Review Article

Ethnobotanical knowledge of Apiaceae family in Iran: A review

Mohammad Sadegh Amiri1*, Mohammad Reza Joharchi2

1Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Botany, Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Article history: Abstract Received: Dec 28, 2015 Objective: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family is one of the biggest Received in revised form: Jan 08, 2016 plant families on the earth. Iran has a huge diversity of Apiaceae Accepted: Jan10, 2016 members. This family possesses a range of compounds that have Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016, many biological activities. The members of this family are well 621-635. known as vegetables, culinary and medicinal plants. Here, we present a review of ethnobotanical uses of Apiaceae plants by the * Corresponding Author: Iranian people in order to provide a comprehensive documentation Tel: +989158147889 for future investigations. Fax: +985146229291 Materials and Methods: We checked scientific studies published [email protected] in books and journals in various electronic databases (Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar websites) Keywords: Apiaceae from 1937 to 2015 and reviewed a total of 52 publications that Ethnobotany provided information about different applications of these plant Medicinal Plants species in human and livestock. Non- Medicinal Plants Results: As a result of this review, several ethnobotanical usages Iran of 70 taxa, 17 of which were endemic, have been determined. These plants were used for medicinal and non-medicinal purposes. The most commonly used parts were fruits, leaves, aerial parts and gums. The most common methods of preparation were decoction, infusion and poultice. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this paper represents a

comprehensive literature search of ethnobotanical uses of Apiaceae reported from Iran. This study highlights the rich traditional knowledge of this family that has remained in Iran. However, most of this knowledge survive only as memories from the past in the minds of the elderly, and will probably vanish in a few decades. Thus, we compiled these scattered data together in a single document for the next scientific works with ethnobotanical interests.

Please cite this paper as: Amiri MS, Joharchi MR. Ethnobotanical knowledge of Apiaceae family in Iran: A review. Avicenna J Phytomed, 2016; 6 (6): 621-635.

Introduction family comprises approximately 450 The Apiaceae (previously known as the genera and 3700 species worldwide Umbel Family: Umbelliferae) is one of the (Pimenov and Leonov, 1993). The largest plant families in the world. This members of this family are well known as

AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 621 Amiri and Joharchi vegetables, culinary and medicinal plants Dolatkhahi and Nabipour, 2014; Sadeghi such as Anethum graveolens (dill), et al., 2014; Sharififar et al., 2014; Anthriscus cerefolium (chervil), Angelica Tahvilian et al., 2014; khodayari et al., spp. (angelica), Apium gravolence (celery), 2015). However, there are no distinct Carum carvi (caraway), Coriandrum references on the ethnobotanical sativum (coriander), Cuminum cyminum applications of this family in Iran and most (cumin), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), of the publications and documents are Ferula gummosa (galbanum),and scattered. Thus, we compiled these Pimpinella anisum (anise), etc. Plants of scattered data together in a single this family usually possess a characteristic document for the next scientific works pungent or aromatic smell which is owing with ethnobotanical interests. In addition, to the presence of essential oil or oleoresin we reported information on conservation (Singh and Jain, 2007). Members of and endemism status of some of these taxa Apiaceae possess various compounds with in Iran. many biological activities. Some of the main properties are ability to induce apoptosis, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, Methods vaso-relaxant, cyclooxygenase inhibitory We checked scientific studies in various and antitumor activities (Pae et al., 2002). electronic databases (Medline, Pubmed, For the family Apiaceae, Iran is a major Science Direct, Scopus, and Google center of diversification. In Iran, the Scholar websites) from 1937 to 2015. Apiaceae family is represented by 121 After a comprehensive search on the genera and 360 species. Iran with unique ethnobotanical aspects of Apiaceae family climatic conditions has a large variety of in Iran, we reviewed a total of 52 plants, especially some unique endemic publications that provided information plants. From the endemism points of view, about different applications of these plant Apiaceae is an important family in the species in human and livestock. In this flora of Iran with 122 endemic taxa article, scientific and author names of plant (Mozaffarian, 2007; Emami and Aghazari, species were checked for latest changes 2011). Iran has a very honorable history in according to “The plant list” folk medicine, which dates back to the (http://www.theplantlist.org). time of Babylonian-Assyrian civilization.

One of the most significant ancient heritages is knowledge of people who tried over the millennia to discover useful plants Results for health improvement and each In this review, ethnobotanical usages of generation added their own experience to 70 species, 17 of which were endemic, this tradition (Naghibi et al., 2005). Iran have been determined. Table 1 illustrates has a long history of medical practice and the results of this study. The plants used knowledge of plant remedies. The for various purposes in different parts of documentation of traditions of plant use in Iran were arranged in alphabetical order of Iran was begun many years ago (Hopper their botanical names, with the relevant and Field, 1937). Recently, several local data. The information includes vernacular ethnobotanical studies focusing on names, the part(s) used, the method of different parts of Iran have been published preparation, and medicinal and non- (Amin, 1992; Zargari, 1996; Ghorbani, medicinal aspects along with literature 2005; Ahvazi et al., 2012; Amiri et al., sources. The species marked with an 2012; Emami et al., 2012; Mosaddegh et asterisk (*) were endemic species al., 2012;Rajaei et al., 2012; Amiri and belonging to this family in Iran. The Joharchi, 2013; Safa et al., 2013; mostly used parts of the plants were fruits

AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 622 Review on the ethnobotany of Apiaceae family in Iran

(21 species) followed by leaves (17 Ethnobotanical investigations generally species), aerial parts (17 species), gum (13 result in the documentation of a rather species), root (12 species), stem (7 limited set of well-documented beneficial species), flowers (4 species), whole plant plants, mostly medicinal, but also those (4 species), seed (3 species) and rhizome known to be poisonous or used in (1 species) (Figure 1). The most common nourishment (Ghorbani et al., 2006). In methods of preparation were decoction (20 this paper, the members of Apiaceae species), followed by infusion (13 family were used for various purposes, species), poultice (6 species), smoke (3 however we categorized their uses into species), vapor (3 species), pill (2 species) three main groups including: 1) medicinal and powder (2 species) (Figure 2). plants used in human; 2) medicinal plants used in livestock and 3) non-medicinal aspects.

