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A Profit Model for Spread Trading with an Application to Energy Futures
A profit model for spread trading with an application to energy futures by Takashi Kanamura, Svetlozar T. Rachev, Frank J. Fabozzi No. 27 | MAY 2011 WORKING PAPER SERIES IN ECONOMICS KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association econpapers.wiwi.kit.edu Impressum Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften Institut für Wirtschaftspolitik und Wirtschaftsforschung (IWW) Institut für Wirtschaftstheorie und Statistik (ETS) Schlossbezirk 12 76131 Karlsruhe KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Forschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Working Paper Series in Economics No. 27, May 2011 ISSN 2190-9806 econpapers.wiwi.kit.edu A Profit Model for Spread Trading with an Application to Energy Futures Takashi Kanamura J-POWER Svetlozar T. Rachev¤ Chair of Econometrics, Statistics and Mathematical Finance, School of Economics and Business Engineering University of Karlsruhe and KIT, Department of Statistics and Applied Probability University of California, Santa Barbara and Chief-Scientist, FinAnalytica INC Frank J. Fabozzi Yale School of Management October 19, 2009 ABSTRACT This paper proposes a profit model for spread trading by focusing on the stochastic move- ment of the price spread and its first hitting time probability density. The model is general in that it can be used for any financial instrument. The advantage of the model is that the profit from the trades can be easily calculated if the first hitting time probability density of the stochastic process is given. We then modify the profit model for a particular market, the energy futures market. It is shown that energy futures spreads are modeled by using a mean- reverting process. -
Specialty Strategies
RCM Alternatives: AlternaRCt M ve s Whitepaper Specialty Strategies 318 W Adams St 10th FL | Chicago, IL 60606 | 855-726-0060 www.rcmalternatives.com | [email protected] RCM Alternatives: Specialty Strategies RCM It’s fairly common for “trend following” and “managed futures” to be used interchangeably. But there are many more strategies out there beyond the standard approach – a variety of approaches that we call Specialty Strategies. Specialty strategies include short-term, options, and spread traders. Short-Term Systematic Traders The cousin to the multi-market systematic trend is the trading equivalent of an arms race that most follower, the short-term systematic program will also money managers want to stay as far away from as look to latch onto a “trend” in an effort to make a possible. profit. The difference here has to do with timeframe, and how that impacts their trend identification, What types of shorter-term traders can we length of trade, and performance during volatile expect to invest with? First, there are day trading times. Unlike longer-term trend followers, short-term strategies. A day trading system is defined by a systematic traders may believe an hours-long move is single characteristic: that it will NOT hold a position enough to represent a trend, allowing them to take overnight, with all positions covered by the end of advantage of market moves that are much shorter in the trading day. This appeals to many investors who duration. One man’s noise is another’s treasure in the don’t like the prospect of something happening in minds of short term traders. -
A Study on Advantages of Separate Trade Book for Bull Call Spreads and Bear Put Spreads
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668 PP 11-20 www.iosrjournals.org A Study on Advantages of Separate Trade book for Bull Call Spreads and Bear Put Spreads. Chirag Babulal Shah PhD (Pursuing), M.M.S., B.B.A., D.B.M., P.G.D.F.T., D.M.T.T. Assistant Professor at Indian Education Society’s Management College and Research Centre. Abstract: Derivatives are revolutionary instruments and have changed the way one looks at the financial world. Derivatives were introduced as a hedging tool. However, as the understanding of the intricacies of these instruments has evolved, it has become more of a speculative tool. The biggest advantage of Derivative instruments is the leverage it provides. The other benefit, which is not available in the spot market, is the ability to short the underlying, for more than a day. Thus it is now easy to take advantage of the downtrend. However, the small retail participants have not had a good overall experience of trading in derivatives and the public at large is still bereft of the advantages of derivatives. This has led to a phobia for derivatives among the small retail market participants, and they prefer to stick to the old methods of investing. The three main reasons identified are lack of knowledge, the margining methods and the quantity of the lot size. The brokers have also misled their clients and that has led to catastrophic results. The retail participation in the derivatives markets has dropped down dramatically. But, are these derivative instruments and especially options, so bad? The answer is NO. -
Options Strategy Guide for Metals Products As the World’S Largest and Most Diverse Derivatives Marketplace, CME Group Is Where the World Comes to Manage Risk
