
DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS Törzs-összehasonlító vizsgálatok és gyakorlati fejlesztések az ördögszekér laskagomba [Pleurotus eryngii (DC.:Fr.) Quél.] termesztésében Szarvas József Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar Zöldség- és Gombatermesztési Tanszék Budapest 2011 A doktori iskola megnevezése: Kertészettudományi Doktori Iskola tudományága: Növénytermesztési és kertészeti tudományok vezetője: Dr. Tóth Magdolna egyetemi tanár, DSc. Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar, Gyümölcstermő Növények Tanszék témavezető: Dr. Győrfi Júlia habilitált egyetemi docens, PhD. Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar, Zöldség- és Gombatermesztési Tanszék témacsoport: Zöldségnövények és termeszthető gomba témacsoport tanszék: Zöldség- és Gombatermesztési Tanszék, tanszékvezető: Dr. Terbe István, DSc., egyetemi tanár A jelölt a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Doktori Szabályzatában előírt valamennyi feltételnek eleget tett, a műhelyvita során elhangzott észrevételeket és javaslatokat az értekezés átdolgozásakor figyelembe vette, ezért az értekezés védési eljárásra bocsátható. ..…………………………….... ………………………………. Iskolavezető jóváhagyása Témavezető jóváhagyása 2 A Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Élettudományi Területi Doktori Tanácsának 2011. 10. 04-i határozatában a nyilvános vita lefolytatására az alábbi Bíráló Bizottságot jelölte ki: BÍRÁLÓ BIZOTTSÁG Elnöke: Balázs Sándor, MHAS Tagjai: Rimóczi Imre, DSc Hodossi Sándor, DSc Isépy István, CSc Erős-Honti Zsolt, PhD Opponensek: Szántó Mária, CSc Kovács András, CSc Titkár: Erős-Honti Zsolt, PhD -
Molecular Identification of Commercialized Medicinal Plants in Southern Morocco
Molecular Identification of Commercialized Medicinal Plants in Southern Morocco Anneleen Kool1*., Hugo J. de Boer1.,A˚ sa Kru¨ ger2, Anders Rydberg1, Abdelaziz Abbad3, Lars Bjo¨ rk1, Gary Martin4 1 Department of Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 2 Department of Botany, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, 3 Laboratory of Biotechnology, Protection and Valorisation of Plant Resources, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco, 4 Global Diversity Foundation, Dar Ylane, Marrakech, Morocco Abstract Background: Medicinal plant trade is important for local livelihoods. However, many medicinal plants are difficult to identify when they are sold as roots, powders or bark. DNA barcoding involves using a short, agreed-upon region of a genome as a unique identifier for species– ideally, as a global standard. Research Question: What is the functionality, efficacy and accuracy of the use of barcoding for identifying root material, using medicinal plant roots sold by herbalists in Marrakech, Morocco, as a test dataset. Methodology: In total, 111 root samples were sequenced for four proposed barcode regions rpoC1, psbA-trnH, matK and ITS. Sequences were searched against a tailored reference database of Moroccan medicinal plants and their closest relatives using BLAST and Blastclust, and through inference of RAxML phylograms of the aligned market and reference samples. Principal Findings: Sequencing success was high for rpoC1, psbA-trnH, and ITS, but low for matK. Searches using rpoC1 alone resulted in a number of ambiguous identifications, indicating insufficient DNA variation for accurate species-level identification. Combining rpoC1, psbA-trnH and ITS allowed the majority of the market samples to be identified to genus level. -
Foeniculum Vulgare) in Thyroid and Testes of Male Rats
Plant Archives Vol. 18 No. 1, 2018 pp. 341-353 ISSN 0972-5210 PHYSIOLOGICAL, HORMONAL AND HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FENNEL SEEDS (FOENICULUM VULGARE) IN THYROID AND TESTES OF MALE RATS Noori Mohammed Luaibi Department of Biology, College of Science, AL-Mustansyriah University, Baghdad, Iraq. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In various parts of the world Fennel seeds Foeniculum vulgare has been used in a herbal medicine. The present study aims to shed light on fennel’s side effects in male rats in the weights , hormonal, histological changes and some of the physiological parameters of thyroid and testes. About 60 Spargue-Dawley albino adult male rats were daily fed with fennel pellet in three different doses (50, 100, 200)gm/kg bw for three different periods of time (10, 20, 30) days. After end of each experiment animals were weighed then it scarified for blood and tissue collection , blood collected by heart puncture then it centrifuged for serum separation and kept at -80oC to hormonal, biochemical analysis and some histological standards , then thyroid and testes were excised and fixed in neutral buffered 10% formalin for histological preparation. The results showed that increased doses of fennel consumption and treatment duration statistically caused Highly significant increase (p<0.01) in thyroid weights in experimental treated groups (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) while group (5 and 6) showed significant increase (p<0.05) compared to the control group. No changes illustrated in values of Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) in all periods of time and in all concentrations of fennel in comparison with the control group. -
