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Perspectivas Ecofeministas En La Prosa Chicana De Los Noventa

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Perspectivas Ecofeministas En La Prosa Chicana De Los Noventa Departamento de Filología Inglesa y Alemana y Traducción e Interpretación PERSPECTIVAS ECOFEMINISTAS EN LA PROSA CHICANA DE LOS NOVENTA Tesis Doctoral realizada por Maite Aperribay Bermejo Bajo la dirección del Dr. David Río Raigadas Vitoria-Gasteiz, 2017 (c)2017 MAITE APERRIBAY BERMEJO RESUMEN Desde la antigüedad la naturaleza y las mujeres han sido sometidas, y este sometimiento ha permitido en gran parte el actual desarrollo económico occidental, que sigue ordenando el mundo en dicotomías como hombre-mujer, naturaleza-cultura o razón- emoción. En los años setenta las mujeres reclaman que se reconozca su derecho a acceder al mundo de la cultura. Es entonces cuando el feminismo se hace eco de esta reivindicación y consigue, en parte, romper con el mundo doméstico. Las aportaciones de dos disciplinas críticas como el feminismo y la ecología posibilitan la lucha contra el sometimiento de la naturaleza y las mujeres, originando el pensamiento ecofeminista, que se plasmará en la literatura ecofeminista. Esta literatura abarca diversos aspectos además de la naturaleza, como por ejemplo la identidad, el género, la raza, la sexualidad, el etnicismo o la cultura. Precisamente es uno de los puntos en los que se centra el ecofeminismo; en la relación entre la mujer y la sociedad, desde un punto de vista multidisciplinar; partiendo de la teoría feminista, la ecocrítica o los estudios culturales. Numerosas obras y autores han tratado el tema de la crítica medio ambiental o ecocrítica, pero pocos son los que han tratado el ecofeminismo en exclusiva, aunque esto último pueda deberse en parte a que el ecofeminismo es una disciplina académica joven que surge en torno a los años noventa. El ecofeminismo emerge en Europa en el último tercio del siglo XX, y el término fue acuñado por primera vez por la escritora francesa Françoise d’Eaubonne en 1974 en la obra Le féminisme ou la mort. Actualmente existen diferentes filosofías dentro del ecofeminismo, por lo que se habla de ecofeminismos. iii El ecofeminismo puede servir como herramienta para la consecución de un cambio social. En esta tesis se pretende dotar de visibilidad a la literatura ecofeminista y ejemplificarla mediante las obras que conforman su corpus. Uno de los principales objetivos del presente trabajo será dar a la literatura ecofeminista el valor que se merece, ya que parece que en muchos círculos académicos la literatura ecofeminista está todavía considerada como una simple ecocrítica femenina. Un segundo objetivo será aportar un pequeño grano de arena a la crítica literaria ecofeminista en español, ya que la gran mayoría de los artículos y obras se publican en el ámbito anglosajón. iv AGRADECIMIENTOS Me gustaría agradecer en primer lugar a mi director de tesis David Río Raigadas por su apoyo, sus consejos y ánimos en el transcurso de la realización de este trabajo. Muchas gracias también a los compañeros del Departamento de Filología Inglesa, Alemana y Traducción e Interpretación de la Universidad del País Vasco por sus constantes ánimos. A mis aitatxos y a mi hermana Amaia, por apoyarme siempre en mis decisiones. Por los momentos de nervios en los que me habéis tenido que aguantar. Por invertir siempre en mi educación, por no haberme puesto límites y por haberme animado siempre a superar los que yo misma me voy poniendo. Por hacerme creer que soy capaz de todo y más. Por haber sido siempre un ejemplo, con un libro siempre entre las manos. A mi hermana Amaia por todo lo anterior y por ser mi compañera de viajes y batallas. Por su gran capacidad de resiliencia ante los envistes de la vida. Por ser una inspiración, por el coraje que demuestra al cerrar capítulos y al comenzar a escribir un libro nuevo. A mis aitaitas, mis “abus” del alma. Por consentirme y mimarme de un modo tan sano. Por hacerme sentir la nieta más de todo, y por poneros cluecos cada vez que he alcanzado cualquier pequeña meta. Por enseñarme el valor del trabajo y que las cosas se consiguen con tesón. Por todo el cariño y apoyo que me dais. Por compartir tanto conmigo, y por poder compartir otros muchos años más con salud. Por la satisfacción de poder regalaros este libro que probablemente no leeréis, pero al que sé que mirareis con orgullo todos los días. v A mis tíos Dioni y Alberto. Por vuestra alegría y las largas conversaciones con uno o varios cafés. A mi prima Sonia, mi hermana mayor. Por tu constante preocupación y apoyo. A Miguel, Garazi y Maider, por ser puro amor. Por compartir esa pasión por la literatura y el cine desde pequeñas, y por dejarme deleitaros con mi selección de libros y películas. A mis tíos