metals products Options Strategy Guide for Metals Products As the world’s largest and most diverse derivatives marketplace, CME Group is where the world comes to manage risk. CME Group exchanges – CME, CBOT, NYMEX and COMEX – offer the widest range of global benchmark products across all major asset classes, including futures and options based on interest rates, equity indexes, foreign exchange, energy, agricultural commodities, metals, weather and real estate. CME Group brings buyers and sellers together through its CME Globex electronic trading platform and its trading facilities in New York and Chicago. CME Group also operates CME Clearing, one of the largest central counterparty clearing services in the world, which provides clearing and settlement services for exchange-traded contracts, as well as for over-the-counter derivatives transactions through CME ClearPort. These products and services ensure that businesses everywhere can substantially mitigate counterparty credit risk in both listed and over-the-counter derivatives markets. Options Strategy Guide for Metals Products The Metals Risk Management Marketplace Because metals markets are highly responsive to overarching global economic The hypothetical trades that follow look at market position, market objective, and geopolitical influences, they present a unique risk management tool profit/loss potential, deltas and other information associated with the 12 for commercial and institutional firms as well as a unique, exciting and strategies. The trading examples use our Gold, Silver -
What Drives Index Options Exposures?* Timothy Johnson1, Mo Liang2, and Yun Liu1
Review of Finance, 2016, 1–33 doi: 10.1093/rof/rfw061 What Drives Index Options Exposures?* Timothy Johnson1, Mo Liang2, and Yun Liu1 1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and 2School of Finance, Renmin University of China Abstract 5 This paper documents the history of aggregate positions in US index options and in- vestigates the driving factors behind use of this class of derivatives. We construct several measures of the magnitude of the market and characterize their level, trend, and covariates. Measured in terms of volatility exposure, the market is economically small, but it embeds a significant latent exposure to large price changes. Out-of-the- 10 money puts are the dominant component of open positions. Variation in options use is well described by a stochastic trend driven by equity market activity and a sig- nificant negative response to increases in risk. Using a rich collection of uncertainty proxies, we distinguish distinct responses to exogenous macroeconomic risk, risk aversion, differences of opinion, and disaster risk. The results are consistent with 15 the view that the primary function of index options is the transfer of unspanned crash risk. JEL classification: G12, N22 Keywords: Index options, Quantities, Derivatives risk 20 1. Introduction Options on the market portfolio play a key role in capturing investor perception of sys- tematic risk. As such, these instruments are the object of extensive study by both aca- demics and practitioners. An enormous literature is concerned with modeling the prices and returns of these options and analyzing their implications for aggregate risk, prefer- 25 ences, and beliefs. Yet, perhaps surprisingly, almost no literature has investigated basic facts about quantities in this market. -
Affidavit of Stewart Mayhew
Affidavit of Stewart Mayhew I. Qualifications 1. I am a Principal at Cornerstone Research, an economic and financial consulting firm, where I have been working since 2010. At Cornerstone Research, I have conducted statistical and economic analysis for a variety of matters, including cases related to securities litigation, financial institutions, regulatory enforcement investigations, market manipulation, insider trading, and economic studies of securities market regulations. 2. Prior to working at Cornerstone Research, I worked at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC” or “Commission”) as Deputy Chief Economist (2008-2010), Assistant Chief Economist (2004-2008), and Visiting Academic Scholar (2002-2004). From 2004 to 2008, I headed a group that was responsible for providing economic analysis and support for the Division of Trading and Markets (formerly known as the Division of Market Regulation), the Division of Investment Management, and the Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations. Among my responsibilities were to analyze SEC rule proposals relating to market structure for the trading of stocks, bonds, options, and other products, and to perform analysis in connection with compliance examinations to assess whether exchanges, dealers, and brokers were complying with existing rules. I also assisted the Division of Enforcement on numerous investigations and enforcement actions, including matters involving market manipulation. 3. I have taught doctoral level, masters level, and undergraduate level classes in finance as Assistant Professor in the Finance Group at the Krannert School of Management, Purdue University (1996-1999), as Assistant Professor in the Department of Banking and Finance at the Terry College of Business, University of Georgia (2000-2004), and as a Lecturer at the Robert H. -
Options Application (PDF)
