Il Rogo Degli Eretici Nel Medioevo

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Il Rogo Degli Eretici Nel Medioevo Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN FILOLOGIA ROMANZA E CULTURA MEDIEVALE Ciclo XXV Settore Concorsuale di afferenza: 11 A/1 Settore Scientifico disciplinare: M STO /01 IL ROGO DEGLI ERETICI NEL MEDIOEVO Presentata da: Samuel Sospetti Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore Renzo Tosi Lorenzo Paolini Esame finale anno 2013 IL ROGO DEGLI ERETICI NEL MEDIOEVO Introduzione...................................................................................................................................... p. 1 CAP. I: I FONDAMENTI NORMATIVI DELLA PENA DEL ROGO 1. La pena di morte nei confronti degli eretici nella legislazione tardo- antica……………………………………………………………….………………………..……… .p. 5 2. Il Decretum di Graziano e la riflessione dei giuristi sulla condanna a morte degli eretici...........................................................................................................................p. 10 3. La procedura penale nei confronti degli eretici prima dell’Inquisizione e la repressione dell'eresia nella legislazione pontificia (XII-XIII secc.)…………………………………………………………………............................................p. 25 4. La comparsa del rogo nella legislazione federiciana..........................................p. 39 5. L’introduzione della pena del rogo nella legislazione statutaria...............................................................................................................................p. 45 6. Il rogo nella procedura inquisitoriale e il processo post mortem.................p. 55 CAP. II: LA GIUSTIFICAZIONE DELLA CONDANNA NELLA CONTROVERSISTICA. 1. I trattati antiereticali e la giustificazione della condanna per gli eretici………………………………………………………………………...................................p. 60 2. Alano di Lilla, De fide catholica (1190-1202)........................................................p. 62 3. Eberardo di Béthune, Liber antiheresis (inizi XIII sec.).....................................p. 66 4. Ermengaudo di Béziers, Contra haereticos (primo quarto del XIII sec.)…p. 67 5. Disputatio inter catholicum et paterinum hereticum (1224-1231).............. p.69 6. Salvo Burci, Liber Suprastella (1235)........................................................................p. 71 7. Luca di Tuy, De altera vita (1236)..............................................................................p. 80 8. Moneta da Cremona, Summa contra catharos et valdenses (1241)...............p.86 9. Rolando da Cremona, Postilla in Iob (1230 ca.)....................................................p. 92 10. Appendice Il capitolo inedito del Contra haereticos di Ermengaudo di Béziers: Il De occisione...............................................................................................…p.100 CAP. III: I ROGHI PRIMA DELL’INQUISIZIONE 1. I Canonici d’Orléans (1022)........................................................................................p. 111 2. Gli eretici di Monforte (1028)....................................................................................p. 114 3. Il laico Ramirdo (1077)................................................................................................p. 116 4. I fratelli Clemente ed Everardo (1114)………......................................................p. 118 5. Pietro di Bruis (1119)...................................................................................................p. 120 6. Gli eretici di Colonia (1144-1163)...........................................................................p. 123 7. Arnaldo da Brescia (1155)..........................................................................................p. 127 8. I roghi di massa nella crociata albigese (1208-1229).....................................p. 137 9. Conclusioni........................................................................................................................p. 140 CAP. IV: I PRINCIPALI ROGHI DELL’INQUISIZIONE. 1. Gli eccessi degli inquisitori negli anni Trenta del Duecento........................p. 146 1.1. Corrado di Marburgo.......................................................................................p. 146 1.2. Robert Le Bougre..............................................................................................p. 149 2. I roghi di massa...............................................................................................................p. 151 2.1 Il rogo di Montségur (1244).........................................................................p. 153 2.2 I roghi di Piacenza e Cremona (1266)......................................................p. 159 2.3 Il rogo di Verona del 1278.............................................................................p. 160 3. Roghi e tumulti