Medicinal plants used for humans From a total of 70 species belonging to this family, 66 species were reported to be used for medicinal purposes in human. Among them, the most frequently quoted species in this category were: Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B.Fedtsch., Cuminum cyminum L., Dorema aucheri Boiss., Dorema ammoniacum D.Don, Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss., Ferula assa- foetida L., Ferula gummosa Boiss., Ferulago angulata (Schltdl.) Boiss., Oliveria decumbens Vent., Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. and Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss. Most reported medicinal uses were for treatment of gastro-intestinal, respiratory system,

Figure 1. Proportional presentation of plant parts urinary systemmetabolic system, used. gynaecological and skin disorders, and also they were used as antiseptic, anthelmintic, calmative, antipyretic, galactogogue and appetizer agents.

Medicinal plants used for livestock Ten species have been recorded to have medicinal uses in veterinary. Among them, the most commonly used plants were: Carum carvi L. fruits, which were consumed for ectoparasites, digestive troubles, skin diseases, fever and mouth

Figure 2. Mode of preparations and their infection in livestock. The fruits of percentages. Cuminum cyminum L. were used to increase libido in female camels and as an The importance of ethnobotanical anti-bloat agent in cattle and sheeps. Gum aspects and root of Dorema ammoniacum D.Don were used to treat infectious wound

AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 623 Amiri and Joharchi infection and abscess in sheep and goat. other regions of the country. Kelus or Gum and root of Dorema aucheri Boiss. karafs-e-Bakhtyari (Kelussia odoratissima Were used for treatment of infectious Mozaff.) was widely used as a wild wounds and infection in sheep. Aerial vegetable and flavoring. It could be found parts of Oliveria decumbens Vent. were in local markets and beside the roads by used for treatment of diarrhea. Aerial parts local people. Some species such as and root of Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss. Echinophora platyloba DC., Kelussia were used for treatment of urinary odoratissima Mozaff. and Levisticum retention. officinale W. D. Koch were used as a flavor in yoghurt. Chaerophyllum Plants with non-medicinal uses macropodum Boiss. was cooked and eaten From the 70 taxa recorded in this with rice. Ferula angulata Schltdl. was article, 30 species had both medicinal and added as a flavor to animal oil. The young non-medicinal applications. Apart from leaves and branches of Dorema aucheri these, four species including Astrodaucus Boiss. were used for making a locally orientalis (L.) Drude, Chaerophyllum famous pickle called “Bilhar Pickle” and macropodum Boiss., Froriepia subpinnata used as vegetable in a local soup. Non- (Ledeb.) Baill. and Physospermum edible uses have also been recorded. For cornubiense (L.) DC. had no medicinal instance, aerial parts of Prangos ferulacea effect and were only used for other (L.) Lindl. were used as a dye (yellow purposes. In totally, thirty-four species color). have been reported for miscellaneous uses including edible, making pickles, as Comments on some most cited species natural dyes and as flavors in salad, soup, Our results indicated that medicinal etc. As stated in Table 1, the most cited species such as Bunium persicum (Boiss.) species for edible uses were Anethum B.Fedtsch., Dorema ammoniacum D.Don, graveolens L., Coriandrum sativum L., Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss., Ferula Cuminum cyminum L., Ferulago angulata assa-foetida L., Ferula gummosa Boiss., (Schltdl.) Boiss., Foeniculum vulgare Oliveria decumbens Vent., Prangos Mill., Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch., ferulacea (L.) Lindl. and Smyrnium Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss, cordifolium Boiss. were mentioned by Pimpinella anisum L., Prangos ferulacea many studies. Among Iranian people, the (L.)Lindl. and Smyrnium cordifolium use of Zireh(Persian name) is very Boiss. Many of these taxa were used all popular. According to Table 1, five kinds over the country. However, some other of Zireh including Zireh-e-Siah (Bunium species, such as Dorema aucheri Boiss., persicum (Boiss.) B.Fedtsch.), Zireh-e- Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. and Shami (Carum carvi L.), Zireh-e-Sabz Oliveria decumbens Vent. were only used (Cuminum cyminum L.), Zireh-e-Sefid in a small area. Most of these taxa were (Cuminum setifolium (Boiss.) Kos.-Pol.) used as wild vegetables. These species and Zireh-e-vahshi (Lagoecia cuminoides with much narrower distribution were L.)were used in Iran. The most remarkable exclusively used in Iran, and therefore one that has the highest number of reports could be considered as ‘typical Iranian was Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B.Fedtsch., wild edibles’. It is sometimes hard to know which is also known as Zireh-e-koohi in whether a particular sample was wild or Iran. In Iranian folk medicine, this species cultivated. For example, some species, was applied as as a galactogogue, such as Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. carminative, calmative, appetizer, were only native to certain parts of Iran, decongestant agent and to treat indigestion, although they were cultivated in some children earache, newly delivered ladies

AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 624 Review on the ethnobotany of Apiaceae family in Iran recovery, cold-natured conditions and conditions, stomach pain and cold and to weaknesses. In addition, it was used as a relieve thirst in children. flavor. The genus Ferula comprises about 170 species distributed from central Asia Credibility of plant species used in to northern Africa. It represented by 30 ethnobotany taxa, 20 of which are endemic to Iran. The Due to the interdisciplinary nature of popular Persian name for most of these ethnobotany, few individuals can be species is “Koma” (Pimenov and Leonov, expected to be experts in all components 1993; Emami and Aghazari, 2011; of the cross-disciplinary research that Mozaffarian, 2007). Most species of this ethnobotany represents in botany, genus have been used in traditional pharmacology, medicine, chemistry, medicine. The most striking of them, with anthropology and linguistics. Therefore, it the highest number of citations were needs a close collaboration of Ferula assa-foetida L. and Ferula multidisciplinary teams of researchers who gummosa Boiss. The most popular Persian are experts in botany, pharmacology, names for Ferula assa-foetida L. were medicine and anthropology (Alexiades and Anghuzeh, Heltit and Gane-bu. It was Sheldon, 1996). Unfortunately, in Iran, claimed to be highly effective on botanists are not really involved in this field of inquiry, even though botany is one stomachache, cough, epilepsy, tremor and of the basic fields involved in epilepsy and is used as an anthelmintic and interdisciplinary field of ethnobotany. antihemorrhoid agent and also in the Most of the studies in Iran have been done treatment of gastritis. Ferula gummosa by pharmacognosists and anthropologists. Boiss., commonly known as Barijeh or Improvement of ethnobotany and Ghasni, was used for liver cysts and ethnopharmacology in Iran needs more dyspepsia, and as an anthelmintic, involvement of botanist in these fields anticatarrhal, antiallergic, appetizer and (Ghorbani et al., 2006). Sometimes, the emmenagogue agent. The genus Dorema is studies of ethnobotany, can comprise a few represented by 7 species in Iran, 2 of incorrect identifications. Botanists attempt which are endemic. The most famous of to record a much lower number of them, with the highest number of citations erroneous ethnobotanical taxa. Reports on were Dorema ammoniacum D.Don and plants which do not exist in Iran may be a Dorema aucheri Boiss. The most popular result of plant misidentification. For persian names for Dorema ammoniacum example, in the literature review of this D.Don were Kandal, Vasha and Ushegh. It family in Iran, we found that Eryngium was traditionally used for the treatment of campestre L. has been recorded for different diseases, such as cystitis, ethnobotanical uses (Mirdeilami et al., digestive, colic, furuncles, and asthma and 2011). However, according to Flora as an anthelmintic, emmenagogue and Iranica, this species does not exist in Iran anticovulsion agent. In Iranian traditional (Mozaffarian, 2007). Therefore, we have medicine, Dorema aucheri Boiss. was removed this plant from the list (Table 1). used against asthma, bronchitis, parasites In some cases, identical names are given to of digestive system, constipation and different species, or various names to the burns. The genus Oliveria is represented same species. This is particularly only by a single species, namely Oliveria important for taxa that are marketed. decumbens Vent., in Iran. It was Owing to some morphological similarities traditionally used for the treatment of of the plant parts and their improper different diseases such as indigestion, identification by the consumers and herbal diarrhea, abdominal pain, feverish plant sellers and lack of a standard identification system, the crude medicinal

AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 625 Amiri and Joharchi plants and their parts are often adulterated species included in this review, 17 taxa or substituted in commerce which may were listed as endemic. Some of these result in the loss of their efficacy. For species such as Dorema aucheri Boiss., instance, Zosima absinthifolia Link Echinophora cinerea (Boiss.) Hedge adulterated or substituted instead of &Lamond, Ferula hezarlalehzarica Ajani Levisticum officinale W.D.J.Koch in some and Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. are commercial samples. Identification and narrow-range endemics and occur only in a recognition of medicinal plants are very few specialized niches. Heracleum important because the adulterants, gorganicum Rech.f. is an endemic species although belonging to the same genus, do of Iran which is widely and heavily not possess the medicinal properties of the harvested from the wild and this could be a drug. For example, Bunium cylindricum is big threat for these species (Ghorbani, being mixed with real Zireh-e-siah 2005). Dorema aucheri Boiss. is (Bunium persicum) and is sold in the considered as an endemic species which is market but with less quality and efficacy. heavily collected. Excessive collection of Correct identification of plant species is these plants has caused a notable decrease the foundation of safe use of herbal in populations of the plant in the area. medicines and products. Therefore, in Many individuals of young plants are order to ensure safety, therapeutic potency harvested to be sold (Mosaddegh et al., and efficacy of lucrative and medicinal 2012). Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. is plants, correct identification, another endemic species with a narrow authentication, and elimination of distribution range in Iran which is adulteration are essential and the taxa subjected to heavy use by inhabitants of should only be authenticated by a panel of the region. The local people are using the experts including taxonomists (Joharchi whole plant for different purposes. and Amiri, 2012). Excessive collection of it has led to the decrease of the plant in the area. Some rare Comments on conservation status of species such as Levisticum officinale and some notable species Dorema ammoniacum have been Some of species have a narrow threatened as herbalists and traders hire the distribution and collection from wild local people for collecting these species populations will threaten these taxa. due to the economic purposes. In addition, Furthermore, various parts of plants should local people sometimes sell these only be collected in such a manner that medicinal plants in the local market for ensures their continued presence, both in making money (Rajaei et al., 2012). Many specific collection locations and across the of these plants are potentially endangered landscape (Meeker et al., 1993). and vulnerable taxa. Collecting of plants Harvesting from wild populations and from the wild led to the impoverishment of destructive collecting methods, such as various plant communities in many areas, removal of subterranean and aerial parts especially for plants that their roots or which are essential to the survival of the flowers are used, and that harvesting plants, could be serious threats and often should be controlled. So, sustainable lead to vanish this species. Various species harvesting and domestication of these of Apiaceae family are monocarpic, so that plants is a need for conservation which only once produce flowers during the life would guarantee these renewable resources cycle and only reproduce through seeds for the future. Special consideration should such as Ferula spp. Excessive harvest of be given to promising plants in the area roots and flowers of these species are and protect them from extinction by dangerous, and must be avoided, excessive utilization. especially in the case of endemic and endangered species. Of the 70 plant

AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 626 Review on the ethnobotany of Apiaceae family in Iran

Table 1. Importance of ethnobotanical applications of Apiaceae family in Iran

NO Scientific name Vernacular name Part used Preparation Medicinal uses (Human) Medicinal uses Non-medicinal Reference cited (Livestock) uses 1 Ammi majus L. Khelale-dandan Fruit - Flatulency, Diuretic, Tonic, digestant, - - Safa et al., 2013; dyspepsia Dolatkhahi et al., 2012; 2 Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. Khelale-dandan Aerial - Tonic, treatment ofgingivitis, Digestive - - khodayari et al., 2015. AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 parts disorders, Carminative, appetizer