Questions? Go to Fidelity.com/options. Options Application Use this application to apply to add options trading to your new or existing Fidelity account. If you already have options trading on your account, use this application to add or update account owner or authorized agent information. Please complete in CAPITAL letters using black ink. If you need more room for information or signatures, make a copy of the relevant page. Helpful to Know Requirements – Margin can involve significant cost and risk and is not • Entire form must be completed in order to be considered appropriate for all investors. Account owners must for Options. If you are unsure if a particular section pertains determine whether margin is consistent with their investment to you, please call a Fidelity investment professional at objectives, income, assets, experience, and risk tolerance. 800-343-3548. No investment or use of margin is guaranteed to achieve any • All account owners must complete the account owner sections particular objective. and sign Section 5. – Margin will not be granted if we determine that you reside • Any authorized agent must complete Section 6 and sign outside of the United States. Section 7. – Important documents related to your margin account include • Trust accounts must provide trustee information where the “Margin Agreement” found in the Important Information information on account owners is required. about Margins Trading and Its Risks section of the Fidelity Options Agreement. Eligibility of Trading Strategies Instructions for Corporations and Entities Nonretirement accounts: • Unless options trading is specifically permitted in the corporate • Business accounts: Eligible for any Option Level. -
Simple Robust Hedging with Nearby Contracts Liuren Wu
Journal of Financial Econometrics, 2017, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1–35 doi: 10.1093/jjfinec/nbw007 Advance Access Publication Date: 24 August 2016 Article Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jfec/article-abstract/15/1/1/2548347 by University of Glasgow user on 11 September 2019 Simple Robust Hedging with Nearby Contracts Liuren Wu Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College, City University of New York Jingyi Zhu University of Utah Address correspondence to Liuren Wu, Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College, One Bernard Baruch Way, B10-225, New York, NY 10010, or e-mail: [email protected]. Received April 12, 2014; revised June 26, 2016; accepted July 25, 2016 Abstract This paper proposes a new hedging strategy based on approximate matching of contract characteristics instead of risk sensitivities. The strategy hedges an option with three options at different maturities and strikes by matching the option function expansion along maturity and strike rather than risk factors. Its hedging effective- ness varies with the maturity and strike distance between the target and the hedge options, but is robust to variations in the underlying risk dynamics. Simulation ana- lysis under different risk environments and historical analysis on S&P 500 index op- tions both show that a wide spectrum of strike-maturity combinations can outper- form dynamic delta hedging. Key words: characteristics matching, hedging, jumps, Monte Carlo, payoff matching, risk sensi- tivity matching, strike-maturity triangle, stochastic volatility, S&P 500 index options, Taylor expansion JEL classification: G11, G13, G51 The concept of dynamic hedging has revolutionized the derivatives industry by drastically reducing the risk of derivative positions through frequent rebalancing of a few hedging in- struments. -
My Top 5 Rules for Successful Debit Spread Trading Trade with Lower Cost and Create More Consistency in Your Options Portfolio
My Top 5 Rules for Successful Debit Spread Trading Trade with Lower Cost and Create More Consistency in Your Options Portfolio Price Headley, CFA, CMT TABLE OF CONTENTS: How Debit Spreads Give You Growth AND Income Potential Rule #1. Buy In-The-Money and Sell At or Out-Of-The-Money Rule #2. Sell More Time Premium Than You Buy Rule #3. Profit Taking in Pieces Increases Win Percentage Rule #4. Don’t Be Greedy – Favor Early Profit Taking Rule #5. Trade in Pairs How Debit Spreads Give You Growth AND Income Potential If you’ve ever bought an option before, you know that one of the challenges of trading a time-limited asset is paying a “time premium” and overcoming the loss of time. And yet as a trader, I still see plenty of opportunities to take advantage of trends on various time frames, from quick moves over a few days to “swing trading” moves over several weeks. So how can you actually place time on your side in the options game? It’s not by just selling options, as that can be profitable, but many traders have seen how a small number of trades can cause you lots of trouble in option selling if a stock or market moves sharply against you. The answer that meets nicely in the middle – profiting from the growth potential of catching a piece of an existing trend, while lowering your total cost per contract and paying no net time in your options – is Debit Spreads. You may have heard them called Vertical Spreads, or Bull Call Spreads or Bear Put Spreads. -
General Black-Scholes Models Accounting for Increased Market
