A Fatalidade Do Diálogo Estado-Religião

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A Fatalidade Do Diálogo Estado-Religião RUI ANTÓNIO COSTA OLIVEIRA A FATALIDADE DO DIÁLOGO ESTADO-RELIGIÃO Registos identificados em vários dos contextos históricos da Monarquia e da República Portuguesa, da Modernidade ao Tratado de Lisboa Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Ciência das Religiões, no Curso de Mestrado em Ciência das Reli- giões, conferido pela Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias. Orientador: Prof. Dr. PAULO MENDES PINTO Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias Faculdade de Ciência Política, Lusofonia e Relações Internacionais Lisboa 2010 A FATALIDADE DO DIÁLOGO ESTADO-RELIGIÃO A grande individualidade, resultado dos progressos d’este século, vae tornando impos- síveis todas as supremacias, tanto na religião, como no estado, como na arte. É para onde confluem todos os esforços, todas as luctas; é o móbil da acção na Europa moderna. TEÓFILO BRAGA, As Theocracias Litterarias, Lisboa, Typographia Universal, 1865, p. 5 2 A FATALIDADE DO DIÁLOGO ESTADO-RELIGIÃO Resumo Neste trabalho, propomo-nos elencar os vários «instrumentos políticos» de que se têm socorrido, de uma forma geral, o Poder instituído, e, de uma forma particular, o Estado Português, para a regulação das relações de carácter religioso dos cidadãos, entre si – nas suas várias expressões confessionais – e entre estes e o Estado – na diversidade dos canais institucionais de comunicação e de interacção. O enfoque é o da realidade nacional portuguesa, desde a Modernidade (de uma forma pontualizada) e o período que decorre da promulgação da Constituição Portuguesa de 1976 até à assinatura do Tratado de Lisboa, em 13 de Dezembro de 2007, que criou a União Europeia, e que entrou em vigor em 1 de Dezembro de 2009. Identificam-se, neste caso, os passos, os instrumentos legislativos e os organismos estatais, expressamente cria- dos para o estabelecimento de normais condições de convivência social nos domínios do religioso, não perdendo de vista a tensão imposta pela questão interpelante (aparentemente paradoxal) dirigida ao Estado secular – neste caso, o Português –, que se caracteriza pela sua pretensa independência e separação total das instituições religiosas, e se vê inevitavel- mente obrigado a legislar sobre matéria do âmbito religioso, a fim de regular os espaços de diálogo e de inter-relação, entre esses dois universos: o da crença e o da laicidade. Palavras-chave: Estado, Portugal, Religião, Sociedade, Clero. 3 A FATALIDADE DO DIÁLOGO ESTADO-RELIGIÃO Abstract In this paper, we propose to list the «political instruments» that the governments, in general, and the Portuguese nation particularly, use to regulate the citizen’s religious relations – and between those and the State – in all the variety of different institutional channels of com- munication and interaction. The focus is the Portuguese reality, since Modern Era (in a specific way) and the pe- riod elapsing from the promulgation of the Portuguese Constitution of 1976 until the signature of the Treaty of Lisbon on 13 December 2007, which created the European Union, and took ef- fect on 1 December 2009. In this case, are identified, the steps, the legislative instruments and the several government institutions specifically created for the establishment of regular social acquaintanceship conditions in the religious fields, not losing sight of the stress imposed by the pertinent question (apparently paradoxical) addressed to the secular State – in this case, the Portuguese –, characterised by their supposed independence and total separation of religious institutions, and inevitably sees itself compelled to legislate on a matter of religious context in order to regulate the spaces for dialogue and interaction between these two universes: the belief and the laity. Keywords: State, Portugal, Religion, Society, Clergy.. 4 A FATALIDADE DO DIÁLOGO ESTADO-RELIGIÃO Índice RESUMO / ABSTRACT ....................................................................................... 3/4 INTRODUÇÃO.................................................................................................... 6 I.. ASPECTOS HISTÓRICOS (sociais, políticos e religiosos, anteriores a Abril de 1974) ............................................................................................................ 9 1. Constructos históricos e geográficos na estruturação identitária nacional e seus efeitos determinantes............................................................................ 10 2. As novas correntes de pensamento, portadoras de inovação e provocadoras de contestação .............................................................................................. 13 1580-1640 (Período Filipino)...................................................................... 