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Romanian Language and Its Dialects
Social Sciences ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS Ana-Maria DUDĂU1 ABSTRACT: THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE, THE CONTINUANCE OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN THE EASTERN PARTS OF THE FORMER ROMAN EMPIRE, COMES WITH ITS FOUR DIALECTS: DACO- ROMANIAN, AROMANIAN, MEGLENO-ROMANIAN AND ISTRO-ROMANIAN TO COMPLETE THE EUROPEAN LINGUISTIC PALETTE. THE ROMANIAN LINGUISTS HAVE ALWAYS SHOWN A PERMANENT CONCERN FOR BOTH THE IDENTITY AND THE STATUS OF THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS, THUS SUPPORTING THE EXISTENCE OF THE ETHNIC, LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE MINORITIES AND REJECTING, FIRMLY, ANY ATTEMPT TO ASSIMILATE THEM BY FORCE KEYWORDS: MULTILINGUALISM, DIALECT, ASSIMILATION, OFFICIAL LANGUAGE, SPOKEN LANGUAGE. The Romanian language - the only Romance language in Eastern Europe - is an "island" of Latinity in a mainly "Slavic sea" - including its dialects from the south of the Danube – Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian. Multilingualism is defined narrowly as the alternative use of several languages; widely, it is use of several alternative language systems, regardless of their status: different languages, dialects of the same language or even varieties of the same idiom, being a natural consequence of linguistic contact. Multilingualism is an Europe value and a shared commitment, with particular importance for initial education, lifelong learning, employment, justice, freedom and security. Romanian language, with its four dialects - Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno- Romanian and Istro-Romanian – is the continuance of the Latin language spoken in the eastern parts of the former Roman Empire. Together with the Dalmatian language (now extinct) and central and southern Italian dialects, is part of the Apenino-Balkan group of Romance languages, different from theAlpine–Pyrenean group2. -
The Aromanians in Macedonia
Macedonian Historical Review 3 (2012) Македонска историска ревија 3 (2012) EDITORIAL BOARD: Boban PETROVSKI, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Macedonia (editor-in-chief) Nikola ŽEŽOV, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Macedonia Dalibor JOVANOVSKI, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Macedonia Toni FILIPOSKI, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Macedonia Charles INGRAO, Purdue University, USA Bojan BALKOVEC, University of Ljubljana,Slovenia Aleksander NIKOLOV, University of Sofia, Bulgaria Đorđe BUBALO, University of Belgrade, Serbia Ivan BALTA, University of Osijek, Croatia Adrian PAPAIANI, University of Elbasan, Albania Oliver SCHMITT, University of Vienna, Austria Nikola MINOV, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Macedonia (editorial board secretary) ISSN: 1857-7032 © 2012 Faculty of Philosophy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius - Skopje Faculty of Philosophy Macedonian Historical Review vol. 3 2012 Please send all articles, notes, documents and enquiries to: Macedonian Historical Review Department of History Faculty of Philosophy Bul. Krste Misirkov bb 1000 Skopje Republic of Macedonia http://mhr.fzf.ukim.edu.mk/ [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 Nathalie DEL SOCORRO Archaic Funerary Rites in Ancient Macedonia: contribution of old excavations to present-day researches 15 Wouter VANACKER Indigenous Insurgence in the Central Balkan during the Principate 41 Valerie C. COOPER Archeological Evidence of Religious Syncretism in Thasos, Greece during the Early Christian Period 65 Diego PEIRANO Some Observations about the Form and Settings of the Basilica of Bargala 85 Denitsa PETROVA La conquête ottomane dans les Balkans, reflétée dans quelques chroniques courtes 95 Elica MANEVA Archaeology, Ethnology, or History? Vodoča Necropolis, Graves 427a and 427, the First Half of the 19th c. -
