School of Design Master of Science in Design & Engineering HOW TECHNOLOGIES AND NEEDS WILL AFFECT CAR DESIGN A research paper about the future of car design with a proposal. Supervisor Prof. Samuel Codegoni Master’s Degree Research Thesis of Ceren Demirci Student ID 872741 Academic Year 2018 / 2019 Acknowledgement This research paper is the final step for my master’s degree in who have been always a support to me during the projects, exams, Design & Engineering in Politecnico di Milano. classes, I would like to thank you; because of you and with you I enjoyed my experience in this school and my life in Italy. A sincere At first, I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Professor Samuel acknowledgement and thank you for Mattia, Andrea, Beatrice, Ekin, Codegoni for giving me this opportunity to work on this thesis topic Işıl, and Renos; each one of you have been a best friend to me, I and develop it. He has seen a person who has this great passion for appreciate every support and help from you. I consider myself as this field and desires to write a research thesis about cars. I would quite lucky to have you as my friends, thank you for everything. like to thank sincerely for giving me a chance to study these materi- als, to spend a considerable amount of time on this field, to discover My family has been always a support in my education life; I would my interests in a further level with his fund of knowledge, experi- like to thank my parents Jale and Cem, my sister Gizem and her ence, and guidance during this period. Also, I would like to thank husband Kutlu. All these years, every moment I needed you have him for being understanding for my struggling moments during this been there to support me to chase my dreams, a very sincere and thesis; I have learnt a considerable amount of information from him honest thank you to my family, without you I would not be able to and thanks to him my familiarity for the subject and the field have do anything I do. Many thanks and appreciation for all of you for been increased. being my family. I would like to thank everyone who have been an influence in my Finally, I would like to thank Michi, for supporting me in every life, during my master’s degree, my professors and my classmates. moment I felt down, and encouraging me in difficult times to My very first friend Xu, I would like to thank you for giving me your handle. A sincere thank you for your effort and your care, and help. support and effort to help me understand this field, I really appreci- ate your contribution to my life and to my education. My friends 3 Abstract Automobiles have been influenced by various factors throughout Results of the analysis have showed that the technology for the history. This article seeks to analyze how technology and human automobile industry going through autonomy for the driving expe- needs have affected car design, to what extend these effects will rience with the support of human needs regarding time consump- influence the future of car design, and what outcomes can be drawn tion, safety, and comfort; as from the environmental aspect, from the analyses. The paper combines a systematic review of the zero-emission has become a necessary need for vehicles to have. literature about timeline of the cars, case study examples from the On the contrary, infrastructural and legislation changes are past, human needs, autonomous drive technology, case studies required to have autonomous cars on the city roads. However, the from the present, and a scenario research. A conceptual design has scenario findings imply that in the near future plausibility of this been created to structure the outcomes of the paper. invention is likely. The research was completed firstly with literature reviews on main As a lesson, this study suggests that there can be various probable factors that have altered car design. Museum visits have been done solutions which can be drawn from the analyses of the direction of to analyze and understand the changes within time. This has car design. The study likewise suggests to consider an autonomous allowed for an extended understanding of the flow in reference. The vehicle for up to two people with electric engine. The results indi- case studied have been examined through articles, catalogs, and cate a demand for conceptual designs that demonstrate how auton- literature. The analysis of the secondary sources was completed for omous cars for urban life will be. Given the wide range of potential each step to deepen the understanding regarding detecting the applications, the study suggests to enhance the focus on autonomy outcomes. and modes of use for the human mobility. 4 Abstract (ITA) Le automobili sono state influenzate da vari fattori nel corso della I risultati dell'analisi hanno dimostrato che la tecnologia per l'indu- storia. Questo articolo cerca di analizzare in che modo la tecnologia stria automobilistica passa attraverso l'autonomia per l'esperienza e i bisogni umani hanno influenzato il design automobilistico, in che di guida con il supporto dei bisogni umani in termini di consumo di misura questi effetti influenzeranno il futuro del design automobil- tempo, sicurezza e comfort; dal punto di vista ambientale, l'emissi- istico e quali risultati potranno trarre dalle analisi. Il documento one zero è diventata un'esigenza necessaria per i veicoli. Al con- combina una revisione sistematica della letteratura sulla timeline trario, sono necessarie modifiche infrastrutturali e legislative per delle auto, esempi di casi studio del passato, bisogni umani, tecno- avere auto autonome sulle strade cittadine. Tuttavia, i risultati dello logia di guida autonoma, casi studio dal presente e una ricerca di scenario implicano che nel prossimo futuro sarà plausibile la diffu- scenario. È stato creato un progetto concettuale per strutturare i sione di questa invenzione. risultati dello studio svolto. Come lezione, questo studio suggerisce che ci possono essere varie La ricerca è stata completata in primo luogo con recensioni di soluzioni probabili che possono essere tratte dalle analisi della letteratura sui principali fattori che hanno alterato il design auto- direzione del design dell'auto. Allo stesso modo lo studio suggerisce mobilistico. Sono state fatte visite ai musei per analizzare e com- di considerare un veicolo autonomo per un massimo di due persone prendere i cambiamenti nel tempo. Ciò ha permesso una compren- con motore elettrico. I risultati indicano una richiesta di progetti sione estesa del flusso in riferimento. Il caso studiato è stato esami- concettuali che dimostrano come saranno le auto autonome per la nato attraverso articoli, cataloghi e letteratura. L'analisi delle fonti vita urbana. Data l'ampia gamma di potenziali applicazioni, lo studio secondarie è stata completata per ogni fase per approfondire la suggerisce di migliorare l'attenzione sull'autonomia e le modalità di comprensione per quanto riguarda la rilevazione dei risultati. utilizzo per la mobilità umana. 5 Introduction In this thesis the topic has been chosen as how technologies and a synthesis for the subject and provides a direction to highlight the needs will affect car design. The reason why these subjects have direction of the car design in the technological manner. been chosen as the main influencing factors for the car design is that a change of design or a development in car has been completed Human needs have been the main reason for the creation of this with the support of technology and to meet the needs of humans or mean of transportation. Therefore, it has been inevitable not to in other words solve the design problems. Therefore, it has been mention this factor. The lifestyles of the people have been affected analyzed to examine how these subjects affect car design, hence by various occasions, such as wars, livelihoods, and so. In this what outcome can be driven from the synthesis of these elements. chapter the external elements of the factors which are more likely This article includes a developed systematic study about timeline of independent from technological improvements have been examined the automobiles, human needs in different eras based on non-tech- and explained within the time frame. nological factors, autonomy technology in car industry, a research about legislations, urban planning and logistic scenarios, and finally Autonomous technology has been explained to understand what it a proposal of a package with a concept design. is together with its features and elements, and why its features are important. The levels of autonomy are explained to provide a deep- In the technology chapter, there is listed the various cars with ened knowledge regarding increasing the understanding for the different features highlighted based on the importance that they autonomous car concept which has been introduced afterwards. In carry for this article. Moreover, there are case studies of three cars this chapter, there have been also three case studies to understand which have been chosen as the milestones of the timeline which is the current or expected trends in such concept cars to provide a created. In the case studies, the outstanding features and most clearer image for the future of the car design. significantly the path they carried the approach towards car design to a different place. The analysis at the end of these sections creates In the following chapter, the required plausible legislations for the 7 Introduction countries and the infrastructure for fully autonomous cars together with the initiative attempts regarding self-driven cars have been investigated and explained. Finally, a combination to all the research topics, studies, and analy- ses is created to provide a package proposal with a concept design.