3 Anethum graveolens L. Shevid, Toragh Fruit- Infusion Abortion, Anti-Dysmenorrhea, - Culinary Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Shoot Galactogogue, Antihyperlipidemia, Ghorbani, 2005; Sharififar et Carminative, Treatment of Diabetes, al., 2010; Dolatkhahi et al., Digestive disorders, Infertility 2012; Sadeghi and Mahmood, treatmentmen 2014; Azizi and Keshavarzi, 2015; Dolatkhahi and Nabipour, 2014; 4 Anthriscus sylvestris Jenjil Leaf; - Treatment - - khodayari et al.; 2015. (L.) Hoffm root stomachache,Antihyperlipidemia,Stomach tonic 5 Apium graveolens L. Karafs Fruit, Decoction Carminative, Tonic, Emmenagogue, - Culinary Hopper and Field, 1937; Amin, Leaf; Diuretic, Liver disorders, asthma, Loss of 1992; Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Stem appetite, Rheumatic, Lumbago Ghorbani, 2005; Mardaninejad et al., 2013; 6 Astrodaucus orientalis Havij-e-kohi Whole - - - used as a salad, Nazemiyeh et al., 2009. (L.) Drude plant vegetable and a food additive 7 Bunium persicum Zireh-e-Siah Fruit Decoction, Obesity, Galactogogue, Flavoring, - Flavoring Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Safa (Boiss.) B.Fedtsch. powder Carminative, Calmative, Appetizer, et al., 2013; khodayari et al., Indigestion,decongestant,children 2015; Sharififar et al., 2010; earache, newly delivered ladies Amiri et al., 2012. recovery,cold-natured treatment, strengthening weaknesses 8 Bupleurum falcatum L. - Leaf; Decoction, Fever, dermal wound, Joint pain and - - Rajaei et al., 2012. seed poultice inflammations 9 Carum carvi L. Zireh-e-Shami Fruit Infusion Obesity, Facilitate digestion, Sour Ectoparasites, Flavoring Mardaninejad et al., 2013;

stomach, Blood pressure, Digestive and Sadeghi and Mahmood, 2014; 627 Diarrhea Gastric troubles, Ghorbani et al., 2014. Skin diseases, Fever, Dehydration, Mouth infection 10 Chaerophyllum Garkava, Young - - - Eaten with rice Mosaddegh et al., 2012. macropodum Boiss. Chelghaba stem Amiri and Joharchi

11 Coriandrum sativum L. Geshniz,Geshnij Fruit Decoction Relieve headache, relieve toothache - Flavoring,culinary Hopper and Field, 1937; Amin, jaundice, Acne, Treat of Flatulence, 1992; Amiri et al., 2014; Appetizer, Aphrodisiac, Ghorbani, 2005; Tahvilian et Antiseptic,Gasteralgia, sore throat, al., 2014; Mardaninejad et al., Aromatic, Painkiller,Diabetescontrol,Gout 2013; Azizi and Keshavarzi, control 2015.

12 Conium maculatum L. Shokaran Root - Cholagogue, Depilator, Treat of Dermal - - Amiri and Joharchi, 2013. Allergies AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 13 Cuminum cyminum L. Zireh-e-Sabz Fruit Infusion Relieve pain after child-bitth, Carminative, Increase libido Flavoring,culinary Hopper and Field, 1937; Amin, Treat of Colic, Galactogogue, Obesity, female camel, 1992; Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Digestive, Favoring, Antiasetic Anti-bloat in Sharififar et al., 2010; cattle and sheep Koohpayeh et al., 2011; 14 Cuminum setifolium Zireh-e-Sefid Fruit - Carminative - Spice Safarnejad et al., 2011. (Boiss.) Kos.-Pol. 15 Daucus carota L. Havij Fruit, - Diuretic, Endoparasites Edible, culinary Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; root Emmenagogue,Disposalofworms,constipat Sharififar et al., 2010; ion, appetizerand Diuretic khodayari et al., 2015; Ghorbani et al., 2014. 16 *Dorema ammoniacum Kandal,Vasha, Gum, Infusion, Indolent tumors, cystitis, Digestive, treat Infectious - Hopper and Field, 1937; Amin, D.Don Ushegh root poultice of colic, Treat of Furuncles, laxative, wound healing 1992; Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Expectoran, Asthma, Anthelmintic, and infection, Rajaei et al., 2012; khodayari et Emmenagogue, Anticovulsion Abscess in the al., 2015; Sadeghi and sheep and goat Mahmood, 2014; Koohpayeh et al., 2011.

17 *Dorema aucheri Boiss. Kal, Bilhar Gum, Fresh paste Asthma, Expectorant, Bronchitis, Making Infectious Edible, use as Rajaei et al., 2012; Mosaddegh young Gum,Parasites of digestive wound healing vegetable, young et al.; 2012; Tahvilian et al., aerial system, constipation, Burn healing and infection in stems are pickled 2014; Koohpayeh et al., 2011; part, root sheep Mozaffarian, 2013.

18 Dorema aureum Stocks Oshtork Gum Decoction, Abortion, aphrodisiac, Scorch - - Sadeghi and Mahmood, 2014; cataplasm Sadeghi et al., 2014.

19 Dorema glabrum Fisch. - Leaves, - Diuretic, anti-diarrheal, - Used as a green Delnavazi et al., 2015. & C.A.Mey. gum- treatment of bronchitis and catarrh vegetable resin 20 Ducrosia anethifolia Gicho,Goatk, Aerial Decoction Carminative, Irregularities of - - Rajaei et al., 2012; Sadeghi and

(DC.) Boiss. Mashgak, Baghiz parts, Menstruation, lactiferous Mahmood, 2014; Sharififar et 628 leaf, seed al., 2014; Dolatkhahiand Nabipour, 2014. 21 *Echinophora cinerea Phyaleh Aerial - Stimulant and an invigorator of the - Spice Shafie-zadeh, 2002. (Boiss.) Hedge & parts stomach,diuretic,anti-cancer Lamond 22 *Echinophora platyloba Khosharizeh Aerial Decoction Dissolves renal calculi, Anti aphthous - Spice, flavoring Tahvilian et al., 2014; DC. parts (Mouth wash), antifungal with yogurt, Pirbaloutiet al., 2010; Abbasi et culinary al., 2012.

Review on the ethnobotany of Apiaceae family in Iran

23 Eryngium billardieri Zole,kharzul, Aerial Decoction Constipation, palliative, antifungal, - - Mosaddegh et al., 2012; Abbasi Delile Chichagh parts, arthritis pain reliever et al., 2012; Sharififar et al., root 2014.