Jose e Igone. A Jose por enseñarme que la poesía vive más allá de los libros. Quién nos iba a decir cuando me llevaste a mi primer concierto allá por los noventa que las letras de Bob Dylan iban a otorgarle un Premio Nobel. Y a Igone, la activista de la familia, por ser una luchadora en pro de los derechos civiles y la igualdad de género. Tanto a ella como a mi primo Aitor, gracias por descubrirme la música clásica. A mis primos sureños Manuel y Eugenia, por interesarse siempre por mi trabajo, incluso desde la distancia. A Eugenia en especial, por ser tan ecofeminista como yo. A mis amigos del alma, mi familia no consanguínea. Gemma y Aritz, Zuri y Iosu, Gorka, a la prole de peques. Porque sois amigos con mayúsculas, en lo bueno y sobre todo en lo malo. Por haberme apoyado siempre, por haber entendido mis ausencias y por no reprocharme mi temporal ostracismo. A Sandra y Paula, Duni, Marga A., Marga S., Raquel y Sandra, gracias por vuestra incondicional amistad, vuestro apoyo y vuestra empatía. Porque sois mujeres de bandera, de las que el mundo necesita. Aunque todos ellos puedan pensar lo contrario, sin su constante apoyo difícilmente habría alcanzado esta meta. A todos vosotros, amigos y familia, os quiero. Gracias, porque en cada uno de vosotros tengo un hogar. Y gracias, muchas gracias, por vuestro modo de quererme tan bonito. vi ÍNDICE RESUMEN ...................................................................................................................... iii AGRADECIMIENTOS .................................................................................................... v ÍNDICE ............................................................................................................................. 1 PREFACIO ....................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................ 4 Contexto histórico-cultural...................................................................................... 4 Objetivos ............................................................................................................... 11 Metodología .......................................................................................................... 17 CAPÍTULO 1. Ecofeminismo: Sororidad, igualdad, justicia y sostenibilidad ............... 20 CAPÍTULO 2. El Movimiento Chicano: Orígenes y Desarrollo ................................... 38 CAPÍTULO 3. Breve sinopsis de la literatura chicana y de su relación con el ecofeminismo ............................................................................................................... 56 Literatura Chicana o Chicano Literature .............................................................. 56 Literatura Chicana feminista o Chicana Literature .............................................. 67 CAPÍTULO 4. So Far from God: El Bildungsroman como herramienta para el empoderamiento ........................................................................................................... 83 CAPÍTULO 5. Heroes and Saints: voces chicanas subversivas .................................. 113 CAPÍTULO 6. Cactus Blood: La novela negra como instrumento para la lucha por la justicia social y medioambiental ................................................................................ 147 1 CAPÍTULO 7. Under the Feet of Jesus: Resiliencia y visibilización del campesinado chicano ....................................................................................................................... 169 CAPÍTULO 8. Watsonville. Some Place Not Here: la voz de los silenciados ............. 190 CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................................ 221 ANEXO 1. The Principles of the Environmental Justice ............................................. 247 BIBLIOGRAFÍA CITADA .......................................................................................... 251 2 PREFACIO “Sé el cambio que quieres para el mundo” (atribuida a Ghandi) “I will be a hummingbird” The story of the hummingbird is about this huge forest being consumed by a fire. All the animals in the forest come out and they are transfixed as they watch the forest burning and they feel very overwhelmed, very powerless, except this little hummingbird. It says, “I’m going to do something about the fire!” So it flies to the nearest stream and takes a drop of water. It puts it on the fire, and goes up and down, up and down, up and down, as fast as it can. In the meantime all the other animals, much bigger animals like the elephant with a big trunk that could bring much more water, they are standing there helpless. And they are saying to the hummingbird, “What do you think you can do? You are too little. This fire is too big. Your wings are too little and your beak is so
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