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Downloaded from Pubfactory at 09/26/2021 08:05:38AM Via Free Access 296 Verleger Als Vermittler Von Lesekultur 4 Verleger als Vermittler von Lesekultur Ausgangspunkt für den zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Studie sind die rekonstru- ierten Lesebiographien der Verleger. Wie Frank Swinnerton betonte, erforderte die Verlegertätigkeit ein gewisses Maß an literacy. Die Verleger der Fallstudien haben sich in ihren Autobiographien als kompetente Leser dargestellt, die über unterschiedliche Leseerfahrungen verfügten. Sie haben prägende Leseerlebnisse und Ansprüche präsentiert, die im Zusammenhang mit ihrer beruflichen Ent- wicklung standen. Im Folgenden wird der Entwicklung der Verleger Rechnung getragen und ihr Einfluss auf die Herausbildung eines distinkten Verlagspro- grammes resultierend aus der persönlichen Einstellung zu Buch und Lesen, auch unter Berücksichtigung der eigenen Autorentätigkeit, herausgearbeitet. 4.1 Die Chambers-Brüder: „Publishers for the People“ Zentrale Aspekte der Lesesozialisation von William und Robert Chambers lassen sich auch in ihrem beruflichen Werdegang nachvollziehen.Self-reliance und self- improvement sowie der gesellschaftlich begründete Anspruch, über Kultur und Bildung den Anschluss an die Mittelschicht halten zu können, fanden ebenso Ausdruck in ihrem Selbstverständnis wie ihr pragmatisches Nützlichkeitsprinzip und spiegelten sich in der eigenen Autorentätigkeit und im Verlagsprofil wider. Auch wenn die Brüder in einer gemeinsamen Fallstudie betrachtet werden, so ist es dennoch sinnvoll, die Berufswahl von William und Robert Chambers zunächst getrennt darzustellen. 4.1.1 Die Berufsfindung der Chambers-Brüder 4.1.1.1 William Chambers: „What would I be?“ Die berufliche Entwicklung der Brüder war eng mit der wirtschaftlichen Situa- tion der Familie verknüpft. Mit dem Verlust der Weberei 1812, den wechselnden Anstellungen des Vaters und schließlich dessen Arbeitsunfähigkeit 1816 wurde es notwendig den ältesten Sohn William in eine Ausbildung zu schicken, die ihm ein finanzielles Auskommen bot und auch zum Familieneinkommen beitrug. William war 14 Jahre alt, als er 1814 über ein mögliches Berufsfeld nachzuden- ken begann: What would I be? My tastes lay in the direction of books; any department would do. A friend put on the scent, reported that on inquiry of a leading member of the Sandra Simon - 9783631790250 Downloaded from PubFactory at 09/26/2021 08:05:38AM via free access 296 Verleger als Vermittler von Lesekultur profession, bookselling was a poor business; at best, it was very precarious, and could not be recommended. Not discouraged, I still thought my vocation lay towards literature in some shape or other.1 Erste Anfragen bei Buchhändlern scheiterten zunächst, doch erfüllte sich Williams Berufswunsch schließlich: Am 8. Mai 1814 trat er seine Ausbildung bei John Sutherland an. Sutherland war seit 1808 in Edinburgh tätig und führte neben seiner Buchhandlung auch eine Leihbibliothek und fungierte als Vertreter der staatlichen Lotterie.2 Williams Mutter war nicht davon überzeugt, dass der Buchhandel eine lang- fristige finanzielle Sicherung darstellen würde.3 William erinnert sich an ein Gespräch seiner Mutter mit Sutherland: „‚We may manage,‘ she said, ‚to get him through his apprenticeship, but I have serious fears of what is to follow. We can- not set him up in business, and how … can he ever be able to get a stock of books like that?‘ “ Sutherland hingegen konnte die Befürchtungen der Mutter zerstreuen: „‚There is no fear of any one getting forward in the world, if he be only steady, obliging, attentive to his duties, and exercise a reasonable degree of patience.‘ “4 Über den folgenden Arbeitsalltag in der Buchhandlung ist kaum etwas zu erfahren. William erhielt eine wöchentliche Vergütung von vier Shilling und bereitete morgens die Buchhandlung vor. Über den Tag hielt er den Laden sauber und erledigte Botengänge für die Buchhandlung und die Leihbibliothek. Darüber hinaus beriet er Kunden und durfte auf keinen Fall lesen.5 Er fühlte sich angesichts der zahlreichen Aufgaben und der langen Arbeitstage gnaden- los überarbeitet. Dennoch entwickelte William ein Gespür für Arbeitserfolg und war Sutherland dankbar für die Vermittlung einer Arbeitsdisziplin. Während 1 Chambers, Memoir of Robert Chambers, 76. 2 Siehe Chambers, Memoir of Robert Chambers, 78–80; „Sutherland, John“, in Scottish Book Trade Index. 3 Der Handel galt allgemein nicht als profitable oder angesehene Tätigkeit (vgl. W. J. Reader, Professional Men: The Rise of the Professional Classes in Nineteenth-Century England [London, 1966], 6), doch bildete gerade der Buchmarkt eine Ausnahme, ins- besondere, da er – aufgrund der Anforderungen an Bildung und Belesenheit – beruf- liches und gesellschaftliches Ansehen brachte. 4 Chambers, Memoir of Robert Chambers, 82. 