The Sale of Parga in the Nationalist Imaginary of 19Th Century Italy: 1819-1858

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The Sale of Parga in the Nationalist Imaginary of 19Th Century Italy: 1819-1858 University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 8-21-2017 The aleS of Parga in the Nationalist Imaginary of 19th Century Italy: 1819-1858 Fabiana Viglione University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Viglione, Fabiana, "The aleS of Parga in the Nationalist Imaginary of 19th Century Italy: 1819-1858" (2017). Doctoral Dissertations. 1560. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1560 The Sale of Parga in the Nationalist Imaginary of 19th Century Italy: 1819-1858 Fabiana Viglione, PhD University of Connecticut, 2017 ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of the sale of the Greek city of Parga to the Ottoman Turks by the English government in 1819 on the cultural work of Romantic Italian intellectuals and artists. I place Parga at the intersection of cultural, political, and historical discourses, and argue that this event is a prism to chart the major leading forces, tensions, and ideas that coalesced in the formation of Italian cultural nationalism, or Risorgimento - the movement that led to the unification of the peninsula in 1861. By extending the boundaries of the Italian national movement to another national cause and, by implication, to the larger European geo-political and geo-cultural space, I also shed light on the transnational aspects of 19th century Italian nationalist culture. In this study, I refer to the different branches of philhellenism in Europe and to the solidification of a hierarchy of European civilizations, which saw Southern Europe as a region impermeable to the progress and advances of Northern modernity and thus unsuited for political freedom and economic independence. Against the background of this complex political and ideological context, the sale of Parga was rapidly transformed into a powerful tool of political propaganda by Italian intellectuals. Writers such as Ugo Foscolo, Giovanni Berchet, and Giacomo Leopardi, and painters such as Francesco Hayez and Cherubino Cornienti, mobilized conceptual oppositions between East/West, North/South, Christianity/Islam, civilization/barbarity to demonstrate the degree of civilization and readiness for freedom of Mediterranean populations, and claim the Italian nation’s ‘rightful’ place in Europe. The Sale of Parga in the Nationalist Imaginary of 19th Century Italy: 1819-1858 Fabiana Viglione B.A., Università degli Studi di Firenze, 2006 M.A., University of Connecticut, 2011 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut 2017 i Copyright by Fabiana Viglione 2017 ii APPROVAL PAGE Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation The Sale of Parga in the Nationalist Imaginary of 19th Century Italy: 1819-1858 Presented by Fabiana Viglione, B.A., M.A. Major Advisor ___________________________________________________________________ Norma Bouchard Associate Advisor ___________________________________________________________________ Franco Masciandaro Associate Advisor ___________________________________________________________________ Osvaldo Pardo University of Connecticut 2017 iii To my family iv Table of contents Introduzione 1 Le correnti filelleniche nell’Europa della Restaurazione 3 Approccio critico 8 Struttura della tesi 16 I. Il libro di Ugo Foscolo sulla cessione di Parga: una retorica colonialista per la difesa del diritto delle genti 24 La storia del libro inglese di Foscolo 28 Prima e dopo il libro su Parga: le ragioni di Foscolo 40 Precedenti letterari: Trattato sullo stato politico delle Isole Ionie e “An Account of the Revolution in Naples during the Years 1798-99 50 La questione d’Oriente: orientalismo, balcanismo e filellenismo nel libro inglese di Foscolo 54 Il pensiero politico di Ugo Foscolo attraverso due episodi della storia di Parga 81 Conclusioni 94 II. Il nazionalismo italiano e l’appropriazione letteraria di un episodio non 97 nazionale: I profughi di Parga di Giovanni Berchet Il dibattito critico intorno alla ballata di Giovanni Berchet 101 Analisi della ballata I profughi di Parga 113 L’eroe, la donna, il traditore: la personificazione dei sentimenti patriottici 117 Dal piano emotivo al piano politico: il racconto delle vicende di Parga 127 Il duello verbale tra il greco e l’inglese: idee di patria a confronto 139 Conclusioni 157 III. L’eco di Parga nella letteratura italiana fino agli anni Trenta 160 Manzoni e il ruolo dell’intellettuale nella diffusione delle idee patriottiche oltre i confini italiani 163 Il filellenismo di Giacomo Leopardi nel progetto della “Canzone per la Grecia” 176 Altre composizioni su Parga: il superamento del simbolismo patriottico 189 Conclusioni 206 