Management of a River Recreation Resource: Understanding the Inputs To

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Management of a River Recreation Resource: Understanding the Inputs To Management of a River Recreation Resource: Understanding the Inputs to Management of Outdoor Recreational Resources by Kimberley Rae A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Recreation and Leisure Studies Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2007 © Kimberley Rae, 2007 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that a copy of my thesis may be made available electronically to the public. ii Abstract Research into the use of natural resources and protected areas for the pursuit of outdoor recreational opportunities has been examined by a number of researchers. One activity with growth in recent years is river recreation, the use of rivers for rafting, kayaking, canoeing and instructional purposes. These many uses involve different groups of individuals, creating management complexity. Understanding the various inputs is critical for effective management The Lower Kananaskis River, located in Kananaskis Country in Southwestern Alberta, was area chosen to develop an understanding the inputs necessary for effective management. Specifically, this study explored the recreational use of the river in an effort to create recommendations on how to more effectively manage use of the Lower Kananaskis River and associated day-use facilities in the future. Kananaskis Country is a 4,250 km2 multi-use recreation area located in the Canadian Rocky Mountains on the western border of Alberta. Since its designation, the purpose of the area, has been to protect the natural features of the area while providing quality facilities that would complement recreational opportunities available in the area. Over the years, the multi-use goal of the area has led to issues surrounding the management of the recreational opportunities available, including the multiple use of the Lower Kananaskis River. The Lower Kananaskis River is a section of the Larger Kananaskis River, one of six rivers flowing through Kananaskis Country. The Kananaskis River flows for 84 km. northward in the Kananaskis Country from the Upper Kananaskis Lake through the development of the Lower Kananaskis Lake and Barrier Lake to the Bow River. This thesis was only concerned about a small section of this river, the lower portion. The Lower Kananaskis River is a 2 km stretch of the river located within Bow Valley Provincial Park, with an additional 4 km of river outside of the park that many users utilize. This river has become a widely used and well-known recreational paddling destination in Kananaskis Country and Bow Valley Provincial Park and with this has come concerns over its use and management. A mixed methods approach was implemented to examine current use levels Both surveys and participant observations were used to develop a better understanding of current use levels (i.e. time, type) and to gather information from users. At the same time, structured interviews were held with key policy leaders to further explore current management issues and concerns surrounding the Lower Kananaskis River. iii Analysis of the data collected from river users revealed that the area is widely used by both commercial and recreational users. These two groups of users have learned to adapt to one another’s activities. Both groups expressed high level of satisfaction, but continued growth in use will probably pose problems with user’s experience and satisfaction. In many cases, users also recognized the need for improvements to river infrastructure both on and off the river. Users indicated that changes were needed in the parking areas to accommodate all of the vehicles and users, work was needed at the put- ins and take-outs to accommodate the increases in users along with work on the river features and at the day use sites. Users also recognized that the area is becoming more widely used and feel that changes are needed in how the area is maintained and managed in order to deal with its continued growth. The interviews with policy leaders emphasized the well-known nature of the issues of the area and emphasized issues within the current management structure. Policy leaders were more critical of the current management structure of the river than the users. The critical comments from the policy leaders were expected, as they are more aware of the management issues than recreational users. The policy leaders made many insightful comments for change in the interviews and recognize that park management has shown low levels of understanding and responses to the expressed needs of the users, and recommendations of previous research. This research found several examples of management ineffectiveness. It was concluded that the low levels of response from management is due to the lack of management capability. With the continued growth of the area new management demands can be expected. This in tern will require improved management framework and guideline. With this, it was recommended that increased management capability is required. In order to assist in the development of this capability the research developed an adapted outdoor recreation management framework. Application of this framework would help to ensure that the area is managed more effectively in the future. iv Acknowledgements There are many people that need to be acknowledged and thanked for the completion of this thesis and research. I hope to list all those who played a role in helping me to complete this thesis but I may have forgotten