General Black-Scholes mo dels accounting for increased market volatility from hedging strategies y K. Ronnie Sircar George Papanicolaou June 1996, revised April 1997 Abstract Increases in market volatility of asset prices have b een observed and analyzed in recentyears and their cause has generally b een attributed to the p opularity of p ortfolio insurance strategies for derivative securities. The basis of derivative pricing is the Black-Scholes mo del and its use is so extensive that it is likely to in uence the market itself. In particular it has b een suggested that this is a factor in the rise in volatilities. In this work we present a class of pricing mo dels that account for the feedback e ect from the Black-Scholes dynamic hedging strategies on the price of the asset, and from there backonto the price of the derivative. These mo dels do predict increased implied volatilities with minimal assumptions b eyond those of the Black-Scholes theory. They are characterized by a nonlinear partial di erential equation that reduces to the Black-Scholes equation when the feedback is removed. We b egin with a mo del economy consisting of two distinct groups of traders: Reference traders who are the ma jorityinvesting in the asset exp ecting gain, and program traders who trade the asset following a Black-Scholes typ e dynamic hedging strategy, which is not known a priori, in order to insure against the risk of a derivative security. The interaction of these groups leads to a sto chastic pro cess for the price of the asset which dep ends on the hedging strategy of the program traders. -
Introduction to Debit Spreads
© ReadySetTrade !1 Vertical Debit Spreads Overview By Doc Severson" © Copyright 2020 by Doc Severson & ReadySetTrade, LLC" All Rights Reserved" • We Are Not Financial Advisors or a Broker/Dealer: Neither ReadySetTrade® nor any of its o$cers, employees, representatives, agents, or independent contractors are, in such capacities, licensed financial advisors, registered investment advisers, or registered broker-dealers. ReadySetTrade ® does not provide investment or financial advice or make investment recommendations, nor is it in the business of transacting trades, nor does it direct client commodity accounts or give commodity trading advice tailored to any particular client’s situation. Nothing contained in this communication constitutes a solicitation, recommendation, promotion, endorsement, or o&er by ReadySetTrade ® of any particular security, transaction, or investment." • Securities Used as Examples: The security used in this example is used for illustrative purposes only. ReadySetTrade ® is not recommending that you buy or sell this security. Past performance shown in examples may not be indicative of future performance." • All information provided are for educational purposes only and does not imply, express, or guarantee future returns. Past performance shown in examples may not be indicative of future performance." • Investing Risk: Trading securities can involve high risk and the loss of any funds invested. Investment information provided may not be appropriate for all investors and is provided without respect to individual investor financial sophistication, financial situation, investing time horizon, or risk tolerance." •Derivatives Trading Risk: Options trading is generally more complex than stock trading and may not be suitable for some investors. Margin strategies can result in the loss of more than the original amount invested. -
Futures Spreads Product Guide
FUTURES SPREADS PRODUCT GUIDE 1 PRODUCT INTRODUCTION Saxo Bank offers clients online trading in Fu- priced based on an estimated volume for their tures Spreads from the main Exchange around first month. When trading Futures Spread as it the world starting with Globex and rolling-out involves two legs, the clients will be charged two gradually to Europe and APAC exchanges. legs. Futures Spreads are tradable from the award- Commissions for Futures spread are the same as winning downloadable SaxoTrader, web-based for Futures Contract. From 0 to 5,000 lots per WebTrader, SaxoTrader for iPhone, Android and month they are visible on the Saxobank.com. iPad. Above 5,000 lots per month the client can ex- pect bespoke pricing. Saxo Bank supports Limit and Market orders on Futures Spreads, Stop orders are not supported. Saxo Bank Futures Spread Unique Sell- The initial margins listed in Online contracts ing Points specification are the collateral per contract that clients must have in their account to open a po- • Roll over the next front month very easily sition. • Trade Futures Spread Strategies on agricul- With the introduction of Risk Based Portfolio tural products, oil and energies, base metals, Margin on Futures Spread positions, Saxo Bank precious metals, bonds, currencies, short- will be able to apply lower margins on spread term interest rates, live stocks, softs and positions, while maintaining sufficient margin stock indices from one trading platform and levels reflecting the actual risk on the client’s po- enjoy margin benefits. sitions more closely. • Free access to Globex real-time market data Clients must maintain the Maintenance Mar- for Saxo bank’s customers gins listed per Futures Spread contract in their account at all times.