24 Eryngium bungei Boiss. Zole-e-Khorasani Aerial - Painkiller - - Sharififar et al., 2014. parts 25 Falcaria vulgaris GhazYaghi,Paghaz Leaves,fr Decoction Treat of Vitiligo, Cut, - - Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Bernh. e uit Wound,Carminative, Febrifuge, Tahvilian et al., 2014. Hemostatic 26 *Ferula assa-foetida L. Anghuzeh, Heltit, Gum Decoction Stomachache,Anthelmintic, - Culinary Emami et al., 2012; Safa et al., Gane-bu Antihemorrhoid, Cough, Tremor,epilepsy, 2013; Mosaddegh et al., 2012; AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 treatment of gastritis khodayari et al., 2015; Sharififar et al., 2010; Sadeghi and Mahmood, 2014; Sajjadi et al., 2011. 27 Ferula badrakema - Resin - Anticonvulsant, tonic, anti-hysteric, - - Zargari, 1996. Koso-Pol. decongestant, treatment of neurological disorders, stomach ache 28 *Ferula behboudiana Kame,Anio Stem, Smoking, Anti-septic Appetizer - Bahmani et al., 2012; Pirbalouti (Rech.f. & Esfand.) leaves, Sodden et al., 2013. D.F.Chamb. infloresce nce 29 Ferula diversivittata - Root - Anticonvulsant, tonic, anti-hysteric, - - Zargari, 1996. Regel & Schmalh. decongestant, treatment of neurological disorders, stomach ache 30 Ferula foetida (Bunge) Anghuzeh Gum - Anthelmintic, Treat of - - Amiri and Joharchi, 2013. Regel Colic,Emmenagogue 31 Ferula gummosa Boiss. Barijeh,Angiyun,G Fruit, Decoction, Appetizer, treatment of wounds, liver - Powdered fruits, Hopper and Field, 1937; Amiri hasni gum, root poultice cysts, Anthelmintic, Anticatarrhal, stem as and Joharchi, 2013; Ghorbani, Antiallergic, Dyspepsia, Emmenagogue pickle 2005; Mosaddegh et al., 2012; khodayari et al., 2015; Amiri et al., 2012. 32 Ferula haussknechtii Komeh, Komieh Stem, smoking Anti-septic - - Pirbalouti et al., 2013. H.Wolff ex Rech.f. leaves, infloresce nce 33 *Ferula Kahoovahshi Stem, Hydrodistil Stomachache, Carminative - - Rajaei et al., 2012.

hezarlalehzarica Ajani rhizome ation 34 *Ferula latisecta Sasekoma Leaves - Indigestion and anthelmintic - - Amiri et al., 2012.

Rech.f. & Aellen 629 35 *Ferula macrocolea Chevil Leaves, - Anti-nausea, anti-stomach acid - - Khodayari et al., 2015. Boiss. stem

36 Ferula oopoda (Boiss. Ejek-ghamaghi, Seed, Demulcent, Cough, asthma, respiratory disorders, - - Ghorbani, 2005; Sharififar et & Buhse) Boiss. kal gum vapor, pill migraine, expectorant al., 2014. 37 Ferula ovina (Boiss.) Kama Shoot, Decoction Anticonvulsants, Tonic, constipation,Back - - Abbasi et al., 2012; Ahmadi et Boiss. fruit pain treatment al., 2009; Sajjadi et al., 2011. Amiri and Joharchi

38 *Ferula persica Willd. Sakbinaj, Jarand Stems, Poultice, Lumbago, rheumatism, gout, sinusitis, - Steam Hopper and Field, 1937; Ahvazi roots, vapor pododynia, backache,Treat epilepsy, cooked,Spicy, et al., 2012; Sahranavard et al., leaves, laxative, antitussive cooking, edible 2014; Sharififar et al., 2014. gum 39 Ferula szowitziana DC. Ghamagh-mumi, Gum Demulcent, Asthma, cough, dermal wounds,stomach - - Ghorbani, 2005; Sharififar et Anghozeshirin vapor, pill pain al., 2010. 40 Ferulago angulata Chavil, Chavir Leaves - Anti-septic,renal pain Relieve As aromatic Mosaddegh et al., 2012; (Schltdl.) Boiss. flatulence ingredient, as Ahmadi et al., 2009; Pirbalouti

flavor in animal et al., 2013; AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 oil, spice and air fresher 41 *Ferulago carduchorum Garchik Gum Poultice Dermal wounds - - Rajaei et al., 2012. Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. 42 Foeniculum vulgare Raajuneh, Aerial Decoction Relieve toothache, Dysentery, Cold, - Edible, flavoring Hopper and Field, 1937; Amin, Mill. Razianeh parts, Diuretic, kidney infections, Galactogogue, 1992; Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Fruit Digestive, Bronchitis, Appetizer, Antiacid, Ghorbani, 2005; Mosaddegh et Flatulence,hypnotic al., 2012; khodayari et al., 2015; Sharififar et al., 2010; Sadeghi and Mahmood, 2014; 43 Froriepia subpinnata Zolang Aerial - - - As a local Mozaffarian, 2013. (Ledeb.) Baill. parts vegetable, as a local spice, flavoring 44 Grammosciadium Jafarikohi, Leaves Infusion Tonic, carminative and relief stomachache - Edible, cooking Ahvazi et al., 2012; platycarpum Boiss. & Samoureh some foods,as a Yazdanshenas et al., 2015; Hausskn. local vegetable Sonboli et al., 2005. and flavoring in soups and foods 45 *Haussknechtia Kelos-e kuhi Aerial - Diabetes, hypertension - - Mosaddegh et al., 2012. elymaitica Boiss. parts 46 *Heracleum Jengel-ghamaghi Seed - Digestive disorders - Flavoring Ghorbani, 2005. gorganicum Rech.f. 47 Heracleum persicum Golpar Fruit, Infusion, Treat of Hiccup, Appetizer, Flavoring, - Spice, flavoring Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Desf. ex flowers decoction Carminative, Anthelmintic, Stomach Ahvazi et al., 2012; khodayari Fisch.,C.A.Mey. & Avé- Tonic,Tremor, migraine, headache caused et al., 2015. Lall. by sinusitis

48 Johrenia aromatic Baraza Leaf, root Decoction Dissolves renal calculi, cornicide - - Tahvilian et al., 2014. Rech.f. 630 49 *Kelussia odoratissima Kelus, Whole - Indigestion, rheumatism, Gastric ulcer, - Edible as Pirbalouti et al., 2010; Mozaff. karafs-e-Bakhtyari plant anti-diabetes, pain, cough, vegetable, khodayari et al., 2015. Irritation, Sedative Flavoring with yogurt 50 Lagoecia cuminoides L. Alaf-e kaaji, Aerial Infusion Bile stone repellent, Diarrhea - - Safaet al., 2013; Mosaddegh et Zireh-e-vahshi parts al., 2012; Dolatkhahi and Nabipour, 2014.