some along the way, so I would like to extend my gratitude to everyone who has been involved in the completion of this thesis. First of all, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Paul F.J. Eagles for his continued support and encouragement throughout this process. He has been supportive of my research interests and work from the beginning of my Master’s degree and in previous work at the undergraduate level. His support during the data collection from over 4,000 km away was reassuring and kept me enthusiastic about the research. His questions and feedback regarding my research have also helped me to grow academically and professionally. I would also like to thank my two other committee members Dr. Heather Mair and Dr. Troy Glover for their guidance and insight. During the ups and downs of this process, I always had the comfort to know that my advisor and committee members were behind me and my research and there to support me to the end. Additionally I would like to thank Steve Donelon, Heritage Team Leader, Alberta Parks and Protected Areas – Kananaskis Country, for his help, support and commitment to the completion of this research. I would also like to thank all those employed within the Kananaskis Country office and Alberta Parks and Protected Areas who played a role in this research from providing information to supporting the collection of data in the field. I would also like to acknowledge and thank all of the commercial and recreational users and key policy leaders who agreed to participate in this research and provide their insight because without it, this research would not have been successful. The support of my friends and family members cannot go without mention. I want to thank all my friends and family members for their continued support, encouragement and understanding during this process. I would like to particularly thank my parents who have supported all my academic decisions and have been behind me and supporting me throughout this entire process. My mother, Patricia, deserves a special thank you as she never tired of listening to me talk about my thesis and all the related issues and without this support and understanding this research would not have been successful. Additionally, I would like to thank my family members and friends in Calgary for taking me in at different points during the data collection period and for their support during these months. I also have to thank those friends who helped me to move v out to Alberta for my data collection and then move back to Ontario at its completion, their help in moving made things smoother. I also want to thank my family and friends for not letting me lose sight of what was important and for reminding me of why I began this research. I would also like to dedicate this thesis to all those who are passionate about preserving our natural environment and those people who have had their own challenges in research. “Climb the mountains and get their good tidings. Nature's peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees. The winds will blow their own freshness into you... while cares will drop off like autumn leaves.” ~ John Muir “Go confidently in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you have imagined” ~ Henry David Thoreau vi Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction......................................................................................................1 1.1 Kananaskis Country Background .........................................................2 1.2 Bow Valley Provincial Park Background.............................................5 1.3 Lower Kananaskis River Background ..................................................7 1.4 Purpose of the Research........................................................................13 1.5 Research Objectives and Questions......................................................13 1.6 Significance of the Research.................................................................14
Recommended publications
  • NYU Radiology CME in Banff MONDAY, August 3 TUESDAY
    NYU Radiology CME in Banff OPTIONAL ACTIVITIES The activities below have been arranged by TPI on an exclusive basis for NYU attendees so as not to conflict with the meeting agenda. *TPI reserves the right to cancel or re-price any tours that do not meet the minimum requirements. MONDAY, August 3 Welcome to Banff Sightseeing Tour – 1:30 to 6:30pm Adult -- $105Child (6-15) -- $87 Children under 6 – Free Feel the power of Bow Falls and the beauty that surrounds it just below Banff Springs Hotel. Continue exploring from some of the best views in town – Surprise Corner on Tunnel Mountain Drive, the Hoodoos (oddly shaped pillars of glacial rock), Mount Norquay’s winding road and Sulphur Mountain’s Peak. Take the gondola up to the 7,500 ft. summit of Sulphur Mountain and enjoy the panoramic view of the entire Bow Valley. Free time for refreshments in the restaurant or to explore the many trails that wind atop the mountain. Includes: round trip transportation aboard deluxe motorcoach, escort, gondola ride, admission fees, tax, and driver gratuity. Minimum 20 persons. TUESDAY, August 4 Kananaskis River Whitewater Rafting 1:30 to 6:30pm Adult -- $154; Child (5-15) -- $139 Enjoy the perfect mix of mountains, scenery, fun and a little action on an exciting whitewater paddle raft adventure on the scenic Kananaskis River. The river tour is rated a Grade 2 to 3. Once suited up in full rafting gear, begin a scenic float that gradually builds into an unforgettable whitewater thrill! A skilled rafting guide will ensure your safety and amusement.