Table Des Matières
République Algérienne démocratique et populaire Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique UNIVERSITE ABDELHAMID BEN BADIS-MOSTAGANEM FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE DEPARTEMENT D’AGRONOMIE MEMOIRE Pour l’obtention du diplôme de MASTER Option : biotechnologie alimentaire Présenté par : Melle : LARBI Fatima THEME : Dosage des polyphénols et l’amidon dans les tubercules de la noix de terre «Bunium bulbocastanum » : effet de région et la technologie de transformation. Devant le jury Président M. BEKADA Ahmed Encadreur M. BENABDELMOUMENE Djilali Examinateur M. SACI ElHachemi Co encadreur : BOUHALA Warda Année universitaire : 2019/2020 Remerciements Ce mémoire n’aurait pas pu être ce qu’il est, sans l’aide de ALLAH qui m’a donné la force afin de l’accomplir et de m’avoir permis d’en arriver là. Tout d’abord, je tiens particulièrement à remercier mon encadreur Me BENABDELMOUMENE Djilali pour m’avoir encadré et fait confiance, Ce travail n’aurait pas pu se faire sans son aide précieuse, ses compétences, Ses encouragements, C’est pourquoi je lui exprimé ma plus grande gratitude. Je la remercie d’avoir su me guider dans ce travail, d’avoir été présenté chaque fois que j’en avais besoin tout au long de la réalisation de ce travail. Je tiens à remercier sincèrement les membres du jury qui me font le grand honneur d'évaluer ce travail. Me BEKADA Ahmed et Me SACI Elhachemi : Merci pour avoir accepté de faire partie du jury de ce mémoire, pour l’intérêt que vous portez à mon travail et pour le temps consacré afin de l’évaluer. -
Queen Anne's Lace
The History of Contraceptives And Connection to Religion Nathaniel Ingraham Department of History State University of New York, College at Oneonta Medieval Birth Control and the Catholic Church As is well known through history the connection with the church and contraceptives is that of a shady past. It has always been the main focus on the longstanding battle of Moral and Ethic high grounds, yet it is well known that many authors that had condemned the use of birth control were also writing herbals and medical texts on how to use them and do so safely. With this historians also look toward the church as they have a longstanding point of view that contraceptives should not be used because the bible tells them that they must be fruitful and produce offspring. The Catholic Church says that sex is purely for reproductive means and anyone who sought to prevent pregnancies were conducting a condemned practice and could be labeled as a heretic. Queen Anne’s Lace Depicted in Medeival Silphium as depicted on ancient coinage. Drawing The History of Contraceptives Silphium is an herb related to the fennel family, and was The history of contraceptives is a history shrouded by fear and disregard of the female body. While not all often grown and harvested for its resin also known as contraceptives were reportedly harmful the strict Laser. This Laser was then processed or used as a food connection with medicine to the church gave the additive, topical salve, and also as a form of appearance that any form of contraceptive could Contraceptive. -
Conserving Europe's Threatened Plants
Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation By Suzanne Sharrock and Meirion Jones May 2009 Recommended citation: Sharrock, S. and Jones, M., 2009. Conserving Europe’s threatened plants: Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK ISBN 978-1-905164-30-1 Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK Design: John Morgan, [email protected] Acknowledgements The work of establishing a consolidated list of threatened Photo credits European plants was first initiated by Hugh Synge who developed the original database on which this report is based. All images are credited to BGCI with the exceptions of: We are most grateful to Hugh for providing this database to page 5, Nikos Krigas; page 8. Christophe Libert; page 10, BGCI and advising on further development of the list. The Pawel Kos; page 12 (upper), Nikos Krigas; page 14: James exacting task of inputting data from national Red Lists was Hitchmough; page 16 (lower), Jože Bavcon; page 17 (upper), carried out by Chris Cockel and without his dedicated work, the Nkos Krigas; page 20 (upper), Anca Sarbu; page 21, Nikos list would not have been completed. Thank you for your efforts Krigas; page 22 (upper) Simon Williams; page 22 (lower), RBG Chris. We are grateful to all the members of the European Kew; page 23 (upper), Jo Packet; page 23 (lower), Sandrine Botanic Gardens Consortium and other colleagues from Europe Godefroid; page 24 (upper) Jože Bavcon; page 24 (lower), Frank who provided essential advice, guidance and supplementary Scumacher; page 25 (upper) Michael Burkart; page 25, (lower) information on the species included in the database. -
Botanischer Garten Der Universität Tübingen