IV. Parga nelle arti figurative 210 Periodizzazione e contestualizzazione storico-culturale 212 L’impegno politico di Francesco Hayez: I profughi di Parga 221 Il dramma umano dell’esilio: Parga nei dipinti di Cherubino Cornienti e Carlo Belgiojoso 237 Conclusioni 244 Conclusioni 249 Bibliografia 257 Introduzione Il presente studio esamina la rivisitazione letteraria e artistica da parte degli intellettuali romantici italiani dell’episodio della cessione della città greca di Parga all’Impero ottomano da parte delle autorità inglesi nel 1819. Parga era stata fino a quel momento un protettorato della Gran Bretagna; la sua cessione fu uno dei risultati delle politiche imperialiste della Restaurazione e delle trattative svoltesi a Vienna durante il Congresso del 1814-1815, quando le grandi potenze europee si riunirono per ristabilire in Europa l’assetto geopolitico dell’ancien régime.1 Attraverso l’analisi critica delle opere affrontate in questa tesi ho voluto dimostrare come la cessione di Parga rappresenti una sorta di prisma dell’ideologia risorgimentale che dà traccia delle tensioni sociali e politiche, delle idee, dei sentimenti e delle passioni che favorirono la formazione del nazionalismo culturale italiano, il Risorgimento. Estendendo i confini del movimento nazionale italiano ad un’altra causa nazionale, quella greca, e di conseguenza a tutta l’area geo-politica e geo-culturale dell’Europa della Restaurazione, il mio studio interpreta Parga come una sorta di foucaultiano “spazio eterotopico” (“heterotopic space”; trad. mia)2 che consente il dialogo tra differenti aree culturali. I testi primari presi in esame in questa tesi affrontano la questione della cessione di Parga da prospettive diverse e attraverso differenti forme artistiche, coprendo un lasso di tempo che va 1 Parga, una cittadina sulla costa dell’Epiro, era stata un protettorato di Venezia dal 1401. A seguito del Trattato di Campoformio (1797), Venezia fu ceduta all’Austria, e le Isole Ionie con alcune città sulla terraferma tra cui Parga passarono sotto il dominio della Francia. Nel 1814 i pargioti chiesero la protezione dell’Inghilterra contro le continue minaccia di invasione del Pascià turco Alì di Tepeleni. L’Inghilterra garantì la sua protezione, ma a quanto pare nessun accordo venne firmato. Tuttavia, già prima di questi accordi tra Parga e l’Inghilterra era stato deciso che la cittadina greca sarebbe stata ceduta all’Impero ottomano, come poi venne ufficializzato a Vienna. Per i dettagli si veda il capitolo I di questa tesi 2 A meno che non sia diversamente specificato, in questa tesi tutte le traduzioni da testi critici o fonti primarie sono mie. Per ogni pezzo tradotto si riporta l’originale in parentesi o in nota. 1 dall’anno della cessione fino alla fine degli anni Cinquanta dell’Ottocento. Ognuno di questi testi è specchio del momento storico in cui venne concepito e prodotto: il trattato storico-politico di Ugo Foscolo, Narrazione dei casi e della cessione di Parga, scritto all’indomani dell’avvenuta cessione (1819), porta avanti un’invettiva di tipo politico volta a delegittimare il potere arrogatosi dall’Inghilterra di poter decidere delle sorti politiche dell’Europa e al riconoscimento del diritto delle genti ad autodeterminarsi negato dalle politiche imperialiste della Restaurazione;3 la ballata di Berchet, I profughi di Parga, anche questa composta negli anni immediatamente successivi alla cessione (1819-1821), è un testo intriso di idee liberali e patriottiche, che mirava a risvegliare l’orgoglio nazionale nei suoi lettori e a educarli alla rivoluzione, facendo di Parga un mezzo di propaganda politica del Risorgimento italiano. Di questi anni sono pure un progetto di “Canzone sulla Grecia” di Leopardi, che esemplifica i caratteri del filellenismo italiano, e l’intervento di Manzoni a favore della pubblicazione della ballata di Berchet in Francia e in Inghilterra, che dà prova della circolazione delle idee nazional-patriottiche tra le comunità di patrioti in Italia e all’estero. Al decennio successivo, agli anni Trenta dell’Ottocento, appartengono una serie di componimenti poetici che riflettono la delusione del fallimento dei moti rivoluzionari del 1830- 1831 e il tema di Parga, soggetto già noto presso il pubblico dei lettori, che chiude il filone filellenico della letteratura italiana risorgimentale. Infine, negli anni Quaranta, sarà il filone della “pittura civile” a far rivivere il tema della cessione di Parga di nuova energia politica, sulle tele di Francesco Hayez, Cherubino Cornienti e Carlo Belgiojoso – tra gli altri – che affidarono ai loro 3 Il libro originale è in inglese e porta il titolo Narrative of Events Illustrating the Vicissitudes and the Cession of Parga. In questa tesi tutte le citazioni saranno
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