    [Show full text]
  • Kakwa Wildland Park
    Alberta Parks Kakwa Wildland Park ...Rocky ridges and sparkling waters Kakwa Wildland Park is a remote, facilities including fire pits, picnic numerous unnamed peaks and ridges rugged place of incredible beauty tables, privies and potable water. in the park as well. with tree-carpeted valleys, swift clear creeks and high mountain ridges. The Kilometre 149: Kakwa Falls, Alberta’s tallest waterfall, park was established in 1996 and is Lick Creek – only 4-wheel drive is a spectacular 30 metres high. Other approximately 650 square kilometres vehicles are suitable on the un- falls in the park include Lower Kakwa in size. maintained trail from here to Falls, located east of the main falls; Kakwa Falls; there are creek and Francis Peak Creek Falls, over Location/Access crossings and wet areas along this which there’s a natural bridge. Kakwa Wildland Park is 160 kilometres route. southwest of Grande Prairie. For There is evidence of glacial outwash travel beyond Lick Creek (roughly 10 Kilometre 160: in the park’s numerous emerald- kilometres from the park’s northern Kakwa Wildland Park boundary. coloured kettle lakes. The lower boundary) a four-wheel drive vehicle is valleys are forested with lodgepole essential. Visitors should check ahead Kilometre 164: pine and there’s subalpine fir at higher with Alberta Parks in Grande Prairie to Deadhorse Meadows equestrian elevations. Three-hundred-year-old confirm road conditions. staging area. Englemann spruce grow in some of the park’s high southern valleys and Kilometre 0: Kilometre 168: large stands of krummholz (stunted Grande Prairie – go south on Hwy. Kakwa day use area and Kakwa subalpine fir growing at tree line) occur 40 then west on Hwy.
    [Show full text]
  • 88 Reasons to Love Alberta Parks
    88 Reasons to Love Alberta Parks 1. Explore the night sky! Head to Miquelon Lake Provincial Park to get lost among the stars in the Beaver Hills Dark Sky Preserve. 2. Experience Cooking Lake-Blackfoot Provincial Recreation Area in the Beaver Hills UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. This unique 1600 square km reserve has natural habitats that support abundant wildlife, alongside agriculture and industry, on the doorstep of the major urban area of Edmonton. 3. Paddle the Red Deer River through the otherworldly shaped cliffs and badlands of Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park. 4. Wildlife viewing. Our parks are home to many wildlife species. We encourage you to actively discover, explore and experience nature and wildlife safely and respectfully. 5. Vibrant autumn colours paint our protected landscapes in the fall. Feel the crunch of fallen leaves underfoot and inhale the crisp woodland scented air on trails in many provincial parks and recreation areas. 6. Sunsets illuminating wetlands and lakes throughout our provincial parks system, like this one in Pierre Grey’s Lakes Provincial Park. 7. Meet passionate and dedicated Alberta Parks staff in a visitor center, around the campground, or out on the trails. Their enthusiasm and knowledge of our natural world combines adventure with learning to add value to your parks experiences!. 8. Get out in the crisp winter air in Cypress Hills Provincial Park where you can explore on snowshoe, cross-country ski or skating trails, or for those with a need for speed, try out the luge. 9. Devonshire Beach: the natural white sand beach at Lesser Slave Lake Provincial Park is consistently ranked as one of the top beaches in Canada! 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Bow River Basin State of the Watershed Summary 2010 Bow River Basin Council Calgary Water Centre Mail Code #333 P.O
