Vol. 9, No. 9 April 2008

International News and Analysis on Marine Protected Areas

Marine Peace Parks: Establishing Transboundary MPAs to Improve International Relations and Conservation

Ecosystems and their do not recognize political • Acting as a symbol of ongoing cooperation between boundaries. Therefore, in many cases, management nations with a history of peace; must take transboundary conservation into account. • Creating an entry point for discussions between Efforts to achieve conservation across national borders neighboring countries that may be deeply divided are often described in the context of pursuing ecosys- over economic, social, environmental, or other tem-based management. interests; But transboundary conservation can yield other • Increasing security and control over resources in benefits, too. This month, MPA News examines the use border areas so that their rightful owners can benefit of MPAs across borders to improve international from them; relations. Whether designated explicitly as part of a peace process between nations, or as a way to broaden • Creating shared opportunities for ecotourism and an already-friendly relationship between neighbors, sustainable development ventures on a region-wide marine peace parks offer a means of promoting scale, an important step in post-conflict cooperation and better conservation. reconstruction; and • Developing a rich and resilient web of relationships What is a peace park? among managers from the countries In discussions of protected areas across borders, multiple involved, other government actors, local and terms are often encountered: transboundary protected international NGOs, and the donor community. areas, transfrontier conservation areas, peace parks, and so forth. Often practitioners use these terms inter- The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) has tallied changeably. For the purpose of this article, MPA News the number of transboundary protected area “com- Table of Contents will generally do that as well. plexes” currently in existence, both terrestrial and marine. According to UNEP, there are 227 of these Marine Peace Parks: IUCN defines “parks for peace” as: (see www.tbpa.net/tpa_inventory.html). Some of the Establishing Trans- complexes are enormous, consisting of dozens of boundary MPAs to Transboundary protected areas that that are formally Improve International dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological individual protected areas. One complex that features the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, for example, is Relations and diversity, and of natural and associated cultural re- Conservation ...... 1 sources, and to the promotion of peace and cooperation. considered by UNEP to include 80 protected areas among the countries of Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico. A Conversation with Referring to a site as a “peace park” does not necessarily At this scale, the term “peace park” may be less Willem van Riet, Peace imply that the nations involved were previously in applicable: in these large complexes, not every one of Parks Foundation ...... 4 conflict. As a case in point, the site generally considered the individual protected areas may have been designated to have been the first peace park is the Waterton-Glacier with transboundary cooperation as a specific goal. Facing the Challenges of International Peace Park, designated in 1932 by the Next 50 Years: traditional allies and the US. Rather, a There are several transboundary MPAs designated Interview with Russell transboundary protected area contributes to a culture of expressly to further international cooperation and Reichelt — Chair, Great peace and cooperation between nations, as explained by conservation. The Wadden Sea International Protected Barrier Reef Marine Park Anne Hammill of the International Institute of Region — consisting of multiple MPAs and other Authority ...... 5 managed areas in Denmark, Germany, and the Sustainable Development and Charles Besançon of the Notes & News ...... 6 World Conservation Monitoring Centre. In an essay Netherlands — is a leading example of ecosystem-based 2 published in the 2007 book Peace Parks: Conservation management (MPA News 8:4). The 100,000-km and Conflict Resolution (MIT Press), Hammill and Pelagos Sanctuary for cetaceans in the Ligurian Sea Besançon suggest a transboundary protected area can requires cooperation among France, Italy, and Monaco play any of the following geopolitical roles: (MPA News 5:3). The Eastern Tropical Pacific continued on next page Corridor initiative, including portions of the EEZs of coral reef ecosystem parameters. All data from the Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Panama, is monitoring have been entered into an open database of another example (MPA News 7:4). The Southern Program-related information. (For a full description of Ocean, managed as an enormous protected region by the RSMPP Program, including lessons learned, go to the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic www.cnps.org.tw/park-03/WPC-EA4-2002/2%20Session%20B/ Marine Living Resources, is one more. B01.pdf.) In terms of existing for the specific purpose of further- The RSMPP has no budget, per se. Instead, each