Chardham Yatra
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Geography of Early Historical Punjab
Geography of Early Historical Punjab Ardhendu Ray Chatra Ramai Pandit Mahavidyalaya Chatra, Bankura, West Bengal The present paper is an attempt to study the historical geography of Punjab. It surveys previous research, assesses the emerging new directions in historical geography of Punjab, and attempts to understand how archaeological data provides new insights in this field. Trade routes, urbanization, and interactions in early Punjab through material culture are accounted for as significant factors in the overall development of historical and geographical processes. Introduction It has aptly been remarked that for an intelligent study of the history of a country, a thorough knowledge of its geography is crucial. Richard Hakluyt exclaimed long ago that “geography and chronology are the sun and moon, the right eye and left eye of all history.”1 The evolution of Indian history and culture cannot be rightly understood without a proper appreciation of the geographical factors involved. Ancient Indian historical geography begins with the writings of topographical identifications of sites mentioned in the literature and inscriptions. These were works on geographical issues starting from first quarter of the nineteenth century. In order to get a clear understanding of the subject matter, now we are studying them in different categories of historical geography based on text, inscriptions etc., and also regional geography, cultural geography and so on. Historical Background The region is enclosed between the Himalayas in the north and the Rajputana desert in the south, and its rich alluvial plain is composed of silt deposited by the 2 JSPS 24:1&2 rivers Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum. -
The First Occurrence of Eurygnathohippus Van Hoepen, 1930 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) Outside Africa and Its Biogeograph
TO L O N O G E I L C A A P I ' T A A T L E I I A Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 58 (2), 2019, 171-179. Modena C N O A S S. P. I. The frst occurrence of Eurygnathohippus Van Hoepen, 1930 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) outside Africa and its biogeographic signifcance Advait Mahesh Jukar, Boyang Sun, Avinash C. Nanda & Raymond L. Bernor A.M. Jukar, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20013, USA; [email protected] B. Sun, Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Howard University, Washington D.C. 20059, USA; [email protected] A.C. Nanda, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun 248001, India; [email protected] R.L. Bernor, College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Howard University, Washington D.C. 20059, USA; [email protected] KEY WORDS - South Asia, Pliocene, Biogeography, Dispersal, Siwalik, Hipparionine horses. ABSTRACT - The Pliocene fossil record of hipparionine horses in the Indian Subcontinent is poorly known. Historically, only one species, “Hippotherium” antelopinum Falconer & Cautley, 1849, was described from the Upper Siwaliks. Here, we present the frst evidence of Eurygnathohippus Van Hoepen, 1930, a lineage hitherto only known from Africa, in the Upper Siwaliks during the late Pliocene. Morphologically, the South Asian Eurygnathohippus is most similar to Eurygnathohippus hasumense (Eisenmann, 1983) from Afar, Ethiopia, a species with a similar temporal range. -
Custom, Law and John Company in Kumaon
Custom, law and John Company in Kumaon. The meeting of local custom with the emergent formal governmental practices of the British East India Company in the Himalayan region of Kumaon, 1815–1843. Mark Gordon Jones, November 2018. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University. © Copyright by Mark G. Jones, 2018. All Rights Reserved. This thesis is an original work entirely written by the author. It has a word count of 89,374 with title, abstract, acknowledgements, footnotes, tables, glossary, bibliography and appendices excluded. Mark Jones The text of this thesis is set in Garamond 13 and uses the spelling system of the Oxford English Dictionary, January 2018 Update found at www.oed.com. Anglo-Indian and Kumaoni words not found in the OED or where the common spelling in Kumaon is at a great distance from that of the OED are italicized. To assist the reader, a glossary of many of these words including some found in the OED is provided following the main thesis text. References are set in Garamond 10 in a format compliant with the Chicago Manual of Style 16 notes and bibliography system found at http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org ii Acknowledgements Many people and institutions have contributed to the research and skills development embodied in this thesis. The first of these that I would like to acknowledge is the Chair of my supervisory panel Dr Meera Ashar who has provided warm, positive encouragement, calmed my panic attacks, occasionally called a spade a spade but, most importantly, constantly challenged me to chart my own way forward. -