Teaching Slavic History in Romania in 2017
Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana ББК 63.3(0)5; УДК 94(498); DOI 10.21638/11701/spbu19.2017.211 R. Mârza TEACHING SLAVIC HISTORY IN ROMANIA IN 2017 My contribution relies on my experience of more than ten years in teaching a university course of Slavic history in Romania. The course and seminar are entitled «The Slavs and Slavonism in the Medieval and Early Modern History of the Romanians» [«Slavii şi slavonismul în istoria medievală şi premodernă a românilor»]. It is a special course taught to third year students, BA level, at the History of Philosophy Faculty of the Babeş-Bolyai University in Cluj. For several years now, this teaching experience has led me to several questions regarding the opportunity of offering such a course from a didactic perspective, how it connects to the times we live in, the manner in which such a course should be prepared according to the education, expectations, and needs of our students. I continue to find answers to these questions throughout the years and on this occasion I shall attempt to formulate them. I will begin by presenting briefly the history of Slavic Studies in Romania, as an academic discipline. In Romania, scientific interest into Slavic Studies (Slavistics) dates back to the second half of the 19th century. Such interests appeared as a result of Romanian historiography, culture, and society becoming modern and mature. For almost a century (from the end of the 18th century until the mid-19th century), the historiography of the Enlightenment and of Romanticism have revealed the Latin historical and linguistic factors as fundamental, even exclusive ones in the formation of the Romanian people and language. -
Elements of Romanian Spirituality in the Balkans – Aromanian Magazines and Almanacs (1880-1914)
SECTION: JOURNALISM LDMD I ELEMENTS OF ROMANIAN SPIRITUALITY IN THE BALKANS – AROMANIAN MAGAZINES AND ALMANACS (1880-1914) Stoica LASCU, Associate Professor, PhD, ”Ovidius” University of Constanța Abstract: Integral parts of the Balkan Romanian spirituality in the modern age, Aromanian magazines and almanacs are priceless sources for historians and linguists. They clearly shape the Balkan dimension of Romanism until the break of World War I, and present facts, events, attitudes, and representative Balkan Vlachs, who expressed themselves as Balkan Romanians, as proponents of Balkan Romanianism. Frăţilia intru dreptate [“The Brotherhood for Justice”]. Bucharest: 1880, the first Aromanian magazine; Macedonia. Bucharest: 1888 and 1889, the earliest Aromanian literary magazine, subtitled Revista românilor din Peninsula Balcanică [“The Magazine of the Romanians from the Balkan Peninsula”]; Revista Pindul (“The Pindus Magazine”). Bucharest: 1898-1899, subtitled Tu limba aromânească [“In Aromanian Language”]; Frăţilia [“The Brotherhood”]. Bitolia- Buchaerst: 1901-1903, the first Aromanian magazine in European Turkey was published by intellectuals living and working in Macedonia; Lumina [“The Light”]: Monastir/Bitolia- Bucharest: 1903-1908, the most long-standing Aromanian magazine, edited in Macedonia, at Monastir (Bitolia), in Romanian, although some literary creations were written in the Aromanian dialect, and subtitled Revista populară a românilor din Imperiul Otoman (“The People’s Magazine for Romanians in the Ottoman Empire”) and Revista poporană a românilor din dreapta Dunărei [“The People’s Magazine of the Romanians on the Right Side of the Danube”]; Grai bun [“Good Language”]. Bucharest, 1906-1907, subtitled Revistă aromânească [Aromanian Magazine]; Viaţa albano-română [“The Albano-Romaninan Life”]. Bucharest: 1909-1910; Lilicea Pindului [“The Pindus’s Flower”]. -
Aromânii: Sub Semnul Risipirii?
