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Elucidating an Ideology: a Freedenite Evaluation of Plaid Cymru's 'Thought-Practices'

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Elucidating an Ideology: a Freedenite Evaluation of Plaid Cymru's 'Thought-Practices' _________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses Elucidating an ideology: A Freedenite evaluation of Plaid Cymru's 'thought-practices'. Sandry, Alan How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Sandry, Alan (2006) Elucidating an ideology: A Freedenite evaluation of Plaid Cymru's 'thought-practices'.. thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42367 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence: copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. The copyright for any work remains with the original author unless otherwise specified. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder. Permission for multiple reproductions should be obtained from the original author. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to copyright and publisher restrictions when uploading content to the repository. Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ Elucidating an Ideology: A Freedenite Evaluation of Plaid Cymru’s ‘Thought- Practices’' Alan Sandry Submitted to the University of Wales in fulfilment of the requirements for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Swansea University 2006 ProQuest Number: 10798075 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10798075 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Acknowledgements The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the help of many people. On an academic front, I am indebted to Professor George Boyce, Dr. Mark Evans and Dr. Jonathan Bradbury for their advice, inspiration and, above all else, patience. Conducting an ongoing dialogue with all three about ideology, nationalism, Plaid Cymru, and politics in general has been a pleasure. A major debt of gratitude is owed to the staff at Plaid Cymru’s HQ who put up with my questions and kindly let me use their photocopier. Similarly, all of the interviewees who feature in this thesis were very kind with their time and frank with their answers. A million thanks for all of the love and support given by my parents, Ken and Betty, and those who share my abode, Thomas and, top of the tree, ‘Jillbach fi \ Without them all of this would have proved impossible. Also, a hearty diolchyn fawr to friends and family, too numerous to mention, who, often unwittingly, have distracted me away from ‘thought-practices’ for an hour or two. Finally, this thesis is dedicated to the memory of the late Professor Phil Williams AM, who, before his sudden death, engaged with me in some discourse about Plaid Cymru and ideology. Regrettably, Wales has too few great intellectuals and Phil’s passing has robbed Welsh society of one of its foremost political philosophers. Summary This thesis examines the contention that Plaid Cymru is a political party whose principles and objectives are representative of nationalist ideology. The thesis explores the fields of ideology and nationalism to establish what ideology and nationalism entail. This is important, as Michael Freeden, whose model is used in this thesis, has claimed that nationalism is notfu a ll ideology in that it needs input from other ideologies. The genealogy of Plaid Cymru is assessed to establish a picture of where the party’s political perspectives derive from. The breaking up of Plaid Cymru into ‘early’ and ‘modern’ phases also enables an analysis of the party’s evolution from ‘cultural nationalist’ party under Saunders Lewis to the contemporary ‘decentralist socialist’ party to be undertaken. Also noted throughout the thesis are areas in which individuals within the party have sought to shape its ideology. The literature and pronouncements of Plaid Cymru are then explored to ascertain what set of actual political ideas are contained within. The model of ideology enunciated by Michael Freeden is used throughout the thesis to assess the ideational development and ‘thought-practices’ within Plaid Cymru. A Freedenite assessment of the major ideologies and primary ideological concepts that have appeared within Plaid Cymru’s morphology since its inception in 1925 is made so that these can be examined and classified. In dismissing the claim that Plaid Cymru is merely a nationalist party, the concluding chapter of the thesis then attempts to construct a fresh paradigm, on the lines of Freeden’s model, so that Plaid Cymru’s ideological make-up can be more clearly defined. APPENDIX 3 : Specimen Layout for Declaration/Statements page to be included in Higher Degree Theses DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed (candidate) d m ............. STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed .................... ^ ...........(candidate) Date STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for die tide and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed _ (candidate) Date.................................................................. ................ NB: Candidates on whose behalf a bar on access has been approved by the University (see Appendix 2), should use the following version of Statement 2: I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access approved by the University of Wales on the Special recommendation of the Constituent Institution/University College concerned. Signed. candidate) Date......................................................................................... PhD/Subm/Cand. Notes ? Summer2000 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction p. 1 Purpose of this thesis p. 1 Methodology p. 11 Literature Review p. 13 Chapter 2: The Concept and Definitions of Ideology p.39 The Use of Ideology in this thesis: Why Choose Freeden? p.53 Defining Nationalism: Perspectives of the Analysts p.61 Freeden’s Ideological Distinctions p. 7 5 Freeden’s Core Concepts of Nationalism p.86 Chapter 3: The Genealogy of Welsh Nationalism 9 and the Ideological Development of ‘Early’ Plaid Cymru p. 102 Ideologies and Political Developments Pre-1925 p. 122 ‘ Seeing the Nationalist Light’: Saunders Lewis p. 133 Other ‘Thought-Practices’ in ‘Early’ Plaid Cymru p. 163 Chapter 4: Ideologies associated with ‘Modern’ Plaid Cymru p. 179 The Role of the Gwerin p. 184 Nationalism and Internationalism p. 195 Plaid Cymru and Self-Identification p. 207 Plaid Cymru and Post-Nationalism p. 210 Socialism p. 221 Plaid Cymru’s Manifestos: Signs of Ideological Variations p.232 The ‘Depth’ of Socialism within Plaid Cymru p.247 Liberalism p.251 The Concept of Liberty: Individual or Collective? p.260 Feminism p. 263 Freeden and Feminism’s Core Concepts p.269 The Feminist Tradition within Plaid Cymru p.275 Chapter 5: Identifying and Analysing Concepts within Plaid Cymru’s Ideology p.288 Religion p.289 Pacifism / Non-violence p.297 Decentralisation p.313 Decentralist Socialism p.326 Co-operativism p.330 Anarcho-Syndicalism p.334 Cymdeithasiaeth / Communityism p.339 Language p.351 Social Justice p.360 Capitalism p.365 V Chapter 6: Conclusion p.372 Hydro and the National Left p.373 Constructing an Ideological Model for Plaid Cymru p.382 Attaching Labels to Plaid Cymru p.398 Bibliography p.402 1 Chapter 1: Introduction The Purpose of this Thesis The purpose of this thesis will be to examine whether the rhetoric, statements, policies and general political philosophy of Plaid Cymru equates with the established conceptions of the ideology of nationalism. The automatic linking o f ‘nationalism and Plaid Cymru’ is a conventional assumption that has been generally accepted by those investigating both nationalism in Wales and the political content and ideological structures of Plaid Cymru, a political party that is generally regarded as being the foremost advocates o f ‘Welsh nationalism’. However, whether Plaid Cymru’s ‘Welsh nationalism’ is afu ll, a distinct or an established ideology1, or simply a disparate collection of principles and political ideas whose primary focus may, or may not, be ‘the nation’, and the advancement o f ‘national’ causes, needs to be determined. To enable it to do so, this thesis will invoke the model of what constitutes an ideology, as enunciated later in this chapter by Michael Freeden. If it is not
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