ing peace, however, the foremost example in the marine country funds its own component of the RSMPP. realm might be in the Red Sea. Aqaba Marine Park, for example, is 90% funded by the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority, a Jordanian Red Sea Marine Peace Park statutory institution. The remaining funds for the site The term “peace park” applies quite literally to what are generated by various user fees in the park, such as Israel and Jordan have designated in the northern Gulf from registration and the testing of air tanks for diving. of Aqaba, a semi-enclosed sea shared by these nations. Notably, the two individual sites are not contiguous: the As part of their peace treaty signed in 1994 to normal- no-take Aqaba Marine Park is 17 km from the Jordan/ ize relations, Israel and Jordan developed the bi- Israel border. But they share common natural resources national Red Sea Marine Peace Park (RSMPP), (including nearly 1000 species of fish) and are affected embodying two existing by the same environmental stresses. Both Jordan and MPAs: Jordan’s Aqaba Israel are promoting the northern Gulf of Aqaba as a Marine Park and Israel’s tourism destination center, with water projects and Types of transboundary Coral Reef Reserve in other coastal infrastructure developments accelerating protected areas Eilat. The designation of the regional growth rate, causing various environmental the RSMPP called on the impacts. Following the World Parks Congress in 2003, the nations to partner in IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas research efforts on coral “If the RSMPP had not been established, the Aqaba established a Global Transboundary Protected Areas reefs and marine biology, Marine Park (AMP) would not be what it is today,” says Network to promote through peaceful and implement compa- Abu Awali, the marine park’s manager. “The RSMPP cooperation across borders (www.tbpa.net). That rable policies and Program had a significant role in establishing the AMP network has defined several different types of regulations to protect management plan, and several regulations and guide- transboundary protected areas: those reefs. lines suggested by the RSMPP have been implemented by the AMP. These regulations and guidelines have promoted • Two or more contiguous protected areas across a This resulted, in 1999, in national boundary. and encouraged environmentally sustainable use of launch of the RSMPP natural inter-tidal resources, and ensured long-term • A cluster of protected areas and the intervening Program — a full economic benefits.” land or water. partnership between resource management Korea Marine Peace Park • A cluster of separated protected areas without agencies and marine Lessons from the RSMPP, as well as from various including the intervening land/water. research institutions in terrestrial peace parks, are being applied in efforts to Jordan and Israel. • A trans-border area including proposed protected establish a marine peace park on the Korean Peninsula. Facilitated by the US areas (such as when a transboundary initiative starts In 2005, the South Korean government issued a National Oceanic and with protected areas in one country or region, with Presidential Executive Order to initiate a marine peace Atmospheric Administra- the hope of extending protection across the border). park with North Korea in the countries’ disputed tion, the Program aimed western sea. Although the initiative would be unilateral • A protected area in one country aided by to provide resource for the time being — prepared with no input from the sympathetic land/water use over the border. managers of both North Korean government — it was intended to help countries with scientific ensure the goal of sustainable and peaceful development understanding of the in the region, symbolized by the “3 Ps”: protection of basic physical, chemical, ecological integrity, peace, and economic prosperity. and biological processes in the Gulf of Aqaba, and the impacts of human activities on those processes. Study Unlike on land, where the Koreas have a 4-km-wide, teams and management teams from the respective heavily-fortified demilitarized zone to keep people from national agencies participated in joint meetings and crossing, their sea boundary has no physical barrier. workshops twice a year or more, sharing information, However, the countries’ respective navies and coast coordinating activities, and discussing trends. The guards regularly confront each other in the region, and cooperative research, for example, determined basic there is disagreement over where the boundary lies. water circulation patterns affecting the RSMPP, and There have been two naval gunfights between the initiated a long-term monitoring initiative for basic Koreas in the western sea. And as recently as 28 March