    30% SW-COC-002397 Bow River Basin State of the Watershed Summary 2010 Bow River Basin Council Calgary Water Centre Mail Code #333 P.O. Box 2100 Station M Calgary, AB Canada T2P 2M5 Street Address: 625 - 25th Ave S.E. Bow River Basin Council Mark Bennett, B.Sc., MPA Executive Director tel: 403.268.4596 fax: 403.254.6931 email: [email protected] Mike Murray, B.Sc. Program Manager tel: 403.268.4597 fax: 403.268.6931 email: [email protected] www.brbc.ab.ca Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 2 Overview 4 Basin History 6 What is a Watershed? 7 Flora and Fauna 10 State of the Watershed OUR SUB-BASINS 12 Upper Bow River 14 Kananaskis River 16 Ghost River 18 Seebe to Bearspaw 20 Jumpingpound Creek 22 Bearspaw to WID 24 Elbow River 26 Nose Creek 28 WID to Highwood 30 Fish Creek 32 Highwood to Carseland 34 Highwood River 36 Sheep River 38 Carseland to Bassano 40 Bassano to Oldman River CONCLUSION 42 Summary 44 Acknowledgements 1 Overview WELCOME! This State of the Watershed: Summary Booklet OVERVIEW OF THE BOW RIVER BASIN LET’S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK... THE WATER TOWERS was created by the Bow River Basin Council as a companion to The mountainous headwaters of the Bow our new Web-based State of the Watershed (WSOW) tool. This Comprising about 25,000 square kilometres, the Bow River basin The Bow River is approximately 645 kilometres in length. It begins at Bow Lake, at an River basin are often described as the booklet and the WSOW tool is intended to help water managers covers more than 4% of Alberta, and about 23% of the South elevation of 1,920 metres above sea level, then drops 1,180 metres before joining with the water towers of the watershed.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Newsletter
    Willmore Wilderness Foundation ... a registered charitable foundation 2016 Annual Newsletter Photo by Susan Feddema-Leonard - July 2015 Ali Klassen & Payton Hallock on the top of Mt. Stearn Willmore Wilderness Foundation Page 2 Page 3 Annual Edition - 2016 Jw Mountain Metis otipemisiwak - freemen President’s Report by Bazil Leonard Buy DVDs On LinePeople & Peaks People & Peaks Ancestors Calling Ancestors CallingLong Road Home Long Road Home Centennial Commemoration of Jasper’s Mountain Métis In 1806 Métis guide Jacco Findlay was the first to blaze a packtrail over Howse Pass and the Continental Divide. He made a map for Canadian explorer David Thompson, who followed one year later. Jacco left the North West Company and became one of the first “Freemen” or “Otipemisiwak” in the Athabasca Valley. Long Road Home: 45:13 min - $20.00 In 1907 the Canadian Government passed an Order in Council for the creation of the Ancestors Calling I thought that I would share a campsites, dangerous river fords, and “Jasper Forest Park”—enforcing the evacuation of the Métis in the Athabasca Valley. By 1909 guns were seized causing the community to surrender its homeland--including Jacco’s descendants. Six Métis families made their exodus after inhabiting the area for a century. Ancestors Calling This documentary, In 1804, the North West Company brought voyageurs, proprietors, evicted families, as well as Jacco’s progeny. Stories are shared through the voices of family recap of 2015, which was a year of historic areas on the west side of the members as they revealLong their Road struggle Home to preserve traditions and culture as Mountain Métis.