ACTA IASSYENSIA COMPARATIONIS 3/2005 NIKOLA VANGELI (student) Universitatea „Kiril i Metodij” Skopje Aromânii: sub semnul risipirii? Când este vorba de cultura şi civilizaţia unui popor, datele istorice reprezintă un cadru necesar (nu şi suficient). Scrisă sau rostită, istoria se referă la timpul trecut. Ea fixează şi dă formă realităţii, ajutînd-o să devină obiect de studiu. Cultura aromână este, în primul rând, o cultură orală. Primele sale scrieri istorice datează abia din secolul al XIX-lea. Se poate trage, oare, concluzia că aromânii sunt un popor fără istorie? În genere, „cu/fără istorie” este echivalent cu „a avea/a nu avea istorie scrisă”. Avantajul istoriei scrise este că prezintă urme palpabile, vizibile, ale trecutului. Şi istoria orală lasă urme, dar acestea sunt ascunse; trebuie să fim bine pregătiţi şi foarte atenţi ca să le putem descoperi. Istoria scrisă apare o dată cu întemeierea aşezărilor urbane şi se referă la un teritoriu bine precizat. În această perspectivă, dezinteresul aromânilor pentru istoria scrisă pare să aibă o explicaţie: nu şi-au scris istoria pentru că niciodată nu au avut o ţară a lor proprie, un teritoriu bine delimitat, de care să aparţină – cu toate că mereu s-au considerat români, iar limba şi-au considerat-o un grai desprins din trunchiul comun din care s-a dezvoltat şi limba română1. Numeroase izvoare scrise din ţările Peninsulei Balcanice îi pomenesc pe aromâni, dar totdeauna scriu cu mare rezervă despre ei şi le dau foarte puţină importanţă. Pe aromâni îi menţionează cronicarii bizantini (Nicetas Choniates; Pakymeres; Laonikos Chalkokondylas), cronicarii francezi (Geoffroi de Villehardouin; Henry de Valenciennes), cronicarul catalan Ramon Muntaner, călători din timpuri mai vechi şi mai noi (Benjamin de Tudela; Pierre Belon du Mans; Pouqueville – fost consul al lui Napoleon Bonaparte pe lângă Ali Paşa din Ianina; colonelul William Martin-Leake), savanţi (Alan J. -
A Contribution to the History of Romance Linguistics – the Şcoala Lingvistică Din Cluj-Napoca
Studii de ştiinţă şi cultură Volumul VII, Nr. 2, iunie 2011 A Contribution to the History of Romance Linguistics – the Şcoala lingvistică din Cluj-Napoca Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Romanistik – die Şcoala lingvistică din Cluj-Napoca O contribuţie la istoria lingvisticii romanice – Şcoala lingvistică din Cluj-Napoca Rudolf WINDISCH Universität Rostock, Philosophische Fakultät, Germania Abstract We intend to give a summary of the linguistic contributions of the most important rumanian scholars in the field of General, Romance and Rumanian Linguistics from the twentieth century to our days. Rezumat Intenţionăm să oferim un rezumat al contribuţiilor lingvistice ale celor mai importanţi cărturari români în domeniul lingvisticii generale, romanice şi româneşti, din secolul al XX-lea şi până azi. Key words: Diachronic studies and Rumanian linguistics within the context of romance linguistics; contact-phenomena between Rumanian and the ‘Balkan-Languages’; Rumanian dialect-studies; Rumanian as representative of the ‘Oriental Latinity’ Cuvinte cheie: studii diacronice şi lingvistică românească în contextul lingvisticii romanice; fenomene de contact între limba română şi limbile «balcanice»; studii dialectale româneşti; limba română care reprezantată a « latinităţii orientale» I. Theodor CAPIDAN (1879-1953) II. Vasile BOGREA (1881-1926) III. George GIUGLEA (1884-1967) IV. Nicolae DRĂGANU (1884-1939) V. Emil PETROVICI (1899-1968) VI. Sever POP (1901-1961) I. Theodor CAPIDAN (1879-1953). Auch CAPIDAN bewegte sich, thematisch-methodisch, auf demselben -
Arhive Personale Şi Familiale
Arhive personale şi familiale Vol. II Repertoriu arhivistic Arhivele Nationale ale Romaniei ISBN 973-8308-08-9 Arhivele Nationale ale Romaniei ARHIVELE NAŢIONALE ALE ROMÂNIEI Arhive personale şi familiale Vol. II Repertoriu arhivistic Autor: Filofteia Rînziş Bucureşti 2002 Arhivele Nationale ale Romaniei ● Redactor: Alexandra Ioana Negreanu ● Indici de arhive, antroponimic, toponimic: Florica Bucur ● Culegere computerizată: Filofteia Rînziş ● Tehnoredactare şi corectură: Nicoleta Borcea ● Coperta: Filofteia Rînziş, Steliana Dănăilescu ● Coperta 1: Scrisori: Nicolae Labiş către Sterescu, 3 sept.1953; André Malraux către Jean Ajalbert, <1923>; Augustin Bunea, 1 iulie 1909; Alexandre Dumas, fiul, către un prieten. ● Coperta 4: Elena Văcărescu, Titu Maiorescu şi actriţa clujeană Maria Cupcea Arhivele Nationale ale Romaniei CUPRINS Introducere ...................................................................... 7 Lista abrevierilor ............................................................ 22 Arhive personale şi familiale .......................................... 23 Bibliografie ...................................................................... 275 Indice de arhive ............................................................... 279 Indice antroponimic ........................................................ 290 Indice toponimic............................................................... 339 Arhivele Nationale ale Romaniei Arhivele Nationale ale Romaniei INTRODUCERE Cel de al II-lea volum al lucrării Arhive personale şi familiale -