2 MPA News 2008, the North Korean government fired several Despite the legal and institutional bases for cooperation missiles off its west coast amid growing tensions established last year, it is unclear whether President between that country and the new South Korean Lee’s administration is interested in promoting and government of President Lee Myung-bak. Since its furthering the Declaration, or even the 2005 Presiden- inauguration in February 2008, the Lee government has tial Executive Order on the MPP Korea. Nam says taken a hawkish stance toward North Korea compared to there are other challenges, too. “Because North Korea the government of former South Korean President Roh has a strong interest in economic development and Moo-hyun. securing capital, they are normally prone to choosing development-oriented projects rather than taking a The change of government in South Korea is affecting balanced approach to development and conservation,” prospects for a marine peace park. Much has seemingly he says. “And considering the policy of the new South changed since 2007, when the second inter-Korean Korean administration, political support will be given Summit (involving the Roh administration at the time) to the development sector here as well. Many develop- resulted in a Joint Declaration featuring a series of cross- ers, construction companies, and local governments in border cooperation projects. Among these was the the coastal area want to take benefits from sand mining, official designation of a Special Peace and Cooperation reclamation projects, and other construction projects.” Zone (SPCZ) around the disputed western sea border. “The SPCZ is the core of the Joint Declaration,” says To address these challenges, the Korea Maritime Jungho Nam, who manages the Korean marine peace Institute has suggested principles for promoting the park project at the Korea Maritime Institute in South MPP Korea. “First, a non-political approach led by Korea. Although negotiations on the SPCZ focused on experts should be highlighted,” says Nam. “The political economic and political issues (e.g., designating a joint relationship between the two Koreas is getting worse, fishing area and establishing a special economic zone) and in this situation politicians may hesitate to promote and not on ecological protection, Nam says it could still the initiative. Progress can still be made, however, by provide a framework for eventual institution of a Korean individuals who have done research in the area. From my marine peace park (the “MPP Korea”). “One of the understanding, even when the political situation and inter- SPCZ’s core elements is the sustainable development of Korean relations have been at their worst, contacts and the region,” he says. “The SPCZ is a cornerstone for meetings through expert groups have still occurred.” developing and promoting the MPP Korea.” Second, says Nam, building partnerships with interna- tional and regional bodies is important. “Securing international support for the MPP Korea could Candidate sites for marine peace parks contribute to spreading the importance of the initiative and transboundary research with international societies, and creating an environ- ment for involving North Korea in establishing the In a 2002 paper on lessons learned from the Red Sea marine peace park,” he says. “North Korea is a member Marine Peace Park, a team of managers and of international and regional programs, especially researchers from Israel, Jordan, and the US suggested environmental ones. These could function as a bridge that several other marine sites worldwide could benefit for making the inter-Korean relationship closer.” The from similar transboundary efforts. Their recom- MPP Korea project has organized and facilitated an For more information mended sites: international advisory group composed of multiple Abu Awali, Aqaba Marine • Eastern Caribbean Island states institutions and initiatives, including UNESCO, Park, PO Box 2565, Aqaba • Gaza/Jordan/Israel on the Mediterranean coast IUCN, the GEF Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem 77110, Jordan. E-mail: Project, and the UNEP Northwest Pacific Action Plan. • Pakistan and India near the Indus River delta region [email protected] • Former republics of Yugoslavia on the Adriatic Sea The project has also hosted a Jordanian RSMPP official • Greece and Turkey on Cyprus to share his peace park experiences, and has had colleagues Jungho Nam, Korea • The Pratas Island/Spratly Islands region of the visit other transboundary MPAs around the world. Maritime Institute, KBS Media Center Bldg., #1652, South China Sea Third is to be patient, says Nam: it will take time to raise Sangam-Dong, Mapo-Gu, The paper, “The Red Sea Marine Peace Park: Early social awareness and support for the MPP Korea project. Seoul, 121-270, Republic of lessons learned from a unique trans-boundary “We’ve suggested a three-track approach for the establish- Korea. E-mail: ment of the MPP initiative,” he says. “National, inter- cooperative research, monitoring and management [email protected] program”, by Michael Crosby, Bilal Al-Bashir, Korean, and international coordination and cooperation.” Mohammad Badran, Samir Dweiri, Reuven Ortal, For more details on the MPP Korea initiative, down- For an 18-minute DVD on Michael Ottolenghi, and Avi Perevolotsky, is available load the 66-page report Toward Establishing the Marine the MPP Korea project, at www.cnps.org.tw/park-03/WPC-EA4-2002/ Peace Park in the Western Transboundary Coastal Area of e-mail Jungho Nam. 2%20Session%20B/B01.pdf. the Korean Peninsula (2007, Korea Maritime Institute) at http://depts.washington.edu/mpanews/mppkorea.pdf.

