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3 Assessment of Urban Transport Systems in Bangkok

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3 Assessment of Urban Transport Systems in Bangkok Assessment Urban Transport System: Bangkok, Thailand Siradol Siridhara Mahidol University BLAK Bangkok Metro and Vicinity Population 16.43 million Bkk Population 5.56 million Employment 10.42 million Income 39,459 baht/hh Bangkok Metro and Vicinity 35 million trips per day. ≈ 70% by private vehicles. Average Speeds Morning peak hour 10.7 kph Evening peak hour 14.2 kph Key Players Regulators, Project Owners & Operators Rail Bus Regulators Project Owners Project Operators 3 Current Rail Network Current Network: 5 Lines, 97 Stations, 142.9 km Light Green Line 32 stations 39.5 km Dark Green Line 13 stations 14.7 km Blue Line 26 stations 47.0 km Purple Line 16 stations 23.6 km Airport Rail Link 8 Stations 28.6 km Total 153.4 km Green Blue Purple Red Ridership (approx.) 1500000 trips/day4 Future Rail Network Future Network: Approx. 540 km Light Green Line 55 stations 66.5 km Dark Green Line 20 stations 22.5 km Blue Line 42 stations 55.0 km Purple Line 32 stations 42.8 km Orange Line 30 stations 35.4 km Pink Line 30 stations 36.0 km Yellow Line 23 stations 30.4 km Brown Line 23 stations 21.0 km Gold Line 4 stations 2.7 km Grey 39 stations 26.0 km Light Blue Line 19 stations 30.0 km Light Red Line 55 stations 58.5 km Dark Red Line 20 stations 80.8 km Airport Rail Link 14 Stations 49.5 km Total 504 km 5 Assessment Urban Transport System: Bangkok SUTI01 Extent to Which Transport Plans Cover Public Transport, Intermodal Facilities and Infrastructure for Active Modes MIN SCORE MAX 0 11 16 No Aspects Explanation Score 1 Walking Networks Little attention has been paid to pedestrian network planning, although the awareness of maintenance of walkways and other pedestrian facilities have 2 been raised from the general public. 2 Cycling Networks Sparse Cycling networks have been implemented, most of which are with limited success due to lack of access to housing and economic activity 2 centers. Facilities have not been sufficiently provided or well maintained 3 Intermodal Transfer Great ambition on planning and building new intermodal megaproject, Bang Sue Grand Station, connecting intercity public transport and urban transit, Facilities namely metro. Awareness on intermodal facilities in local level have been 4 raised and a large number of projects have been developed. 4 Public Transport Significant progress on M-Map (Bangkok Mass Transit Master plan) leads to promissing sign of mode shift from private cars to rail. However, lack of bus 3 feeder planning may deteriorate its role and jeopardize its business. Total (sum) 11 6 Assessment Urban Transport System: Bangkok SUTI02 Modal Share of Active and Public Transport in Commuting MIN SCORE MAX 10 32.4 90 MODE Million trips/day Scheduled bus and minibus 3.93 BRT 0.07 Train, metro, tram 5.37 Canal and River Express Boats 0.45 Walking 1.63 Total Commuting Trips Public and active 11.46 35.34 million trips/day Passenger car 14.20 Taxi 1.36 Modal Share of Active & Motorcycle and Motorcycle Taxi 8.32 Public Transport Individual motorized (**) 23.88 32.4%7 Assessment Urban Transport System: Bangkok SUTI03 Convenient Access to Public Transport Service MIN SCORE MAX 20 75.7 100 Network Stops/Stations Coverage area within Pop. Density Inhabitants 2 2 500-m radius (km ) (inh/km ) Rail 113 84.31 302,850 3,592 Bus 3531 1,109.29 3,984,593 Total 4,287,443 Total Population 500-m Circular areas around the stops/stations were assumed accessible regardless of road connection. 