Tools for Building a Corpus to Study the Historical and Geographical
Tools for Building a Corpus to Study the Historical and Geographical Variation of the Romanian Language Victoria Bobicev Cat˘ alina˘ Mar˘ anduc˘ Cenel Augusto Perez Technical University “Al. I. Cuza” University, Al. I. Cuza University, of Moldova Iasi, Romania Ias¸i, Romania Chis¸inau˘ Institute of Linguistics [email protected] Republic of Moldova “Iorgu Iordan Al. Rosetti” victoria [email protected] Bucharest, Romania − [email protected] Abstract tion, between which there are 5,723 sentences in old Romanian and 1,230 sentences in regional Contemporary standard language corpora variants of the Romanian. are ideal for NLP. There are few morpho- If we know the non-standard, regional or ear- logically and syntactically annotated cor- lier forms, we can understand the laws of natural pora for Romanian, and those existing or language evolution; we can know how it functions in progress only deal with the Contem- in the communication and process it. The use of porary Romanian standard. However, the Old or Regional Romanian should not be judged necessity to study the dynamics of natu- as mistaken reporting them to the standard rules, ral languages gave rise to balanced cor- but it is in accordance with other rules which we pora, containing non-standard texts. In must discover. this paper, we describe the creation of Linguists are increasingly interested in the tools for processing non-standard Roma- study of old languages with modern tools and their nian to build a big balanced corpus. We demand for old language processing tools is grow- want to preserve in annotated form as ing worldwide. -
1 1 Chapter I the Development and History of the Theory of Dacian
1 Chapter I The development and history of the theory of Dacian-Roman- Rumanian continuity Let us clarify for the reader - who may not necessarily be an expert on the subject - that first, we will only be discussing viewpoints pertaining to Rumanians who inhabit the former Roman province of Dacia (present day Oltenia and part of Transylvania). There is nothing unusual about the continuity and survival of Latin speaking ethnic groups from the region/era of Imperium Romanum. On the other hand, if the Rumanian language is heir to the language spoken by the inhabitants of the province of Dacia, then this language was spoken not only here but on most of the Balkan Peninsula; Rumanians inhabiting Romania today are not the only ones using this neo-Latin language. We know that Rumanians also reside beyond the borders of Romania. The 1977 Rumanian census counted 19,003,511 Rumanians within Rumania; 2,525,687 in Moldavia and also smaller entities in Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Hungary. An estimated 1,200,000 Rumanians lived in the diaspora prior to World War II - mostly in the Americas and in Australia. By now this census data is no longer accurate, of course. It is less well known that, in addition to Rumanians who live outside Romania, national entities can be found in several areas of the Balkan Peninsula which speak a 1 2 language or languages similar to Rumanian. Most significant among them are the Arumuns who live in Greece, Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria. Their estimated number varies between 300.000 and 600,000. -
Elena Camelia ZĂBAVĂ, Lingvişti Români Şi Dialectele Sud-Dunărene