    [Show full text]
  • Willmore Wilderness Newsletter
    Willmore Wilderness Newsletter Youth Venture into Willmore We want to recognize this year’s who accompanied Zarina and her mom. Emy who both started ‘wildies’ that were youngest traveler in Willmore. Jaely Continuing on in the youth theme, running free in the mountains. Angeen Moberly (age two weeks) was the smallest pictured above are youth who hiked to also started a frisky four-year-old mare Willmore trail hand, and she traveled to Kvass Flats Camp with their moms for a in the Larry Nelles Clinic. Our hats go Kvass Flats Camp on two occasions. A three-day camping trip in August. From off to these three ladies. The Willmore close second in the youngest category is left to right are travelers Payton with Wilderness Foundation sponsored these five-week old Payden who went to Corral mom Jaeda Feddema, also holding Jaely young women along with many other Creek Camp with big sister Brooklyn on their second trip. The lovely Rowan youth at the colt starting clinic. and his parents, Joey Landry and Tyler is eating a cookie with her mom Kim Jenn, Angeen and Emy spent McMahon. The third youngest goes out Teneyck also holding son Julien, with son extensive time in Willmore Park this to six-month old Zarina who traveled Kahleb to the right. summer and fall riding their colts. to Kvass Flats with her mother Becky Pictured (from left to right) above are These three young ladies were filmed Leonard. Special mention goes out to Jenn Houlihan, Angeen Hallock and Emy during the clinic for the movie “Wildie” three-year-old Zachary and one-year-old Hallock.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrology Study, Bow and Elbow River Updated Hydraulic Model Project, Rev
    March 2010 HYDROLOGY STUDY, BOW AND ELBOW RIVER UPDATED HYDRAULIC MODEL PROJECT, REV. A Submitted to: Alberta Environment REPORT Report Number: 09-1326-1040 HYDROLOGY STUDY, BOW AND ELBOW RIVER UPDATED HYDRAULIC MODEL PROJECT Executive Summary Golder Associates Ltd. (Golder) was commissioned by Alberta Environment (AENV) to conduct a hydrology study for the “Bow and Elbow River Updated Hydraulic Model” project. The City of Calgary (the City), in partnership with Alberta Environment (AENV), plans to create a HEC-RAS (Hydraulic Engineering Center River Analysis System) hydraulic model of the Bow and Elbow Rivers through the City. The model implementation is primarily for supporting emergency response planning and operations through flood inundation mapping. It will provide additional perspective on current flood hazard area management and will provide a basis for increased understanding of fish habitat, river morphology and erosion, water quality and storm water runoff impacts. The scope of work for the hydrology study included: 1) Generation of naturalized daily flow series at the major storage facilities on the Bow River above Bearspaw Dam and on the Elbow River at Glenmore Reservoir; 2) Estimation of naturalized and regulated 1:2 to 1:1,000 year flood flows based on flood frequency analysis of naturalized and/or recorded peak flow series at relevant locations along the Bow River and its tributaries (including the Elbow River); 3) Development of synthetic inflow flood hydrographs for tributaries to the Bow River with hydropower developments and at the Water Survey of Canada (WSC) Bow River at Banff station; 4) Routing of the synthetic flood hydrographs through all major storage reservoirs along the Bow River above Bearspaw Dam and through the Glenmore Reservoir; 5) Commentary on the effects of climate change and the impact of stormwater runoff on flood estimates as well as on the seasonality of flood peaks; and 6) Comparison of the new flood flow estimates with those of AENV’s 1983 Calgary Floodplain Study (the 1983 study).