5 Siehe Chambers, Memoir of Robert Chambers, 81–82, 89; vgl. Adolf Growoll, The Pro- fession of Bookselling: A Handbook of Practical Hints for the Apprentice and Bookseller, 2 Bde (New York, 1893–95), I, 1–6, 25–47. Sandra Simon - 9783631790250 Downloaded from PubFactory at 09/26/2021 08:05:38AM via free access Die Chambers-Brüder: „Publishers for the People“ 297 der Ausbildung verinnerlichte er Arbeitstugenden, die ihm in der Führung des eigenen Verlages zugutekommen sollten.6 Die Familie zog im August 1815 nach Musselburgh um, wo James Chambers eine Anstellung in einem Salzwerk gefunden hatte.7 William musste nun mit fünfzehn Jahren selbstständig werden. Er mietete sich für 18d. die Woche eine Unterkunft bei einer Witwe, die ebenfalls aus Peebles stammte. Robert zog mit der Familie um und musste fortan einen beinahe 10km langen Schulweg zu Mackays Academy zu Fuß zurücklegen. Dieses Arrangement wurde jedoch alsbald aufgegeben und die Brüder teilten sich Williams angemietetes Zimmer.8 Unter den spärlichen Habseligkeiten, die William in seine erste eigene Bleibe mitnahm, fanden sich „two or three books, including a pocket Bible – the whole contained in a small blue-painted box“.9 William gewöhnte sich schnell ein und begann, Kontakte zu seinen Mitbewohnern zu knüpfen. Diese Mitbewohner waren Theologiestudenten, aber auch Handwerker, die Predigten und kontro- verse theologische Positionen, insbesondere der reformierten presbyteriani- schen Kirche, diskutierten: They talked of the Hind Let Loose, Boston’s Marrow, the Crook in the Lot, and the Four- fold State – standard topics among the class to which they belonged; and if I did not quite apprehend or was not improved by the discussions, they at least afforded an amusing study of character.10 William teilte die Lektüre nicht und gibt zu, dass er den Diskussionen kaum folgen konnte. Er hielt sie für unnütz, weil er sie nicht verstand. Um sein Unvermögen zu verbergen, äußert er sich spöttisch und nutzt seine Mitbewohner stattdessen für eine Charakterstudie über die strikten Ansichten der reformierten Presbyterianer. Im Mai 1819 beendete William seine Lehre. Das Angebot, weiter als Assistent für Sutherland tätig zu sein, lehnte er ab, um sich als Buchhändler selbstständig zu machen.11 6 Siehe Chambers, Memoir of Robert Chambers, 89; auch Crosland, Landmarks of a Literary Life, 81, 92–93. 7 Siehe Chambers, Memoir of Robert Chambers, 83. 8 Siehe Chambers, Memoir of Robert Chambers, 84. 9 Chambers, Memoir of Robert Chambers, 84, 111. 10 Chambers, Memoir of Robert Chambers, 86; vgl. Alexander Sheilds, The Hind Let Loose: or, An Historical Representation of the Testimonies of the Church of Scotland for the Interest of Christ with the True State thereof in all its Periods (1687); Thomas Boston, Human Nature in its Fourfold State (1744); Boston, The Crook in the Lot (1768) und Edward Fisher, Marrow of Modern Divinity (1645; 1727 von Boston kommentiert). 11 Siehe Chambers, Memoir of Robert Chambers, 133. Sandra Simon - 9783631790250 Downloaded from PubFactory at 09/26/2021 08:05:38AM via free access 298 Verleger als Vermittler von Lesekultur 4.1.1.2 Robert Chambers: „Selling the Wreck of the Family Library“ Im Gegensatz zu seinem Bruder tat sich Robert schwer, eine sinnvolle Beschäfti- gung zu finden. Von Natur aus sensibel versuchte die Familie, ihn nicht mit ihren Existenzsorgen zu belasten. Roberts Strategie, um mit den Problemen zurecht- zukommen, war der Rückzug auf sich selbst und das eifrige Lernen. Solange die Hoffnung bestand, dass ihm dieses Lernen eine akademische Laufbahn ermög- lichen würde, wurde dies toleriert. Als jedoch die Familie erkennen musste, dass sie ihrem Sohn das Studium nicht finanzieren konnte, zeigt sich Robert voller Zukunftsangst. Er war unentschlossen, welchen Weg er einschlagen konnte und begann, sich früh als Autor zu sehen. Durch die Lektüre der frühen Romane von Sir Walter Scott will er inspiriert gewesen sein, die Geschichte des Marquis von Montrose und seiner Rolle während des Hochlandfeldzuges von 1644 gegen die Coven- anter zu schreiben. Dieses ambitionierte Projekt des gerade einmal 17-jährigen Roberts war jedoch überflüssig: Er beschreibt, dass kurz nach diesem Gedanken bereits Scotts Legend of Montrose (1819) erschien.12 Scott, so wird insinuiert, ver- hinderte somit die schriftstellerische Karriere von Robert Chambers. Wichtiger als der Wahrheitsgehalt dieser Aussage ist, dass Robert sich in die Tradition des vielleicht bedeutendsten schottischen Erzählers eingliederte und angibt, dass, obwohl ihm das historische Wissen fehlte und Scott ihm mit seiner Veröffent- lichung zuvorkam, er doch fest entschieden war, diesen Weg einzuschlagen.13 Sich selbst charakterisiert Robert als lernbegierig, wenn auch ungeschickt und ohne Bewusstsein für das, was aus ihm werden könnte, aber dennoch mit einem gewissen Eifer,
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