Review on the ethnobotany of Apiaceae family in Iran

51 Levisticum officinale Angedane-roomi, Fruit, Infusion Nerve Diseases, Heart Tonic, - Flavoring with Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; W.D.J.Koch Karafse-kuhi leaf, root Indigestion,Blood sugar, Asthma, diuretic yogurt, use as Rajaei et al., 2012. vegetable 52 *Oliveria decumbens Moshkurak, Aerial Decoction Relieve thirst in children, indigestion, Diarrhea Culinary, use as Mosaddegh et al., 2012; Vent. Tighnak, Den parts diarrhea, abdominal pain and feverish vegetable khodayari et al., 2015; conditions, Stomach pain, cold therapy Dolatkhahi et al., 2012; Bahmani et al., 2012; Dolatkhahi and Nabipour, 2014. AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 53 Opopanax hispidus Alafshir Stem, Smoking Anti-septic - - Pirbalouti et al., 2013. (Friv.) Griseb. leaves, infloresce nce 54 Petroselinum crispum Jafari Fruit Infusion Emmenagogue, Diuretic, Carminative, - Edible as Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; (Mill.) Fuss Kidney Disorders, Bladder disease, Gout, vegetable, Mardaninejad et al., 2013 Blood pressure, Blood sugar, Varicocele flavoring

55 Peucedanum officinale Bokhurol Gum - Diuretic, Cough, Meningitis, - - Zarshenas et al., 2013. L. ekrad Paralysis, Renal stone, Respiratory ulcers 56 Peucedanum Razianekoohi Fruit - Treatment of cold - - Alavi et al., 2005. ruthenicum M.Bieb. 57 Physospermum Ghaziaghi Stem - - - Edible Mirdeilami et al., 2011. cornubiense (L.) DC. 58 Pimpinella anisum L. Vavehshing, Fruit Infusion Treat of Flatulence, Anthelmintic,Treat of - Culinary use Hopper and Field, 1937; Amin, Anison Colic, Antacid, Stomachache, Antidiarrhea 1992; Pirbalouti et al., 2013; (Badianroomi) Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; Sadeghi and Mahmood, 2014.

59 *Prangos Sakbinj Aerial - Treatment of flatulency - - Sharififar et al., 2014. cheilanthifolia Boiss. parts 60 Prangos ferulacea (L.) Bale har, Ginoo, Aerial Decoction Laxative, Anti-parasitic, Treatment of As a natural dye Pirbalouti et al., 2013; Lindl. Marzah parts Anti-cancer, Carminative thick and louse khodayari et al., 2015; Azizi

(Ruminants) and Keshavarzi, 2015; Barani and Rahimpour, 2014; Ghorbani et al., 2014.

61 Prangos uloptera DC. Jashir-e- Fruit, - Tonic,Carminative - - Sajjadi et al., 2011.

sakhrehrooy flower 631 62 *Psammogeton Shen jar Aerial - Disinfectants - Flavoring Sajjadi et al., 2011. canescens Vatke parts 63 Pycnocycla aucherana Sagdandan Leaves, - Back, leg and other part muscles pain - - Safa et al., 2013. Decne. ex Boiss. stem 64 Scandix pecten-veneris Suzanak Aerial Decoction Palpitation, blood coagulation, body - - Mosaddegh et al., 2012. L. parts pains 65 Scandix stellata Banks& Badian-e-koohi Whole - Stomach tonic, Has a hot temper - - Sharififar et al., 2014. Sol. plant Amiri and Joharchi

66 Seseli tortuosum L. Sisalius Whole - Treat epilepsy - - Sahranavard et al., 2014; parts 67 Smyrnium cordifolium Ovandol, Aerial Infusion, Urinary ducts and prostate problems, Urinary Roots and stems Mosaddegh et al., 2012; Ahvazi Boiss. Pinoume, Gonour parts, Sodden gynaecologicaldisease,Indigestion and retention as a food to be et al., 2012; Tahvilian et al., seeds, stomachic,Bitter aromatic, hot effects, consumed raw or 2014; Pirbalouti et al., 2013; root tonic,anti- helmintic,Antipyretic, anti- cooked Bahmani et al., 2012; Ahmadi worm tooth et al., 2009. 68 Tetrataenium Goolpar, Fruit - Anti-septic - Spice and Pirbalouti et al., 2010. lasiopetalum (Boiss.) Kereson condiment Manden. 69 Trachyspermum ammi Zenyan Fruit Infusion Carminative, Anthelmintic, Antidiarrhea, - Flavoring Amiri and Joharchi, 2013; (L.) Sprague (Khordaneh), Treat of Colic, Antacid, Galactogogue Sharififar et al., 2010. AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 Kasrak 70 Turgenia latifolia (L.) Darehjouyi Aerial Infusion Urinary duct problems - - Mosaddegh et al., 2012. Hoffm. parts

The species marked with an asterisk (*) are endemic species belonging to Apiaceae family in Iran

