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An Alternative Study of Chinese History: Two Daoist Temples

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An Alternative Study of Chinese History: Two Daoist Temples UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2008 An alternative study of Chinese history: Two Daoist temples Joan Lorraine Mann University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Mann, Joan Lorraine, "An alternative study of Chinese history: Two Daoist temples" (2008). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2304. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/ryst-56ao This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ALTERNATIVE STUDY OF CHINESE HISTORY: TWO DAOIST TEMPLES by Joan Lorraine Mann Bachelor of Arts San Jose State University 1979 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Master of Arts Degree in History Department of History College of Liberal Arts Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 2008 UMI Number: 1456353 Copyright 2008 by Mann, Joan Lorraine All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 1456353 Copyright 2008 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Copyright by Joan Lorraine Mann 2008 All Rights Reserved Thesis Approval UNTV The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas April 14 The Thesis prepared by Joan Lorraine Mann Entitled "An Alternative Study of Chinese History: Two Daoist Temples" is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of _______________Master of Arts in History_____ Examination Committee Chm Dean o f the Graduate College Exarmni Examination Committee Member Gmduate College Faculty Representative 11 ABSTRACT An Alternative Study of Chinese History: Two Daoist Temples by Joan Lorraine Mann Dr. Sue Fawn Chung, Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor of History University of Nevada, Las Vegas The Daoist temple is a largely overlooked feature in the study of the history of China. The temple has been an important component of Chinese history since theZhou dynasty, beginning in the Spring and Autumn period and continuing into the Warring States period.' It is Daoism that made immortals of mortal Chinese war heroes, emperors, leaders, and ancestors. It is these celestials and immortals, found only in a Chinese Daoist temple that can so successfully relate the history of the common man in China. The Chinese have venerated these Daoist celestials and immortals to the status of “gods,” and it is these gods that are honored today in every Daoist temple in China and America. Many Daoist rituals developed as early as the eleventh century are still being practiced daily, with subtle variations, in a Daoist temple in Shanghai, China and a Daoist temple ' The Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods in Chinese history (770-221 B.C.) were a time of upheaval and turbulence. The EasternZhou dynasty is divided into two historical periods; the Spring and Autumn period, 740-476 B.C. and the Warring States period, 475-221 B.C. For more information on this era in Chinese history see Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Ill in Marysville, California. This thesis is an examination of the historical, social and religious reasons and motivations behind the longevity of the Chinese Daoist temple, including its rituals and its deities, and the role each temple plays in the history of the community it serves. The temples chosen for this study were selected because of their contemporary status. They are the Baiyunguan (White Cloud) Temple in Shanghai, China andBok the Kai Temple in Marysville, California. The historical significance of these two temples and their deities is investigated by using an interdisciplinary approach that includes but is not limited to, anthropology, architectural studies, history, philosophy, science, and sociology. Also important to this interdisciplinary approach is the work of scholars of Chinese religion, specifically Daoism. Results of this investigation of two active Chinese Daoist temples located on opposite sides of the world shows how it is possible to trace the history of the Chinese people by examining their beliefs in hero gods and deities, and the roles these deities played in the downfall of imperial China. Research on the Chinese Daoist temple in America will address Chinese immigration, and allude to reasons behind the difficulty of the Chinese in America to assimilate and acculturate. This study also looks at the problems, and successes, of theBaiyunguan Temple and the Bok Kai Temple as they enter the current century. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Daoism has been under the protection of Chinese law with the goal of perpetuating and developing Daoist traditions. This includes opening Daoist temples to tourism, which although bringing the temple additional exposure, creates issues that IV attach themselves to tourism such as maintaining the integrity of the temple while supporting its maintenance and environmental concerns. Another problem is the declining Daoist population. Daoist in China are once again returning to the temple, but in America in a small California town the decline of a Chinese population is a real concern. However, recent preservation and restoration efforts are giving both temples the historic recognition they deserve. This research looks at how the Baiyunguan Temple and theBok Kai Temple have been able to survive for over one hundred years, and will suggest what the future outlook is for these two testaments to China’s civilization and culture and to its 5000 year-old history. Fig.] Fig. 2 Bok Kai Temple ‘Old”Baiyunguan Temple Photo by Joan L. Mann Photo by Joan L. Mann TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... iii CHRONOLOGY OF CHINESE HISTORY....................................................................... viii DEFINITION OF TERMS.................................. x LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................. xi PREFACE/ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................. xii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Beginnings.............................................................................................................................1 Purpose of this Study............................................................................................................3 Thesis Structure....................................................................................................................5 Historiography ......................................................................................................................6 The Temples........................................................................................................................ 11 Shanghai, China.................................................................................................................. 12 Marysville, California........................................... 15 CHAPTER TWO: DAOISM Daoism and its Temples..................................................................................................... 22 Importance of Temple Design...........................................................................................30 Temple Rituals ..................................................................................................... 35 Major Daoist Deities...........................................................................................................37 CHAPTER THREE: THE BAIYUNGUAN TEMPLE IN SHANGHAI, CHINA Design..................................................................................................................................47 Deities..................................................................................................................................50 Rituals and Festivals.............................................................................. 53 Communism and Community............................................................................................56 Preservation and Tourism.................................................................................................
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