Lingvişti români şi dialectele sud-dunărene în reeditări actuale Elena-Camelia ZĂBAVĂ Nu mai trebuie argumentat că în limbă se reflectă atât spiritualitatea umană, cât şi mare parte din realitatea vieţii naţionale. De aceea, una dintre primele datorii ale lingvisticii contemporane rămâne studiul dialectelor. Dialectologul nu se mulţumeşte să facă o simplă muncă de lexicograf, ci caută să dea detalii despre aşa-zisul drum al spiritului prin cuvinte, deoarece dialectele reflectă trecutul umanităţii, idee care se întâlneşte adesea în literatura de specialitate. Independent de voinţa lor, o parte dintre românii vorbitori ai dialectelor aromân, istroromân sau meglenoromân traversează o criză identitară datorată deopotrivă lipsei izvoarelor şi mărturiilor documentare cu privire la originea lor şi a imposibilităţii de a avea acces la acestea. Intuind această criză, o serie de cercetători s-au preocupat constant de demonstrarea identităţii fiecărei ramuri, dovedind, prin studiile lor, romanitatea, precum şi românitatea acestora. În cele ce urmează ne vom opri la secolul al XX-lea, având în vedere atât faptul că la începutul acestui secol lupta pentru identitate naţională şi spirituală a românilor aflaţi în afara graniţelor ţării se afirmă din ce în ce mai mult, cât şi valoarea studiilor publicate în această perioadă şi în special efortul continuu de a „patrimonializa”1 cultura şi identitatea etnică a românilor de pretutindeni. Secolul al XX-lea se caracterizează printr-o constantă preocupare a intelectualilor noştri asupra situaţiei românilor -
Discursul Istoric Între Realitate Şi Ficţiune. Complementarităţi Şi Antinomii
Discursul istoric între realitate şi ficţiune. Complementarităţi şi antinomii NARRATING NATIONAL UTOPIA. THE CASE OF MOSCHOPOLIS IN THE AROMANIAN NATIONAL DISCOURSE Steliu Lambru Utopias have unfolded primarily as chosen places by the human mind to fulfil the desire of daydreaming to the perfect world and to keep hoping for a new and best human society. Academically, this type of imagining a new world trespassed its initial purpose and became an object of analysis as a distinct field in humanities, especially as a clear literary genre. From a larger range of the utopian varieties (like distopias/ black utopias/ anti-utopias, regressive utopias, or reli- gious utopias/ chiliasms),1 I shall analyse that particular type of one’s utopian way of living, namely, the national utopia which, as the most common utopian discourse has never been separated from psychological human aspirations, cannot be circumscribed outside authors’ period in which he lived in. The highest aim of any utopia was to reach harmony or order; around these ideals, it also emerged the type of the national regressive utopia. As its original archetype, the national regressive utopia seeks to arrange human society as an isolated place in which individuals live perfectly with other individuals and environment.2 Most usual explanations for the indefatigable endeavour of utopian discourse to compose a parallel milieu for human beings claimed that this feeling has its roots in a deeply strong desire to overcome all unfulfilled bad things from one’s ordinary life and has a deep relationship with one’s feelings and attitudes toward the material surrounding world. -
Peter Atanasov, 1 Republica Macedonia
memoria ethnologica nr. 52 - 53 * iulie - decembrie 2014 ( An XIV ) PETER ATANASOV, 1 REPUBLICA MACEDONIA Cuvinte cheie: megleno-români, dialectul megleno-român, bilingvism, căsătorii mixte, extincţia limbii Starea actuală a meglenoromânilor. Meglenoromâna – un idiom pe cale de dispariţie Rezumat În articolul de faţă, autorul descrie cu îngrijorare situaţia actuală a meglenoromânei, unul din cele trei dialecte istorice sud-dunărene ale românei. Meglenoromâna, ca istroromâna, de altfel, este o mică enclavă lingvistică puternic influenţată de limbile cu care a venit în contact de-a lungul secolelor. Acest contact a dus la existenţa unui bilingvism secular care, la rândul lui, a favorizat o puternică influenţă în toate compartimentele dialectului meglenoromân. Dislocarea unei mari părţi a populaţiei (stabilirea în Turcia sau în România), exodul din mediul rural spre cel urban, căsătoriile mixte, lipsa învăţământului în limba română şi multe alte cauze vor duce la dispariţia iminentă a dialectului meglenoromân într-un viitor apropiat. 1 University in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia 30 memoria ethnologica nr. 52 - 53 * iulie - decembrie 2014 ( An XIV ) Key words: Megleno-Romanians, Megleno-Romanian dialect, bilingualism, intermar - riages, language extinction The Current State of Megleno-Romanians. Megleno-Romanian, an Endangered Idiom Summary In his essay, the author focuses on the current situation of Megleno- Romanian, one of the three historical South-Danubian dialects of Romanian. Megleno-Romanian, similarly with Istro-Romanian, is a small linguistic enclave, strongly influenced by other languages it came into contact with during the last centuries. This long-lasting contact strongly influenced all segments of the Megleno-Romanian dialect and led to a century-old bilingualism.