April 2008 3 A Conversation with Willem van Riet, Peace Parks Foundation The Peace Parks Foundation, based in , has countries soften to allow locals, tourists, and animals free supported southern African governments in the movement within the parameters of the park. While development of 10 peace parks (www.peaceparks.org). In not without difficulties, this is an extremely positive doing so, the Foundation has played many roles, process, as the partner countries are in a sense forced to including facilitating planning processes, managing meet far more regularly than before to discuss issues of community consultations, and training park managers, mutual concern. This brings about good neighborliness among other tasks. Former South African President and regional peace and stability. is a founding patron of the Foundation. The way this is carried out in practice is by setting up Willem van Riet is Vice-Chairman, International working groups overseen by a technical committee, Relations, of Peace Parks Foundation. MPA News which in turn is operational under the ministerial spoke with him about the peace park concept and how committee as soon as the Memorandum of Understand- such parks differ from “regular” protected areas. ing toward the establishment of the TFCA has been signed. The signing of the international treaty establish- ing the transfrontier park effectively transforms the MPA News: What distinctions, if any, do you draw technical committee into a joint management board and between peace parks and transfrontier conservation areas the working groups into management committees. (TFCAs)? These new, permanent management committees deal Van Riet: The 1999 Southern African Development with conservation; safety and security; finance, human Community Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and resources and legislation; and tourism. Facilitating the For more information Law Enforcement defines a TFCA as “the area or process is an international coordinator, which the Willem van Riet, Peace component of a large ecological region that straddles the partner governments (assisted by Peace Parks Founda- Parks Foundation, Millennia boundaries of two or more countries, encompassing one tion) usually appoint soon after the MoU signing. Park, 16 Stellentia Ave, PO or more protected areas as well as multiple resource use MPA News: Does the marine realm pose unique Box 12743, Die Boord, areas”. The underlying principle of a TFCA is to challenges to the creation of peace parks? Stellenbosch 7613, South promote collaboration in the management of shared Africa. Tel: +27 21 887 natural resources along international boundaries. Van Riet: Yes. In , these challenges 6188; E-mail: include poaching of abalone resources and the destruc- A TFCA becomes a transfrontier park once the [email protected] tion of beaches by 4x4 off-road vehicles. However, as is international treaty establishing the park has been the case with terrestrial peace parks, these issues are far signed. It denotes cooperation in the management of more effectively addressed on a cross-border or regional contiguous protected areas. Collaboration in managing basis. The Southern African Development Community shared natural resources complements the goals and (SADC) Ministers for the Environment are, for instance, objectives of various international conservation conven- considering developing a protocol for the region to tions and can be used as vehicles for advancing regional manage or regulate 4x4 activities on the region’s beaches. economic integration [The SADC consists of 14 nations: www.sadc.int.] while promoting peace and Publications on peace parks and stability. The first marine peace park with which the Foundation has been involved is the Lubombo TFCA between transboundary protected areas That said, Peace Parks , South Africa, and Swaziland. A crucial Foundation normally uses step in protecting the resources of Lubombo, Africa’s Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution the terms peace park, first coastal and marine TFCA was designated in May (2007). Edited by Saleem H. Ali. MIT Press. 432 pp. TFCA, and transfrontier 2007 with the appointment of a marine protected area Cost: US $29, although a free version can be park interchangeably. accessed on Google Books (books.google.com) manager to the Maputo Special Reserve and Ponta do MPA News: How is the Ouro area in Mozambique. An exciting first outcome Security Considerations in the Planning and planning of peace parks of this has been a cross-border turtle monitoring Management of Transboundary Conservation Areas different from the program whereby data are being collected for the entire (2004). By David Peddle, Leo Braack, Thomas planning of “regular” coastline, from St. Lucia in South Africa to Petermann, and Trevor Sandwith. 40 pp. Cost: Free protected areas? Santa Maria in Mozambique. This collaborative project (www.tbpa.net/docs/pdfs/SecMan/SecMan1.pdf) between Maputo Special Reserve, Peace Parks Founda- Van Riet: The challenges tion, the Mozambican Marine Turtle Working Group Transboundary Protected Areas for Peace and Co- unique to peace parks are (consisting of public and private sector entities, as well as operation (2001). By Trevor Sandwith, Clare Shine, related to cross-border local communities), and Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife in Lawrence Hamilton, and David Sheppard. IUCN. issues. While sovereignty South Africa will result in the first report defining the 111 pp. Cost: Free (www.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/ is never affected, the status of turtle populations along this entire strip of PAG-007.pdf) international border(s) coastline, as well as management recommendations. between the partner