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Banff: Changing Perspectives on the Conservation Mandate on Alberta's East Slopes
    BEYOND BANFF: CHANGING PERSPECTIVES ON THE CONSERVATION MANDATE ON ALBERTA’S EAST SLOPES John Kristensen Retired Assistant Deputy Minister Alberta Parks 23324 Township Road 515 Sherwood Park, Alberta T8B 1L1 Phone: 780-467-1432 e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Since the late 1700s and early 1880s, people have marveled at the breathtaking landscapes and the amazing array of flora and fauna in the Rocky Mountains and foothills of the Eastern Slopes. These natural values have put the Eastern Slopes on the world map as a place to visit and experience the wilderness. Since the early 1900s, government documents have been clear that watershed protection is the highest priority for this area. The Eastern Slopes include an abundance of natural resources: water, fish, wildlife, forests, other vegetation, rangeland, natural gas, oil, coal and other minerals. These natural resources are all in demand to various extents by the public, the private sector and governments. Pressures associated with the gas, oil and forestry industries within the Eastern Slopes have caused significant land use conflicts among the many stakeholders, as they have attempted to balance industrial development with public recreation, a growing tourism sector and conservation of the area’s rich natural resources through multiple land use strategies. Some of the successes and failures are discussed, and recommendations are presented to enhance the ecosystem-based Integrated Resource Management of the area, where conservation principles are respected. 1 BEYOND BANFF: CHANGING PERSPECTIVES ON THE CONSERVATION MANDATE ON ALBERTA’S EAST SLOPES John Kristensen Introduction: When I was invited to present a paper on this topic, I accepted because my family and I have camped, hiked, fished and photographed many parts of Alberta’s Eastern Slopes since 1960; and, I had the profound pleasure and honour to work in the Alberta Parks and Protected Areas Division and see first hand the successes and challenges in conserving the Eastern Slopes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ca 1978 ISSS Tours 8+16E Report.Pdf
    11th CONGRESS I NT ERNA TI ONAL I OF SOIL SCIENCE EDMONTON, CANADA JUNE 1978 GUIDEBOOK FOR A SOILS LAND USE TOUR IN BANFF AND JASPER NATIONAL PARKS TOURS 8 AND 16 L.J. KNAPIK Soils Division, Al Research Council, Edmonton G.M. COEN Research Branch, culture Canada, Edmonton Alberta Research Council Contribution Series 809 ture Canada Soil Research Institute tribution 654 Guidebook itors D.F. Acton and L.S. Crosson Saskatchewan Institute of Pedology Saskatoon, Saskatchewan ~-"-J'~',r--- --\' "' ~\>(\ '<:-q, ,v ~ *'I> co'"' ~ (/) ~ AlBERTA \._____ ) / ~or th '(<.\ ~ e r ...... e1Bowden QJ' - Q"' Olds• Y.T. I N.W.T. _...,_.. ' h./? 1 ...._~ ~ll"O"W I ,-,- B.C. / U.S.A. ' '-----"'/' FIG. 1 GENERAL ROUTE MAP i; i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............•..................................... vi INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 1 GENERAL ITINERARY ................................................... 2 REGIONAL OVERVIEW ..•................................................. 6 The Alberta Plain .................................................. 6 15 The Rocky Mountain Foothills ........................................ The Rocky Mountains ................................................ 17 DAY 1: EDMONTON TO BANFF . • . 27 Road Log No. 1: Edmonton to Calgary.......................... 27 The Lacombe Research Station................................. 32 Road Log No. 2: Calgary to Banff............................ 38 Kananaskis Site: Orthic Eutric Brunisol.... .. ...... ... ....... 41 DAY 2: BANFF AND
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Rockies
    TOP ADVENTURE DESTINATIONS: Canadian Rockies Are your student game for a breathtaking hike to the Takakkaw Falls, spot wildlife in Jasper, or take in stunning views with a trip up a Banff Gondola? If your students are ready to kayak on Moraine Lake, hike Lake O’Hara, and then relax in the Banff Upper Hot Springs, Educational Destinations can make your Canadian Rockies adventure trip rewarding and memorable. ADVENTURE OPPORTUNITIES: • View the highest peak in the Rocky Mountains • Take a Gondola Ride to Sulphur Mountain • Dare to Step Out on the Columbia Icefield Skywalk, a in the heart of the Canadian Rockies Glass-Floor Observation Deck Overlooking Sunwapta • Experience a Mind-Blowing Helicopter Ride Valley and a Walk to Twin Falls • Enjoy a Safari tour through teh River in Grizzly Bear • Take a Soak in the Popular Lussier Hot Springs