Cfreptiles & Amphibians
WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNALTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES &IRCF AMPHIBIANS REPTILES • VOL &15, AMPHIBIANS NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 189 24(3):197–200 • DEC 2017 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS FEATURE ARTICLES New. Chasing Bullsnakes Distributional (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: Records for the On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: HimalayanA Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................ White-lipped Pitviper,Robert W. Henderson 198 TrimeresurusRESEARCH ARTICLES septentrionalis Kramer 1977 . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida (Reptilia: ............................................. Viperidae)Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevinfrom M. Enge, Ellen M. theDonlan, and MichaelGarhwal Granatosky 212 CONSERVATION ALERT . World’sHimalaya Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................... in Northwestern ..............................India 220 . More Than Mammals ..................................................................................................................................................................... -
Ganga River Basin Management Plan - 2015
Ganga River Basin Management Plan - 2015 Main Plan Document January 2015 by Cosortiu of 7 Idia Istitute of Techologys (IITs) IIT IIT IIT IIT IIT IIT IIT Bombay Delhi Guwahati Kanpur Kharagpur Madras Roorkee In Collaboration with IIT IIT CIFRI NEERI JNU PU NIT-K DU BHU Gandhinagar NIH ISI Allahabad WWF Roorkee Kolkata University India GRBMP Work Structure GRBMP – January 2015: Main Plan Document Preface In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-sections (1) and (3) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central Government constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) as a planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating authority for strengthening the collective efforts of the Central and State Government for effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga. One of the important functions of the NGRBA is to prepare and implement a Ganga River Basin Maageet Pla G‘BMP. A Cosotiu of see Idia Istitute of Tehologs IITs) was given the responsibility of preparing the GRBMP by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), GOI, New Delhi. A Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) was therefore signed between the 7 IITs (IITs Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras and Roorkee) and MoEF for this purpose on July 6, 2010. This is the Main Plan Document (MPD) that briefly describes (i) river Ganga in basin perspective, (ii) management of resources in Ganga Basin, (iii) philosophy of GRBMP, (iv) issues and concerns of the NRGB Environment, (v) suggestions and recommendations in the form of various Missions, and (vi) a framework for effective implementation of the recommendations. -
Village and Townwise Primary Census Abstract, Uttarkashi , Part-A & B, Series-6, Uttaranchal
CENSUS OF INDIA 2001 SERIES-6 UTTARANCHAL DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK Part - A & B UTTARKASHI V1LLAGE & TOWN DIRECTORY VILLAGE AND TOWNWISE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT Directorate of Census Operations, UUaranchal I I ("') I '-. I @ :r:'" I rn \. i .. ·_· ... , I \,_." I I @ _,_ \ ' ~ ' " . - .", 0 Z > :r:"" '"en X"" ::;: '6 '"..... 2 t;;'" OJ ...J 0 U3 ,.,._._ ... .A._ ... ._ ~ ....l :r: Z ..... Z [/] !' '"0 '" '" ;:: :t:"" E- X Z u '" 02 Ul } ..... <: '"..... rn x "'z ::; '0 Ci "I ,,. I 0:: / _, b .... , ... a. « i I 0 _I \ z , II 0 r / ' , a r ___ ..r ,; Z \ >- '" \ i ", ~ f ,_; 4., i I i " i i.., ", -'~ I/ "' \ '-, , , , ') ,,- \ ! I !..j ,./ ,/ \ ..... ,t_J ..- ( i j I L" I "- '\..., I "i ~ ~ Ul 1- "''"..... ::E ""0 '" ...J X 1.) 0 '" MOTIF GANGOTRI TEMPLE he temple of Ganga i.e. Gangotri temple is situated on the right bank of the Bhagirathi, right in the middle of the tiny village Gangotri, 3,140 metres above sea level, where Tthe sun filters through the branches of giant deodars and conifers in a mesmeric display of light and shade. The source of the holy river Ganga is at Gomukh, about 18 krn. away from Gangotri. The holy shrine of Gangotri is situated at an elevation of 3,200 metres above sea level. Gangotri temple was built by the Gorkha General, Amar Singh Thapa during 18th Century. It is linked by a good motorable road. The distance is about 248 kilometres from Rishikesh. A number of Ashrams are located on the other side, some of them provide accommodation for visitors. Many Hindu pilgrims visits this place during the months of April-October since the place remains snow bound and inaccessible during the rest of the year and the door of the temple also remains close during this period. -
Chamoli District at a Glance