4 MPA News Facing the Challenges of the Next 50 Years: Interview with Russell Reichelt — Chair, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority In October 2007, Russell Reichelt was named the new In the next 50 years, I expect at least a doubling of the chairman and CEO of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef population of one million people along the coastline Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), overseeing one of adjacent to the Marine Park. This will lead to steadily the world’s largest and best-known MPAs. Previously he increasing pressures from coastal development and risks to had served as CEO of both the CRC Reef Research water quality and loss of critical habitat such as wetlands and Centre and the Australian Institute of Marine Science, seagrasses. It will also lead to rising levels of conflict and was formerly chairman of Australia’s Fisheries between sectors that compete for use of the Park. Research and Development Corporation. MPA News: How will GBRMPA address these challenges? Reichelt is faced with leading GBRMPA through a Reichelt: Cooperation across jurisdictions and among challenging period, addressing significant threats to the stakeholders will be very important. Commercial and long-term health of the Great Barrier Reef. MPA News recreational fishing, marine tourism, indigenous hunting, asked him how he viewed his park’s role in the greater MPA recreational boating, ports and shipping are all important community, and what his plans are for managing the park. and valid uses of the Marine Park. I expect GBRMPA to pursue new partnerships and cooperative arrangements to MPA News: What roles does the Great Barrier Reef minimize resource use conflict in this contested seascape. Marine Park Authority see itself serving in the global Apart from better capacity to broker productive relation- community of MPAs? ships, I expect GBRMPA to focus on improved knowledge Russell Reichelt: GBRMPA is continually striving to systems, especially synthesis and sharing of knowledge. achieve best practice. The Park sits within a World This will be critically important in developing new policy Heritage Area that adds additional international and management arrangements, and also in developing obligations. We have a program of active engagement transparent, visible accountability mechanisms such as the with the international community through intergovern- forthcoming “Outlook Report” for the Great Barrier Reef, mental relationships, such as the World Heritage which is due in 2009. [For more information: Committee and other broader partnerships such as the www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/about_us/ International Coral Reef Initiative. GBRMPA contrib- great_barrier_reef_outlook_report.] utes to these groups the lessons it has learned, but also MPA News: Will the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park look benefits tremendously from our partners’ experiences. different in 50 years? MPA News: Can you describe your philosophy for Reichelt: It is inevitable that mass bleaching events will governing GBRMPA? cause changes, but I am hoping the Great Barrier Reef will Reichelt: Our primary goal is the long-term protection still be a beautiful tropical marine ecosystem as it is now. of the Great Barrier Reef through the care and develop- There are no detailed forecasts of either bleaching impacts ment of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. My or resilience to bleaching so any comment on how the park management philosophy is to establish clear goals, will look is guesswork. I expect changes in the pattern of ensure commitment from all major stakeholders biodiversity and age structure due to bleaching events in (especially the Australian Government), and establish the same way that the Crown-of-Thorns starfish outbreaks strong accountability mechanisms so we know whether in the central third of the park have encouraged the faster- we are succeeding in our efforts to achieve the goal. growing corals such as Acropora. There are healthy GBRMPA cannot achieve its goal without close populations of herbivorous fishes throughout the park, and partnerships with the Queensland Government and the efforts are underway by the fisheries managers to bring major user groups who operate or live in the Great effort on top predators (fish and sharks) under control. I For more information Barrier Reef region and its catchments. am hopeful that present efforts to improve water quality Russell Reichelt, will bear fruit and the current decline of inshore reefs will MPA News: What do you see as the main challenges GBRMPA, PO Box 1379, stabilize or reverse. Forecast impacts of acidification in facing the marine park in the next 5 years, and the next Townsville, Queensland longer timeframes (centuries) are not good. As Charlie 50 years? 4810, Australia. E-mail: Veron says in his new book, A Reef in Time (Harvard [email protected] Reichelt: The main challenges for the GBR Marine Park University Press, 2008, p 231): “With immediate global in the next five years are the effects of climate change, action now to drastically reduce CO2 emissions, there will especially heat-induced coral bleaching events and the come a time when the crisis has passed. The Great Barrier decline in coastal water quality that is reducing the Reef, although scarred, will come through whatever lies resilience of the ecosystem. ahead and once again be the place it is now.”