popolari..............................................................................................p. 162 3.1 Il tumulto di Parma (1279)...........................................................................p. 162 3.2 Il tumulto di Bologna (1299)........................................................................p. 165 4. Il Rogo come esempio di spettacolarizzazione della condanna: Dolcino da Novara (1307 †)..............................................................................................................p. 174 5. Mutamenti dell’Inquisizione fra Tre e Quattrocento: applicazione del rogo a nuove forme di devianza..............................................................................................p. 180 6. Nascita e sviluppo della stregoneria.......................................................................p. 181 7. Il rogo nella “dissidenza” francescana ...................................................................p. 184 8. I più celebri roghi di “eretici” nel tardo medioevo...........................................p. 189 8.1 Cecco d’Ascoli.....................................................................................................p. 189 8.2 Giovanna d’Arco..........................................................................,.....................p. 192 8.3 Il rogo senza l’Inquisitore: Girolamo Savonarola.................................p.198 9. Conclusioni.........................................................................................................................p. 203 CAP. V: FUNZIONE PROPAGANDISTICA E SIGNIFICATI SIMBOLICI DEL ROGO 1. La morte e il martirio nella visione degli eretici................................................p. 206 2. La metafora del luogo, del corpo e del fuoco.......................................................p. 209 3. Il rogo degli eretici dualisti: esito di due linguaggi inconciliabili…………………………………………………….............................................p. 214 Conclusione....................................................................................................................................p. 217 Bibliografia.....................................................................................................................................p. 219 Fonti…………………………………….................................................................................................p. 249 Introduzione Il presente lavoro mette in luce i diversi aspetti che ruotano intorno all’istituzione del rogo, che arrivò a imporsi nella procedura inquisitoriale come punizione ultima nei confronti degli eretici impenitenti e dei relapsi. Ad una ricca produzione storiografica sull’Inquisizione, costituita dagli insuperati Études di Henri Maisonneuve1 e rafforzata in tempi più recenti dagli atti dell’VIII Convegno storico di Bayreuth2 – curati da Peter Segl – e dagli Atti del Simposio internazionale dell’ottobre 19983 – a cura di Agostino Borromeo – sono corrisposti minore interesse e sistematicità d’indagine nei confronti dell’esito più noto dell’Inquisizione, il rogo. Ciò si riscontra nel recente Dizionario Storico dell’Inquisizione4, diretto e curato da Adriano Prosperi che, pur nella sua ineludibile validità scientifica, è mancante di una voce dedicata al rogo. Eccezion fatta per il contributo di Lorenzo Paolini, Eretici del Medioevo5, in cui lo studioso prende in esame le vicende, alcune delle quali si risolsero con la condanna alle fiamme, di singoli eretici e di alcuni movimenti eterodossi attivi tra l’XI e il XII secolo e per il lavoro di Yves Dossat, Le bucher de Montségur et les buchers de l’Inquisition6, nella quale si fa una rapida carrellata dei principali roghi di massa avvenuti in Francia meridionale, sulla scena degli studi eresiologici manca ancora un’indagine approfondita e organica sul rogo degli eretici. Colmare questa lacuna verso una delle pratiche repressive di cui si avvaleva l’Inquisizione, ritengo sia fondamentale per comprendere meglio la temperie politica, religiosa e culturale in cui i giudici della fede agirono. Col presente studio si intende quindi apportare un contributo teso a fornire maggiore conoscenza e comprensione del rogo e dei suoi significati polisemici, che reputo possano essere forieri di nuovi spunti di ricerca. Metodologicamente la parte iniziale è incentrata sull’origine e lo sviluppo della normativa antiereticale. La repressione dell’eresia nel Medioevo non costituì 1 H. MAISONNEUVE, Études sur les origines de l’Inquisition, Paris 19602. 2 P. SEGL (a cura di), Die Anfänge der Inquisition im Mittelalter, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1993. 3 A. BORROMEO (a cura di), L’Inquisizione, Atti del Simposio internazionale (Città del Vaticano, 29- 31 ottobre 1998), Città del Vaticano 2003. 4 Dizionario storico dell’Inquisizione, a cura di A. PROSPERI
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