1. Cars, Volvo and the Environment

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1. Cars, Volvo and the Environment Do They Really Car(e)? The greening of the brand: the case of Volvo Cars in Sweden 1972 to 2014. Mattias Näsman Student Spring term 2015 Master of Social Science (One Year) in Economic History, 15 credits Advisor: Ann-Kristin Bergquist Examinator: Lena Andersson-Skog Department of Geography and Economic history The image on the front page is a painting made by Sune Envall in 1975, named PV in Stockholm and is in its entirety entitled to him and not to the author of this master thesis. Retrieved from http://www.photowall.se/photo-wallpaper/pv-in-stockholm-1, 18/6 -15. 1 Source: Teknikens värld 02:24. - I don’t even understand how I could’ve owned ‘ordinary’ cars before. Saab is the ride for me. Just look where the ignition is placed. Genius car! - A guy in my position is surely expected to drive an S-class Mercedes. I’ve chosen my own style and prioritize the practical qualities of the XC90. - Many believe that I’m an ordinary corporate fella, but when I’m finished at work I ac- tually put on my leathers and take the Harley for a spin. Do like 2 860 000 Swedes – you too become an individualist! 2 Abstract Denna magisteruppsats i ekonomisk historia har som syfte att utforska varför den svenska bil- parken är mer bränslekrävande än genomsnittet i Europa, samt att identifiera de historiska processer som påverkat formandet av den svenska bilparken. Tidigare miljöinriktad forskning inom ekonomisk historia har fokuserat på strukturomvandling och institutionell förändring inom industri- och hushållssektorn. Denna studie utforskar den privata transportsektorn ge- nom att studera Volvo som varit tongivande i att forma sammansättning av den svenska bil- parken. Genom att studera två av Sveriges största biltidningar – Teknikens värld och Volvos egen konsumenttidning, Ratten – samt årsberättelser och hållbarhetsrapporter från Volvo, har historien om varumärket Volvo och Volvos relation till miljön utforskats. Volvo antog ’kvalitet’ och ’säkerhet’ som kärnvärden vid starten 1927. ’Omsorg om mil- jön’ lades till som ett tredje kärnvärde 1972 vilket antas vara av relevans för hur Volvo byggt sin identitet. Hur Volvo tolkat ’omsorg om miljön’ i relation till sitt varumärke och hur det integrerats i företagets produktionsprocesser är utgångspunkter för uppsatsens undersökande del som sträcker sig från 1972 till 2014. Resultatet visar på att begreppet ’miljö’ har omtolkats av Volvo och följt den samhälleliga diskursen ganska väl. Från att handla om den lokala ’arbetsmiljön’ och det som kopplas därtill, till att handla om regionala utsläpp av partiklar för att till sist innefatta ett globalt perspektiv. Resultatet visar också att Volvo på grund av höga kostnader för arbetare och en stor efterfrågan från den amerikanska marknaden drivits till att producera stora och dyra bilar som drar mycket bränsle. På grund av att Volvo inte kunnat konkurrera med höga försäljningsvolymer har man istället satsat på säkra och hållbara bilar som kunnat bringa högre vinstmarginaler. Efter krisen på 1990-talet och ett byte av ledarskap från Pehr G. Gyllenhammar till Sören Gyll, visar resultatet att ’omsorg om miljön’ fick en mer framskjuten roll i Volvos varumärkes- byggnad. Samtidigt beslutades att Volvo skulle ta ytterligare steg mot att tillverka bilar i pre- miumsegmentet vilket var svårt att kombinera med miljöhänsyn vad gäller bränsleförbruk- ning. Slutsatserna som dragits från denna uppsats är att Volvo efter andra världskriget lycka- des skaffa sig en ’pionjärsfördel’ – pioneering advantage – genom en stark introduktion av PV 444/544-modellerna på 1940- och 1950-talet och att man sedan kunnat använda denna fördel för att omtolka svenskars preferenser att välja bränslekrävande bilar. Detta innebär att företag, om de vill, har möjlighet att styra konsumenter mot att välja bättre miljöanpassade produkter. I uppsatsen argumenteras för att avsättningsmarknader spelar stor roll för möjligheten för fö- retag att ställa om produktionen till att leverera ’grönare’ produkter. Keywords: economic history, branding, Volvo, car industry, greening, environment, emis- sions, auto-industry, Swedish car fleet, pioneering advantage 3 Table of contents 1. Cars, Volvo and the environment .................................................................... 6 1.1 Introduction to the study .................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Previous research and theoretical framework ................................................................. 11 1.2.1 The failed case of emissions from Swedish cars ......................................................... 11 1.2.2 The importance of the brand ..................................................................................... 13 1.2.3 Theories of green firms and the construction of preferences .................................. 15 1.2.4 Green business shaped by Varieties of Capitalism? ................................................. 17 1.3 Research questions and purpose of the study ................................................................ 18 1.4 Sources, methodological considerations and scope ....................................................... 18 1.4.1 Volvo annual reports and datasets ............................................................................. 21 1.4.2 ‘Care’ or ‘concern’ for the environment? ................................................................... 22 1.5 Method of selection ......................................................................................................... 23 1.5.1 Scope and disposition ................................................................................................. 23 2. Volvo - an economic and institutional background ....................................... 24 2.1 1927-1945 Building an automotive business through truck sales and exports .............. 25 2.2 1945-1972 Americanization in production and success in the US market ..................... 26 2.3 Lack of institutional pressure ......................................................................................... 30 3. Quality, safety and the environment ............................................................. 33 3.1 1972 – 1979 Energy crises and increases in production ................................................. 33 3.1.1 Core values in production and sales .......................................................................... 36 3.1.2 Securing fuel for the future ....................................................................................... 38 3.1.2.1 Entering the 1980s ...................................................................................... 40 3.2 1980 – 1989 Dealing with particle emissions ................................................................ 41 3.2.1 Towards the mid-1980s and catalytic purification ................................................... 43 3.2.2 ‘Solving’ the environmental problems ...................................................................... 45 3.2.2.1 Challenges ahead ........................................................................................ 48 3.3 1990-1999 Crisis induced business shifts ...................................................................... 49 3.3.1 Re-branding Volvo ...................................................................................................... 51 3.3.2 Efforts towards greening Volvo’s environmental impact and the dilemmas of going premium............................................................................................................................... 52 3.3.3 Going green as corporate competitive advantage and the environmental oxymoron of the Sport Utility Vehicle .................................................................................................. 55 3.3.3.1 Introducing the first Volvo SUV .................................................................. 56 3.3.3.2 Towards the new Millennia ........................................................................ 57 4 3.4 2000-2014 Handling dilemmas ..................................................................................... 57 3.4.1 The new brand ............................................................................................................ 58 3.4.2 Handling dilemmas, continued ................................................................................. 59 4. Discussion and concluding remarks ............................................................. 61 4.1 Business leaders and shifting meanings of ‘the environment’ ....................................... 61 4.2 Pioneering advantage and the construction of Swedish car preferences ....................... 63 4.3 Following or leading? ..................................................................................................... 65 4.4 Implications and limitations of the results and suggestions for future research .......... 67 4.4.1 Suggestions for future research ................................................................................. 67 5.0 Sources ....................................................................................................... 69 5.1 Primary sources .............................................................................................................. 69 5.2 Literature ......................................................................................................................... 71 5.3 Index of figures and tables ............................................................................................
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