April 2008 5 MPA News eligibility criteria and other definitions; a nomination Notes & News process for existing MPAs to be included in the national Editor-in-Chief Proposals requested for symposia at IMPAC2 and system; a science-based public process for identifying John B. Davis International Marine Conservation Congress conservation gaps; and a process for improving regional, Project Assistant Organizers of the Second International Marine national and international coordination. The docu- Anna Varney Protected Areas Congress (IMPAC2) and the Interna- ment and instructions for submitting comments are Editorial Board tional Marine Conservation Congress (IMCC) are now available at www.mpa.gov. Chair - David Fluharty, Ph.D. accepting proposals for symposia and workshops at the U.W. School of Marine Affairs joint event, to occur 20-24 May 2009, in Washington, Patrick Christie, Ph.D. DC, USA. IMPAC2 will serve as a track within the Guidebook for locally managed marine areas U.W. School of Marine Affairs larger IMCC. A new book offers step-by-step guidelines to help Michael Murray coastal communities and conservation partners plan and Channel Islands National Proposals for symposia will feature a specific group of maintain locally managed marine areas (LMMAs). The 1/2 Marine Sanctuary speakers on a topic, for a session to last 2 hours. guidebook is published by the LMMA Network, an (Note: this is not to be confused with submissions of initiative to help LMMAs in the Western Pacific benefit Direct correspondence to: MPA individual oral presentations, which will be requested News, School of Marine Affairs, from the collective experience of their practitioners. In University of Washington, 3707 later this year.) Proposals for workshops will be task- many Pacific Island nations, contemporary marine Brooklyn Ave. NE, Seattle, WA based, convening people to pursue a particular goal such protection efforts are being blended with traditional 98105, USA. Tel: +1 206 685 1582; as developing recommendations or outlining a publica- conservation practices through a process of community- Fax: +1 206 543 1417; E-mail: tion. Proposals for symposia and workshops must be basebd adaptive management (CBAM). The outcome [email protected] submitted via a link on the IMCC website is now commonly described as LMMAs. These ...... (www.conbio.org/IMCC) by 1 June 2008. normally involve some form of protected area. MPA News is published monthly by Marine Affairs Research and The publication is structured around four general Education (MARE), a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit corporation, in Survey to help shape future of WCPA-Marine phases: initial assessment; LMMA design and planning; association with the School of MPA practitioners worldwide are invited to shape the implementation of CBAM; and ongoing CBAM. Marine Affairs, Univ. of Washington. values, goals, and programs of the IUCN World Although it is aimed at a Pacific Islands audience, the All content has been written by the Commission on Protected Areas – Marine by participat- book may offer useful guidance to communities MPA News editorial staff unless ing in an online survey. Open through 30 April 2008, elsewhere who are working to manage their local marine otherwise attributed. dddddd Financial support for MPA News is the 25-question survey will be used to prepare the final resources. The 70-page Locally-Managed Marine Areas: provided in part by grants from: version of organization’s Plan of Action, to be launched A Guide to Supporting Community-Based Adaptive • David and Lucile Packard at the World Conservation Congress in Barcelona this Management is available at www.LMMAnetwork.org. Foundation; and • Office of Ocean and Coastal October. To participate, go to www.surveymonkey.com/ Resource Management, National s.aspx?sm=LR8LIVKgJbi4uURtvk0nYw_3d_3d. Oceanic and Atmospheric Report available on high seas governance Administration (NOAA), Silver workshop Spring, MD (USA), under the Federal Coastal Zone US releases revised draft framework for national An October 2007 workshop in New York City on high- Management Act. system of MPAs seas governance, particularly the protection of marine The views expressed herein are The (US) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis- areas beyond national jurisdiction, is summarized in a those of the author(s) and should tration and the Department of the Interior have released report from IUCN. The international workshop not be interpreted as representing focused on environmental impacts of various human the opinions or policies of the a Revised Draft Framework for Developing the National Packard Foundation, NOAA, or System of Marine Protected Areas. The document is open activities, opportunities for coordination among states, NOAA’s sub-agencies. for public comment, with a recently extended deadline the potential role of area-based management tools of 16 May 2008. It addresses comments from the (MPAs), and ways to address regulatory and governance Subscriptions to public and the Marine Protected Areas Federal Advisory gaps. The report Workshop on High Seas Governance for MPA News st are free. Committee on the first draft of the Framework, the 21 Century is available in PDF format at To subscribe, send an e-mail to [email protected]. published in September 2006. www.globaloceans.org/highseas/pdf/IUCNWorkshop2007.pdf. Type "subscribe" on the subject line, and include your name, The revised draft outlines key components of the mailing address, and daytime national system, including: a set of overarching national phone number in the text of the system goals and priority conservation objectives; MPA message. 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