5,666,246 Population estimates was adjusted to compensate with the overlapping catchment area between bus stops and/or metro rail stations. Population within 500-m Only the total population of Bangkok were considered. buffer 75.67% 8 Assessment Urban Transport System: Bangkok SUTI04 Public Transport Quality and Reliability MIN SCORE MAX 30 74.3 95 Category BTS MRT Blue MRT Purple BMTA Safety 4.05 4.11 4.04 3.57 Service 3.81 4.03 4.06 3.03 Facilities 3.87 4.06 4.06 3.13 The satisfaction rating was based on 5 Reliability 3.89 4.06 4.03 2.91 Likert Scale Survey, Information 3.84 4.06 4.05 2.79 converted to 100. In general, passengers Value 3.74 4.06 4.03 4.05 were satisfied with the rail service in Staff 3.78 4.07 4.05 3.56 all aspects. Ticket & Marketing 3.49 N/A N/A 3.16 Average 3.81 4.06 4.05 3.27 100 Scale 76.2 81.3 80.9 65.5 9 Assessment Urban Transport System: Bangkok SUTI05 Traffic Fatalities per 100,000 Inhabitants MIN SCORE MAX 10 3.7 0 Mode Fatalities Road transport 200 Railway transport 10 Tram 0 Ferryboats 0 Other 0 Total 210 Inhabitants 5,666,264 Fatalities/100,000 inh 3.71 All fatalities were resulted from road accidents. Rail and boats accidents were infrequent and not severe. 10 Assessment Urban Transport System: Bangkok SUTI06 Affordability – Travel Costs as Part of Income MIN SCORE MAX 35 3.52 3.5 Monthly Market Single ticket Monthly Weighted Ridership shares price cost (60 monthly Services tickets) cost BTS 19,810,650 44.7 29.0 1,740 778 MRT Blue 9,750,000 22.0 24.7 1,481 326 MRT Purple 1,602,480 3.6 20.0 1,202 43 BMTA 13,152,420 29.7 13.6 818 243 Total 44,315,550 100 1390 Mean Household 39,459 Travel Cost to Income Ratio 3.52% 11 Assessment Urban Transport System: Bangkok SUTI07 Operational Costs of the Public Transport System MIN SCORE MAX 22 196.6* 100 Farebox Yearly share Services Fare Revenue Expenses ratio Ridership (%) BTS 6,814,244,379 2,015,852,432 338% 241,200,000 45% BEM 5,022,000,000 4,214,000,000 119% 124,573,770 23% BEM Blue Line Ext 127,000,000 211,000,000 60% 12,781,205 2% Bus 4,572,762,151 8,668,446,132 53% 160,021,110 30% Total 196 538,576,085 100% Rail mass transit business involves complex relationship between the owners and operators. BTS holding companies comprises many subsidiaries which further complex the financial statements. *Concession and/or PPP schemes were designed to offer financial opportunity so that it attract quality private investors. 12 Assessment Urban Transport System: Bangkok SUTI08 Investment in Public Transportation Systems MIN SCORE MAX 0 26.14 50 Investment by City Public Transport Facilities 1,332 million baht Total Transport Project 5,096 million baht PT Share 26.1% 13 Assessment Urban Transport System: Bangkok SUTI09 Air Quality (PM10) MIN SCORE MAX 10 40.9 150 Date Dec Nov Oct Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan 1 39 30 48 18 25 32 28 28 38 50 61 38 2 36 36 37 25 24 43 26 25 39 52 57 40 3 44 39 36 23 23 43 33 28 36 47 44 48 200 4 51 41 45 26 18 63 30 25 37 40 50 55 5 51 58 45 27 22 33 45 31 27 46 48 62 180 6 60 59 33 28 24 43 36 47 35 46 38 76 7 58 61 29 31 25 37 36 60 28 29 41 74 160 8 68 61 34 26 23 35 37 61 35 33 43 47 9 64 60 26 29 25 35 28 61 27 31 36 49 140 10 68 61 34 26 18 43 25 55 31 31 40 59 11 74 69 41 30 18 59 25 54 32 39 41 85 120 12 67 62 37 29 18 39 23 55 32 51 50 73 13 68 54 23 20 24 34 23 39 28 42 72 76 100 14 63 41 19 24 33 26 24 43 24 34 50 78 15 67 46 31 31 32 24 27 55 20 31 50 67 80 16 61 54 42 28 32 22 30 51 21 47 43 63 17 59 56 46 35 22 24 31 49 29 47 36 67 in 2019 Days 60 18 60 55 44 31 20 22 21 58 32 51 31 58 19 59 51 46 33 27 24 20 53 33 45 26 70 40 20 57 40 46 33 26 27 34 42 48 41 26 62 21 57 41 50 26 23 17 37 43 55 36 34 74 20 22 50 44 69 33 25 27 32 38 34 47 31 65 23 50 51 46 25 25 28 29 34 39 53 37 64 0 24 52 49 36 41 24 39 25 35 37 44 38 60 25 54 55 42 59 20 27 26 40 39 34 38 79 20 40 60 80 >80 26 51 46 44 59 18 34 24 32 46 38 38 73 27 57 47 32 49 24 28 27 38 49 36 50 62 28 57 38 34 62 22 33 31 41 26 41 52 73 PM10 less than 29 59 35 37 66 21 20 25 23 24 40 82 30 36 40 77 25 25 21 24 27 38 94 14 31 48 21 27 30 39 79 Assessment Urban Transport System: Bangkok SUTI10 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transport MIN SCORE MAX 10 3.7 0 Emissions Type Litres sold CO2-factor (kg/liter) (tons/year) Gasoline/Petrol 3,230,655,231 2.272 7,338,433 Diesel 1,542,034,281 2.676 4,126,484 Total 11,464,917 Population 5,666,264 Emission/capita 2.02 tons/year 15 Assessment Urban Transport System: Bangkok Bangkok: SUTI SUTI01 68.75 1.
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