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Inactivation of Choline Oxidase by Irreversible Inhibitors Or Storage Conditions

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Inactivation of Choline Oxidase by Irreversible Inhibitors Or Storage Conditions Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Chemistry Theses Department of Chemistry 8-3-2006 Inactivation of Choline Oxidase by Irreversible Inhibitors or Storage Conditions Jane Vu Hoang [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/chemistry_theses Recommended Citation Hoang, Jane Vu, "Inactivation of Choline Oxidase by Irreversible Inhibitors or Storage Conditions." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2006. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/chemistry_theses/4 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Chemistry at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chemistry Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INACTIVATION OF CHOLINE OXIDASE BY IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITORS OR STORAGE CONDITIONS by JANE V. HOANG Under the Direction of Giovanni Gadda ABSTRACT Choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis is a flavin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of choline to betaine aldehyde through two sequential hydride-transfer steps. The study of this enzyme is of importance to the understanding of glycine betaine biosynthesis found in pathogenic bacterial or economic relevant crop plants as a response to temperature and salt stress in adverse environment. In this study, chemical modification of choline oxidase using two irreversible inhibitors, tetranitromethane and phenylhydrazine, was performed in order to gain insights into the active site structure of the enzyme. Choline oxidase can also be inactivated irreversibly by freezing in 20 mM sodium phosphate and 20 mM sodium pyrophosphate at pH 6 and -20 oC. The results showed that enzyme inactivation was due to a localized conformational change associated with the ionization of a group in close proximity to the flavin cofactor and led to a complete lost of catalytic activity. INDEX WORDS: Choline Oxidase, Flavoproteins, Enzyme Inactivation, Chemical Modification, Phenylhydrazine, Tetranitromethane, Mechanism-based Inhibitors, Hysteresis. i INACTIVATION OF CHOLINE OXIDASE BY IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITORS OR STORAGE CONDITIONS by JANE V. HOANG A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University ii Copyright by Jane V. Hoang 2006 iii INACTIVATION OF CHOLINE OXIDASE BY IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITORS OR STORAGE CONDITIONS By JANE V. HOANG Major Professor: Dr. Giovanni Gadda Committee Members: Dr. Dabney W. Dixon Dr. Alfons Baumstark Electronic Version Approved by: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University August 2006 iv Acknowledgments To be where I am today, I am thankful for the unconditional supports from my family. My parents, Long N. Hoang and Manh T. Vo, you have made me the luckiest daughter on Earth by sacrificing so much in exchange for my education. There are already no words to describe your endurance and courage to raise a family in foreign country out of labors, but your continuous supports for me continuing my education are even more admirable. My sisters, Linh T.V. Hoang and Ann V. Hoang, you have always brought sunshine into my rainy days with all the cute chats, cute encouragements, and cute arguments. You have made a “big sister” like me proud to have such wonderful little sisters. My boyfriend, Dat P. Lam, you have always been there for me no matter rain or shine. I am thankful for all the times that you have spent listening to my complaints and my silly stories. I am so lucky to have you in my life. I am fortunate to have the support from family, but I would not be here today without my advisor, Dr. Giovanni Gadda. With great passion for science, you have opened my eyes to a greater world that I have never thought I would see. From you, I have learned so much, not only the bare scientific facts but the beauty and meaning of science in nature. You may appear strict to people who do not know you, but I think that you are the best teacher that a student can have because you have never given up on any of your students, does not matter how bad we were. You paid attention to our weakness and pushed us hard to bring out the best in each of us. For this, I am thankful to be your student and also truly appreciate everything that you have taught me and will treasure them as I go through life. For my committee members, Dr. Dixon and Dr. Baumstark, I am thankful not only for your wonderful suggestions on my projects, but also on your individual attention throughout the years. Dr. Dixon, because of you, my writing has improved so much and I have become more v confident when it comes to job hunting. “Write short sentences!”, “Go get a job!”, I am thankful that you yelled these phrases at me. Even though the class that I took with you was only for one semester, but what I have learned from that class will last a life time. Dr. Baumstark, I thankful for the 45 minutes chat with you at the end of Fall 2002. If it were not for that talk with you, I would still look elsewhere searching for my dream career in all the wrong places. Last but not least, I am thankful to have Dr. Fan Fan, Dr. Mahmoud Ghanem, Kevin, Tran, Osbourne, Kunchala, Steffan, Merid, Slavica, Andrea, and Anthony as labmates. Each of you is a piece of gem that makes working in the lab become once-in-a-lifetime experience. Dr. Fan Fan, your intelligence and sweet personality has always brought sunlight into our lab. Dr. Mahmoud Ghanem, I appreciate your training when I first joined the lab and thank you for showing me all the tricks and tips that make doing experiments so much easier. Kevin, your passion for science inspired me to be a better scientist. Tran, I thank you for being “little Tran” so that I can be “big Trang”. Osbourne, thank you for making me smile whenever I was feeling down. Kunchala, you have always been so nice to me and ready to help out when I was in need. Steffan, I have enjoyed sharing the bench, candies, cookies, green peas, chocolates, and beef jerky with you. Merid, I thank you for keeping the lab secrets between us. Slavica, you are my best “lunch buddy”. Andrea, I appreciate the time you spent explaining and making sure that I understand the theories in molecular biology. Anthony, I am thankful for laughing at my jokes all the time. I want you all know that you are the best labmates that I can ever wished for. Thank you so much for the encouragements and supports. I will always remember all the precious memories that we have shared. vi Table of Contents Abstract............................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents........................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix List of Figures..................................................................................................................................x List of Schemes............................................................................................................................. xii Chapter I. Introduction....................................................................................................................1 1. Previous Studies of Choline Oxidase..................................................................................... 1 2. Phenylhydrazine as a Mechanism-based Inhibitor ............................................................... 19 3. Tetranitromethane (TNM) as an Irreversible Inhibitor......................................................... 24 4. Effects of Freezing on Enzymes in Storage.......................................................................... 27 5. Hysteretic Behavior in Enzymes........................................................................................... 31 6. Goals ..................................................................................................................................... 33 References................................................................................................................................. 34 Chapter II. Material and Methods..................................................................................................46 1. Materials and Enzyme Preparations...................................................................................... 46 2. Instruments............................................................................................................................ 46 3. Enzyme Assay....................................................................................................................... 47 4. Tryptic Digestion .................................................................................................................. 48 5. Spectral Studies..................................................................................................................... 49 6. Data Analysis........................................................................................................................ 49 References................................................................................................................................
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