Botanischer Garten der Universität Tübingen 1974 – 2008 2 System FRANZ OBERWINKLER Emeritus für Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie Ehemaliger Direktor des Botanischen Gartens 2016 2016 zur Erinnerung an LEONHART FUCHS (1501-1566), 450. Todesjahr 40 Jahre Alpenpflanzen-Lehrpfad am Iseler, Oberjoch, ab 1976 20 Jahre Förderkreis Botanischer Garten der Universität Tübingen, ab 1996 für alle, die im Garten gearbeitet und nachgedacht haben 2 Inhalt Vorwort ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Baupläne und Funktionen der Blüten ......................................................................................... 9 Hierarchie der Taxa .................................................................................................................. 13 Systeme der Bedecktsamer, Magnoliophytina ......................................................................... 15 Das System von ANTOINE-LAURENT DE JUSSIEU ................................................................. 16 Das System von AUGUST EICHLER ....................................................................................... 17 Das System von ADOLF ENGLER .......................................................................................... 19 Das System von ARMEN TAKHTAJAN ................................................................................... 21 Das System nach molekularen Phylogenien ........................................................................ 22 -
DNA Barcoding Reveals Limited Accuracy of Identifications Based on Folk Taxonomy
DNA Barcoding Reveals Limited Accuracy of Identifications Based on Folk Taxonomy Hugo J. de Boer1,2,3., Abderrahim Ouarghidi4,5., Gary Martin5, Abdelaziz Abbad4, Anneleen Kool3* 1 Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, 3 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, 4 Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco, 5 Global Diversity Foundation, Marrakech, Morocco Abstract Background: The trade of plant roots as traditional medicine is an important source of income for many people around the world. Destructive harvesting practices threaten the existence of some plant species. Harvesters of medicinal roots identify the collected species according to their own folk taxonomies, but once the dried or powdered roots enter the chain of commercialization, accurate identification becomes more challenging. Methodology: A survey of morphological diversity among four root products traded in the medina of Marrakech was conducted. Fifty-one root samples were selected for molecular identification using DNA barcoding using three markers, trnH-psbA, rpoC1, and ITS. Sequences were searched using BLAST against a tailored reference database of Moroccan medicinal plants and their closest relatives submitted to NCBI GenBank. Principal Findings: Combining psbA-trnH, rpoC1, and ITS allowed the majority of the market samples to be identified to species level. Few of the species level barcoding identifications matched the scientific names given in the literature, including the most authoritative and widely cited pharmacopeia. Conclusions/Significance: The four root complexes selected from the medicinal plant products traded in Marrakech all comprise more than one species, but not those previously asserted. -
Parallel Evolution of Arborescent Carrots (Daucus) in Macaronesia
RESEARCH ARTICLE Parallel evolution of arborescent carrots (Daucus) in Macaronesia Kamil E. Frankiewicz1,7 , Alexei Oskolski2,3, Łukasz Banasiak1, Francisco Fernandes4, Jean-Pierre Reduron5, Jorge-Alfredo Reyes-Betancort6, Liliana Szczeparska1, Mohammed Alsarraf1, Jakub Baczyński1, and Krzysztof Spalik1 Manuscript received 16 September 2019; revision accepted 2 January PREMISE: Despite intensive research, the pathways and driving forces behind the evolution 2020. of derived woodiness on oceanic islands remain obscure. The genus Daucus comprises 1 Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Institute mostly herbs (therophytes, hemicryptophytes) with few rosette treelets (chamaephytes) of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Biological and endemic to various Macaronesian archipelagos, suggesting their independent evolution. Chemical Research Centre, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland To elucidate the evolutionary pathways to derived woodiness, we examined phylogenetic 2 Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of relationships and the habit and secondary xylem evolution in Daucus and related taxa. Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, METHODS: Sixty taxa were surveyed for molecular markers, life history, and habit traits. South Africa Twenty-one species were considered for wood anatomical characters. A dated phylogeny 3 Botanical Museum, Komarov Botanical Institute, Prof. Popov 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia was estimated using Bayesian methods. The evolution of selected traits was reconstructed 4 Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da Natureza, Quinta Vila using parsimony and maximum likelihood. Passos, R. Alferes Veiga Pestana 15, 9054-505 Funchal, Madeira, RESULTS: Daucus dispersed independently to the Canary Islands (and subsequently to Portugal Madeira), Cape Verde, and the Azores in the late Miocene and Pleistocene.