632 Review on the ethnobotany of Apiaceae family in Iran

Conclusion this paper on the ethnobotany of Apiaceae, This paper clearly represents a deep- provides detailed evidence for the use of rooted ethnobotanical heritage of Apiaceae these plants for different purposes. family in Iran. Traditional knowledge of Regarding the rich background of Iranian peoples is based on oral tradition traditional knowledge of these species, it passed through several generations and seems there are still a large number of most of this information survives only in unaccomplished researches, which the memory of the elderly people and is provides baseline data for subsequent now in danger of vanishing. This review pharmacological and phytochemical illustrates the necessity of ethnobotanical investigations. works in various regions of Iran to record all the folkloric knowledge practiced Acknowledgments among indigenous people and attempts to We are truly thankful to all the authors compile these scattered data in order to of the various literature sources consulted help maintaining cultural traditions. The and to all the informants who freely shared best and quickest way to species selection their knowledge with us. This work is for pharmacological and phytochemical supported by Payam Noor University and works is by reviewing the ethnobotanical we appreciate this support. literature. This highlights the significance of such investigations. Based on the data Conflict of interest of this paper some taxa should be given There is no conflict of interest in this priority for further phytochemical and study. pharmacological studies, including: Dorema glabrum Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Echinophora cinerea (Boiss.) Hedge & Lamond, Johrenia aromatic Rech.f., References Opopanax hispidus (Friv.) Griseb. and Abbasi S, Afsharzadeh S, Mohajeri A. 2012. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants Pycnocycla aucherana Decne. ex Boiss. in Natanz region (Kashan), Iran. J Herbal Some species are good candidates for Drugs, 3: 147-156. future research, specially in the case of Ahvazi M, Khalighi-Sigaroodi F, endemic species. The flora of Iran is rich Charkhchiyan MM, Mojab F, Mozaffarian in endemic species of Apiaceae (122 taxa), VA, Zakeri H. 2012. Introduction of many of which have been poorly medicinal plants species with the most investigated. These taxa are unique and traditional usage in Alamut region. Iranian potentially interesting as a basis for future J Pharm Res, 11: 185. research works. To our knowledge, there is Alavi SHR, Yassa N, Fazeli MR. 2005. no literature on some notable species Chemical constituents and antibacterial that have been traditionally used in Iran activity of essential oil of Peucedanum ruthenicum M. Bieb. fruits. Iranian J such as Azilia eryngioides (Pau) Hedge & Pharm Sci, 1: 217-222. Lamond, Ferula macrocolea Boiss., Alexiades NM, Sheldon JW. 1996. Selected Haussknechtia elymaitica Boiss., guidelines for ethnobotanical research: a Heracleum gorganicum Rech.f., Kalakia field manual. New York Botanical Garden. marginata (Boiss.) Alava, etc. Amin G. 1992. Popular Medicinal Plants of Identification of plants in each area Iran. Vol. 1, Research Deputy, Ministry of provides a better understanding of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, restorable natural resources and their Tehran. applications. Ethnobotanical efforts should Amiri MS, Jabbarzadeh P, Akhondi M. 2012. continue, particularly in regions that have An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal received less attention. It is strongly plants used by indigenous people in Zangelanlo district, Northeast Iran. J Med believed that detailed data as introduced in Plants Res, 6: 749-753.

AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 633 Amiri and Joharchi

Amiri MS, Joharchi MR. 2013. Ethnobotanical Ghorbani A, Naghibi F, Mosaddegh M. 2006. investigation of traditional medicinal Ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and plants commercialized in the markets of drug discovery. Iranian J Pharm Sci, 2: Mashhad, Iran. Avicenna J Phytomed, 3: 109-118. 254. Ghorbani A, MirzaeiA-ghjeh-Qeshlagh F, Amiri MS, Joharchi MR. TaghavizadehYazdi Valizadeh-Yonjalli, R. 2014. Folk Herbal ME. 2014. Ethno-medicinal plants used to Veterinary Medicines of Zilberchay cure jaundice by traditional healers of Watershed of East Azerbaijan (Iran). J Mashhad, Iran. Iranian J Pharm Res, 13: Herbal Drugs, 5: 59-68. 157. Hooper D, Field H. 1937. Useful plants and Azizi H, Keshavarzi M. 2015. Ethnobotanical drugs of Iran and Iraq. Field Museum of study of medicinal plants of Sardasht, Natural History. Botanical Series, 9: 74- Western Azerbaijan, Iran. J Herbal Drugs, 216. 6: 113-119. Joharchi MR, Amiri MS. 2012. Taxonomic Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Avijgan M, evaluation of misidentification of crude Hosseini S, Golshahi H, Eftekhari Z, herbal drugs marketed in Iran. Avicenna J Gholizadeh GH. 2012. Ethnobotanical Phytomed, 2: 105-112. studies of medicinal plants used by Khodayari H, Amani S, Amiri H. 2015. Kurdish owner's in south range of Ilam Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants province, west of Iran. Am-Euras J Agric in different regions of Khuzestan province. Environ Sci, 12: 1128-1133. Koohpayeh A, Ghasemi Pirbalouti A, Barani H, Rahimpour S. 2014. The dyeing Yazdanpanah Ravari MM, Pourmohseni procedures evaluation of wool fibers with Nasab E, Arjomand D. 2011. Study the prangos ferulacea and fastness ethno-veterinary of medicinal plants in characteristics. Advances in Materials Kerman province, Iran. J Herbal Drugs, 2: Science and Engineering. 211-216. Delnavazi M R, Hadjiakhoondi A, Delazar A, Mardaninejad S, Janghorban M, Vazirpour M. Ajani Y, Tavakoli S, Yassa N. 2015. 2013. Collection and identification of Phytochemical and Antioxidant medicinal plants used by the indigenous Investigation of the Aerial Parts of people of Mobarakeh (Isfahan), Dorema glabrum Fisch. & CA Mey. southwestern Iran. J Herbal Drugs, 4: 23- Iranian J Pharm Res, 14: 925-931 32. Dolatkhahi M, Ghorbani Nohooji M, Meeker JE, Elias JE, Heim JA. 1993. Plants Mehrafarin A, Amini Nejad G R, used by the Great Lakes Ojibwa Odanah, Dolatkhahi A. 2012. Ethnobotanical study Wisconsin: Great Lakes Indian Fish and of medicinal plants in Kazeroon, Iran: Wildlife Commission. Identification, distribution and traditional Mirdeilami SZ, Barani H, Mazandarani M, usage. J Med Plants, 2: 163-178. Heshmati GA. 2011. Dolatkhahi M, Nabipour I. 2014. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants plants in Maraveh Tappe region, north of Used in the Northeast Latrine Zone of Iran. Iran J Plant Physiol, 2: 327-338. Persian Gulf. J Med Plants, 2: 129-143. Mosaddegh M, Naghibi F, Moazzeni H, Pirani Emami SA, Nadjafi F, Amine GH, Amiri MS, A, Esmaeili S. 2012. Ethnobotanical Khosravi Mt, Nasseri M. 2012. Les survey of herbal remedies traditionally espèces de plantes médicinales utilisées used in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad par les guérisseurs traditionnels dans la province of Iran. J ethnopharmacol, 141: province de Khorasan, nord-est de l'Iran. J 80-95. Ethnopharmacol, 48: 48-59. Mozaffarian V. 2007. Umbelliferae. In: Flora Emami SA, Aghazari F. 2011. Iranian endemic of Iran, No. 54. (Assadi M, Khatamsaz M, phanerogams. Tehran University Maasoumi AA, eds). Research Institute of Publications, Tehran. Forests and Rangelands, Tehran. Pp. 596. Ghorbani A. 2005. Studies on pharmaceutical Mozaffarian V. 2007. A Dictionary of Iranian ethnobotany in the region of Turkmen Plant Names.Tehran: Farhang-e Moaser, Sahra, north of Iran (Part 1): General Pp. 671. results. J Ethnopharmacol, 102: 58-68.

AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 634 Review on the ethnobotany of Apiaceae family in Iran

Mozaffarian, V. 2013. Identification of province, Iran. Avicenna J Phytomed, 3: medicinal and aromatic plants of Iran. 64-81. Farhang Moaser Publishers, Tehran. Safarnejad A, Abbasi M, Tabatabaei SM. Pp.1444. 2011. Agronomical and Botanical Naghibi F, Mosaddegh M, Mohammadi Characteristics of Cuminum setifolium Motamed S, Ghorbani A. 2005. Labiatae (Boiss.) Kos.-Pol. a Plant with Potentially family in folk medicine in Iran: From Medicinal Applications. Notulae Sci Biol, ethnobotany to pharmacology. Iranian J 3: 30-35. Pharm Res, 4: 63-79. Sahranavard S, Ghafari S, Mosaddegh M. Nazemiyeh H, Razavi SM, Delazar A, 2014. Medicinal plants used in Iranian Asnaashari S, Khoi NS, Daniali S, Nahar traditional medicine to treat epilepsy. L, Sarker SD. 2009. Distribution Profile of Seizure, 23: 328-332. Volatile Constituents in Different Parts of Sajjadi S, Batooli H, Ghanbari A. 2011. Astrodaucus orientalis (L.) Drude. Rec Nat collection, evaluation and ethnobotany of Prod, 3: 126-130. Kashan medicinal plants, 29-36. Pae HO, Oh H, Yun YG, Oh GS, Jang SI, Shafie-zadeh F. 2002. Medicinal plants of Hwang KM. 2002. Imperatorin, a Lorestan. Lorestan University of furanocoumarin from Angelica dahurica Medicine, Haiian, Pp 142. (Umbelliferae), induces cytochrome c- Sharififar F, Koohpayeh A, Motaghi MM, dependent apoptosis in human Amirkhosravi A, Puormohseni Nasab E, promyelocytic leukaemia, HL-60 cells. Khodashenas M. 2010. Study the Pharmacol Toxicol, 91: 40–48. ethnobotany of medicinal plants in Sirjan, Pimenov MG, Leonov MV. 1993. The genera Kerman province, Iran. J Herbal Drugs, 1: of the Umbelliferae. Kew: Royal Botanic 19-28. Gardens. Sharififar F, Moharam-Khani M, Moattar F, Pirbalouti AG, Malekpoor F, Enteshari S, Babakhanloo P, Khodami M. 2014. Yousefi M, Momtaz H, Hamedi B. 2010. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Antibacterial activity of some folklore of Joopar Mountains of Kerman Province, medicinal plants used by Bakhtiari tribal Iran. J Kerman Uni Med Sci, 21: 37-51. in Southwest Iran. Int J Biol, 2: p55. Singh V, Jain DK. 2007. Taxonomy of Ghasemi PA, Momeni M, Bahmani M. 2013. angiosperms. 6 th ed. India: Rastogi Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants publications, p. 298. used by Kurd tribe in Dehloran and Sonboli A, Eftekhar F, Yousefzadi M, Kanani Abdanan districts, Ilam province, Iran. Afr MR. 2005. Antibacterial activity and J Tradit Complement Altern Med, 10: 368- chemical composition of the essential oil 385. of Grammosciadium platycarpum Boiss. Rajaei P, Mohamadi N, Motamed M. 2012. from Iran. Z Naturforsch [C], 60:30-34. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Tahvilian R, Shahriari S, Faramarzi A, Komasi of Hezar Mountain Allocated in South A. 2014. Ethno-pharmaceutical East of Iran. Iranian J Pharm Res, 11: Formulations in Kurdish Ethno-medicine. 1153-1167. Iranian J Pharm Res, 13: 1029. Sadeghi Z, Kuhestani K, Abdollahi V, Yazdanshenas H, Shafeian E, Nasiri M, Mahmood A. 2014. Ethnopharmacological Mousavi SA. 2015. Indigenous knowledge studies of indigenous medicinal plants of on use values of Karvan district plants, Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. J Iran. Environ Dev Sustain, 1-22. ethnopharmacol, 153: 111-118. Zargari A. 1996. Medicinal Plants. Sixth ed. Sadeghi Z, Mahmood A. 2014. Ethno- Tehran University Publication, Tehran. gynecological knowledge of medicinal Zarshenas MM, Arabzadeh A, Tafti MA, plants used by Baluch tribes, southeast of Kordafshari G, Zargaran A, Baluchistan, Iran. Rev Bras Farmacog, 24: Mohagheghzadeh A. 2013. Application of 706-715. herbal exudates in traditional Persian Safa O, Soltanipoor MA, Rastegar S, Kazemi medicine. Galen Med J, 1: 78-83. M, Dehkordi Kh, Ghannadi A. 2013. An ethnobotanical survey on hormozgan

AJP, Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2016 635