Valley • Summit A Mountain Right In The Town Of Banff • Travel on a Gigantic Ice Explorer to a location where • Journey Through Johnston Canyon and See the Students can Walk on the Athabasca Glacier Waterfalls, Bridges, and Blue ‘Ink Pot’ Spring Pools • Experience a Tour by Horseback along the Bow River • See Iconic Wildlife on a Wagon Ride at the • Explore the Life of the Active Athabasca Glacier Boundary Ranch • Take a Tranquil Canoe Excursion on Pyramid Lake • Challenge the Rapids of the Kananaskis River • Visit Spirit Island...which is not an Island...Most of the • Experience Thrilling Treetop Adventures Time • Zipline Through Picturesque Landscapes • View the Blue Emerald Waters of Alpine • Explore
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality in the South SK River Basin
    Water Quality in the South SK River Basin I AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN RIVER BASIN I.1 The Saskatchewan River Basin The South Saskatchewan River joins the North Saskatchewan River to form one of the largest river systems in western Canada, the Saskatchewan River System, which flows from the headwater regions along the Rocky Mountains of south-west Alberta and across the prairie provinces of Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). The Prairie physiographic region is characterized by rich soils, thick glacial drift and extensive aquifer systems, and a consistent topography of broad rolling hills and low gradients which create isolated surface wetlands. In contrast, the headwater region of the Saskatchewan River (the Western Cordillera physiographic region) is dominated by thin mineral soils and steep topography, with highly connected surface drainage systems and intermittent groundwater contributions to surface water systems. As a result, the Saskatchewan River transforms gradually in its course across the provinces: from its oxygen-rich, fast flowing and highly turbid tributaries in Alberta to a meandering, nutrient-rich and biologically diverse prairie river in Saskatchewan. There are approximately 3 million people who live and work in the Saskatchewan River Basin and countless industries which operate in the basin as well, including pulp and paper mills, forestry, oil and gas extraction, mining (coal, potash, gravel, etc.), and agriculture. As the fourth longest river system in North America, the South Saskatchewan River Basin covers an incredibly large area, draining a surface of approximately 405 860 km² (Partners FOR the Saskatchewan River Basin, 2009). Most of the water that flows in the Saskatchewan River originates in the Rocky Mountains of the Western Cordillera, although some recharge occurs in the prairie regions of Alberta and Saskatchewan through year-round groundwater contributions, spring snow melt in March or April, and summer rainfall in May and early July (J.W.
    [Show full text]
  • 8 AVALANCHE INFORMATION SYSTEMS in KA1'lanaskis
    8 AVALANCHE INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN 1 KA1'lANASKIS COUNTRY, ALBERTA, CANADA 2 3 3 Gavin More , Olaf Niemann and Glen Langford Abstract --A computer oriented approach to collate avalanche and geographic information was developed to provide hazard evaluations for a variety of purposes. The major applications are modelling and mapping. A secondary use is storing inform­ ation related to avalanche path activity. A zone/slope class model was used for recreation planning and will form the basis of an avalanche brochure. INTRODUCTION products, a computerized Geographic Information System (G.I.S.) approach, supplemented by conven­ 2 In 1977 a major recreation area (4,166 km ), tional products, was adopted. called Kananaskis Country, was announced for a f region of mountains and foothills southwest of Calgary, Alberta (fig. 1). The northwest portion contains a major provincial park and winter trail systems. The northeast and southern portions contain snowmobile and winter ski trails. The development of major highways, crowding of ski trails, as well as the attractiveness of side valleys and glaciers for ski touring, heli-skiing and mountaineering has resulted in major increased use of avalanche areas by recreationists. One heli­ skiing death has occurred and several parties have been caught in avalanches. The prediction of increased problems led to efforts to collect avalanche information for roads (Stetham 1982 and 1983, McPherson et al. 1983) and backcountry areas (Niemann 1982, McPherson et al. 1983). A large amount of data, which vary in detail and scale, has been collected. It was necessary to integrate these data with geographic information into a common but flexible data base which could be updated and expanded through time.
    [Show full text]