CHAMOLI DISTRICT AT A GLANCE Sl. Items Statistics No. 1 GENERAL INFORMATION (i) Geographical area (sq.km.) 7820 sq.km. (ii) Population (as on 2001 3,70,359 census) (iv) Average Annual Rainfall 1230.80 (mm) 2 GEOMORPHOLOGY Major physiographic units Major drainage Alaknanda and its tributaries Dhauli Ganga, Nandakini, Pindar, Birhi ganga etc. 3 Land use (sq.km.) 1382.17 (a) Forest 458.62 (b) Net Sown area 315.53 (c) Area Sown more than 170.49 486.02 once (d) Cultivable area 923.55 4 MAJOR SOIL TYPES Lithic/Typic Cryorthents, Lithic/Typic Udorthents and Dystric Eutrochrepts 5 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL Wheat-32.81%, Paddy-26.44%, Potato-6.60%, CROPS Manduwa-23.33% 6 IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES (area and numbers of structures) Dug wells Nil Tube wells/bore wells Nil Tanks/Ponds Nil Canals 1336 Other sources 908 Net Irrigated area 15.02 sq. km. Gross Irrigated area 27.05 sq. km. 7 NOS. OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS OF CGWB No. of Dug wells Nil No. of piezometers Nil 8 PREDOMINANT Garhwal Group GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS 9 HYDROGEOLOGY Major water bearing Rocks of Garhwal Group formations (pre-monsoon depth to water - level Range Long term water level trend in - 10 yrs (1997-2006) 10 GROUND WATER E4XPLORATION BY CGWB No. of wells drilled Nil (EW,OW,PZ,SH, Total) Depth Range (m) - Discharge (lpm) - Storativity (S) - Transmissivity (m2/day) - 11 GROUND WATER QUALITY Presence of Chemical Overall Ground water quality is good for domestic constituents more than purpose except few locations permissible limit 12 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER Not calculated, as the ground water abstraction RESOURCES (2004) in mcm structures are negligible. -
Out-Migration from Hill Region of Uttarakhand: Issues and Policy Options
OUT-MIGRATION FROM HILL REGION OF UTTARAKHAND: ISSUES AND POLICY OPTIONS Rajendra P. Mamgain and D.N. Reddy Sponsored by S.R. Sankaran Chair for Rural Studies, National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad GIRI INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Sector O, Aliganj Housing Scheme Lucknow – 226 024 Phones: 2321860, 2332640 E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.gids.org.in CONTENTS Page No. I. The Issue 4 II Demographic Changes in Uttarakhand 7 III. Growth and Regional Inequalities 11 IV. Outmigration, Magnitude and Its Impact 14 Magnitude 14 Migration process 18 Contribution of Migration to Household Income 19 Impact of Migration on Village Economy and Society 20 Impact of Migration on Women’s Work 25 V. Understanding Drivers of Migration 26 Employment and Its Quality 28 Low Earnings 33 Village Infrastructure, Its Quality and Infrastructure 36 Constraints Identified by Villagers 39 VI. Policy Initiatives 41 Policy Issues 44 Lack of Pro-active Policies for attracting Return 45 Migrants Role of Migrants and Their Diasporas 46 VII. Conclusion 47 References 50 2 Tables Page No. Table 1 Demographic Features of Uttarakhand and India, 2011 8 Table 2 Household Size-Class Distribution of Villages and 10 Population, 2011 Table 3 Village-size wise Population Growth, 2001-11 10 Table 4 Magnitude of Out-migration 16 Table 5 Educational Level of Sample Population (7 Years plus) by 17 Type of Household Table 6 Number of Households who have completely Out-migrated 18 during last Ten Years in Sample Villages Table 7 Use of Remittances 21 Table 8 -
Siwalik Synopsis: a Long Stratigraphic Sequence for the Later Cenozoic of South Asia
Siwalik synopsis: A long stratigraphic sequence for the Later Cenozoic of South Asia The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Flynn, Lawrence J., David Pilbeam, John C. Barry, Michèle E. Morgan, and S. Mahmood Raza. 2016. “Siwalik Synopsis: A Long Stratigraphic Sequence for the Later Cenozoic of South Asia.” Comptes Rendus Palevol (January). doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2015.09.015. Published Version 10.1016/j.crpv.2015.09.015 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:26507534 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA 1 Siwalik Synopsis: A long stratigraphic sequence for the later Cenozoic of 2 South Asia 3 4 SYNOPSIS SIWALIK: LONGUE SUCCESSION STRATIGRAPHIQUE DU CÉNOZOÏQUE 5 MOYEN ET TARD AU SUD DE L’ASIE 6 7 Lawrence J. Flynna,*, David Pilbeama, John C. Barrya, Michèle E. Morgana,b, S. Mahmood 8 Razaa 9 10 a Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, 11 Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 12 13 b Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 14 02138, USA 15 16 *corresponding author [email protected] 17 18 19 20 Abstract 21 The Tertiary sediments of northern Pakistan are an exceptional record of terrestrial 22 sedimentation and represent most of Neogene time. Foremost is the Siwalik Group of the 23 Potwar Plateau, for which multiple, superposed fossil levels span ~18 – 6 Ma. -
Initial Environmental Examination IND:Uttarakhand Emergency