15 1640-1820 (Restauração, Regalismo).......................................................... 17 1820-1910 (Constitucionalismo, Liberalismo e fim da Monarquia) ........... 21 1910, 1926, 1974 (República, Estado Novo, Revolução de 1974)............... 35 II. REVOLUÇÃO DE ABRIL DE 1974............................................................... 56 1. Período intercalar de redefinições e reajuste sociais, políticos e religiosos . 56 2. Constituição da República e Tratado da União – Documentos reestrutura- dores e reestruturantes.................................................................................. 61 Algumas reflexões suscitadas pelo clausulado constitucional..................... 62 Apontamento sobre o clausulado do Tratado de Lisboa.............................. 65 3. Envolvência ministerial e seus objectivos e instrumentos reguladores ........ 67 3.1 Ministério da Educação/Presidência do Conselho de Ministros (ENTRE- CULTURAS, EMDR, ACIME, ACIDI…) ............................................... 68 3.2 Ministério da Justiça (Lei da Liberdade Religiosa / Comissão da Liber- dade Religiosa) .................................................................................... 71 III. A ACTUALIDADE EUROPEIA ................................................................... 74 1. Actualização dos conceitos modelares.......................................................... 74 2. No dealbar do século XXI ............................................................................ 77 A representatividade do Estado ou a «representatividade possível»........... 80 …e, quanto à Religião.................................................................................. 83 CONCLUSÃO...................................................................................................... 89 BIBLIOGRAFIA .................................................................................................. 91 ANEXOS ............................................................................................................. 96 (Anexo I – Actas das Cortes de Lamego de 1319; Anexo II – Concordatas, Acordos e Tratados com a Santa Sé; Anexo III – Constituição da República Portuguesa – 1976; Anexo IV – Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos; Anexo V – Carta dos Direi- tos Fundamentais da União Europeia; Anexo VI – Tratado de Lisboa; Anexo VII – Cronologia); Anexo VIII – Informação sumária sobre algumas das iniciativas e publica- ções do ACIDI para a área do Diálogo Inter-Religioso. 5 A FATALIDADE DO DIÁLOGO ESTADO-RELIGIÃO Introdução “Os instrumentos políticos da nação democrática são cada vez mais funcionais e cada vez menos políticos.” Pierre MANENT, A Razão das Nações – Reflexões sobre a democracia na Europa, Lisboa, Ed. 70, 2008, p. 43 a sequela da citação epigrafada de Manent (1949-) 1, propomo-nos, neste trabalho, N elencar os vários «instrumentos políticos» de que se têm socorrido, de uma forma geral, o Poder instituído, e, de uma forma particular, o Estado Português, para a regulação das relações de carácter religioso dos cidadãos, entre si – nas suas variadas expressões confessionais – e entre estes e o Estado – na diversidade dos canais institucionais de comunicação e de interacção. Com a Modernidade e a emergência científica o Mundo ocidental encheu-se de uma inquietação interrogante. Se, por um lado, a sublevação paradigmática parecia des- velar o mistério da «auto-suficiência», transferindo-o dos domínios da Transcendência para os da Ciência e suas conquistas; por outro, continuava-lhe arreigada a intuição arquetípica de uma certa «Presença» (transcendente) na Natureza. A partir de então, no território europeu das relações, foi-se delineando, como num tabuleiro, um traçado com figurantes que interagiam por aproximações e recuos tácticos, numa dialéctica em que as lógicas dos interesses se alternavam nuns casos, ou se consumiam, noutros. Os profissionalizados destes universos relacionais corporiza- vam-se de forma a acautelarem não só as suas posições, mas adestrando-se também nas enredadas subtilezas desses jogos sociais e de poder. As duas super-instituições – o Estado e a Religião –, que representam esses dois universos, em permanente tensão, durante séculos, regeram e, quanto a mim, continuam a reger, os destinos (e os desati- nos) do Mundo. É claro que os métodos de hoje já não são os mesmos que os de ontem, ou melhor, hoje são muito diferentes e mais sofisticados. No entanto, está patente que a instituição que melhor manuseia o património simbólico, que lastra o espaço interactivo 1 Segundo Manent, o homem moderno, ao mesmo tempo que diz não querer ser mais do que simples ho- mem, actua como uma entidade superior ao homem. Faz permanente juízo crítico de si mesmo, manifestando viver numa angustiante dualidade que radica, segundo o sociólogo,
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