Initial Environmental Examination Project Number: 47229-001 December 2014 IND: Uttarakhand Emergency Assistance Project Submitted by Uttarakhand Emergency Assistance Project (Roads & Bridges), Government of Uttarakhand, Dehardun This report has been submitted to ADB by the Program Implementation Unit, Uttarkhand Emergency Assistance Project (R&B), Government of Uttarakhand, Dehradun and is made publicly available in accordance with ADB’s public communications policy (2011). It does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB. Initial Environmental Examination July 2014 India: Uttarakhand Emergency Assistance Project Restoration Work of Kuwa-Kafnaul Rahdi Motor Road (Package No: UEAP/ PWD/ C14) Prepared by State Disaster Management Authority, Government of Uttarakhand, for the Asian Development Bank. i ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank ASI - Archaeological Survey of India BOQ - Bill of Quantity CTE - Consent to Establish CTO - Consent to Operate DFO - Divisional Forest Officer DSC - Design and Supervision Consultancy DOT - Department of Tourism CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board EA - Executing Agency EAC - Expert Appraisal Committee EARF - Environment Assessment and Review Framework EC - Environmental Clearance EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMMP - Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EMP - Environment Management Plan GoI - Government of India GRM - Grievance Redressal Mechanism IA - Implementing Agency IEE - Initial Environmental Examination IST - Indian Standard Time LPG - Liquid Petroleum Gas MDR - Major District -
UTTARAKASHI.Pdf
GROUND WATER BROCHURE, DISTRICT UTTARAKASHI DISTRICT AT A GLANCE S.No Items Statistics 1 GENERAL INFORMATION i) Geographical area (Sq km) 8016 ii) Administrative Divisions (As on 2001-02) 4/6 Number of Tehsil/Blocks: 670 Number of Panchayat /Villages iii) Population (As on 2001 Census) 2,95,013 iv) Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 1706 2 GEOMORPHOLOGY Major physiographic units: Lesser, Central and Higher Himalaya. Major Drainages: Bhagirathi, Yamuna & Tons 3 LAND USE (Sq. km) a) Forest area (sq. km.) 6957 b) Net area sown (sq. km.) 290.19 c) Cultivable area (sq. km.) - Lithic/typic cryorthents, lithic/typic udorthents 4 MAJOR SOIL TYPES &dystric eutrochrepts Wheat 33.07%, Rice 28.14%, Manduwa 5 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS 15.37% IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES 6 (Areas and Numbers of Structures) Dugwells: Nil Tube wells/ Borewells: Nil Tanks/ponds: Nil Canals: 232.45 km Other sources: 6 lift schemes Net irrigated area: 487.74 sq. km. Gross irrigated area: - NUMBERS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING 7 WELLS OF CGWB No of Dug wells: Nil No of Piezometers: Nil 8 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Alluvium, Garhwal Group and Jaunsar Group 9 HYDROGEOLOGY Major water bearing formation Quartzites and phyllites of Garhwal Group Pre-monsoon Depth to water level 1.79-56.28 range of hand pump in mbgl Post-monsoon depth to water level 1.06-53.58 range of hand pump in mbgl Long term water level trend in - 10 yrs in m/yr. GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY 10 CGWB No of wells drilled (EW, OW, PZ, SH Total) Nil Depth Range (m) - Discharge (liters per second) - Storativity (s) - Transmissivity (m2/day) - 11 GROUND WATER QUALITY Parameters well within permissible limits. -
Uttarkashi District Is a District of Garhwal Division of the Uttarakhand State in Northen India, and Has Its Headquartrs at Uttarkashi City
Uttarkashi District is a district of Garhwal division of the Uttarakhand state in northen India, and has its headquartrs at Uttarkashi city. It has six Tehsils named after Badkot, Bhatwari, Chiniyalisaud, Dunda, Purola, Mori. Uttarkashi District town lies high in the Himalaya range, and the district contains the source of both the Ganga and Yamuna rivers, which attract thousands of Hindu pilgrims. The town lies on the main route to Gangotri, has many Hindu temples, and is also considered an important Hindu pilgrimage centr. The district is bounded on the north by Himanchal Pradesh state, on the northeast by Tibt, on th east by chamoli District, on the southeast by Rudraprayag District, on the south by Tehri Garhwal District, and on the west by Dehradun District. The District Court Complex Uttarkashi was inaugurated by Honorable Justice Shri Ravi S. Dhawan, invigilator Judge of High Court Allahabad dated 23 June 1996. The District Courts in every district and outlying courts in some of Tehsil Headquarters in the State of Uttarakhand are established by the State Government in consultation with the High Court, taking into account the number of cases, topography of the place and population distribution in the district. There are three tier systems of courts functioning at the district level. These district courts at various levels administer justice in Uttarakhand under administrative and supervisory control of the High court of the State. The highest court in each district is that of the District is that of the district and session Judge. This is the principal court of civil jurisdiction, which derives its jurisdiction in civil matters, like other civil courts of the state, primarily form The Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Court Act, 1887.