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New Species of Neopanorpa (Mecoptera) from Vietnam, with a Key to the Species of Mecoptera of Vietnam Author(S): Wesley J

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New Species of Neopanorpa (Mecoptera) from Vietnam, with a Key to the Species of Mecoptera of Vietnam Author(S): Wesley J New Species of Neopanorpa (Mecoptera) from Vietnam, with a Key to the Species of Mecoptera of Vietnam Author(s): Wesley J. Bicha, Nathan Schiff, Thai Hong Pham, Aaron Lancaster and Brian Scheffler Source: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 119(4):529-544. Published By: Entomological Society of Washington https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.119.4.529 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.4289/0013-8797.119.4.529 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 119(4), 2017, pp. 529–544 NEW SPECIES OF NEOPANORPA (MECOPTERA) FROM VIETNAM, WITH A KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MECOPTERA OF VIETNAM urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CE24D561-5F0E-482F-953D-B0B809D4A607 WESLEY J. BICHA,NATHAN SCHIFF,THAI HONG PHAM,AARON LANCASTER, AND BRIAN SCHEFFLER (WJB) Tropical Research Associates Entomology, 521 46th Street, Sacramento, California 95819 (e-mail: [email protected]); (NS) United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, P.O. Box 227, Stoneville, MS USA 38776 USA (e-mail: [email protected]); (THP) Vietnam National Museum of Nature (VNMN), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet St, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam (e-mail: [email protected]); (AL) United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, P.O. Box 227, Stoneville, MS USA 38776 USA (e-mail: [email protected]); (BS) USDA Agricultural Research Service, USDA-ARS-CGRU, MSA Genomics Laboratory, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA (e-mail: brian.scheffl[email protected]) (WJB): urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:A05C8438-39A4-4CF9-9277-4A0F736715CA (NS): urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:A3A8300C-0D92-42B8-A477-EE8AE4249AA9 (THP): urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:E9449FF3-469B-44C6-B9FE-EDF5E0769A30 (AL): urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:631CF414-26BB-4DAA-99FE-DED7A5EDAA4B (BS): urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:631CF414-26BB-4DAA-99FE-DED7A5EDAA4B Abstract.—Sixteen species of scorpionflies have been reported from Vietnam, con- sisting of 13 Neopanorpa and three Bittacus species. One of these scorpionflies from the Central Highlands of Vietnam with hood-shaped hypovalves was determined to be a new species and is described herein as Neopanorpa cucullata,n.sp.A second new species, Neopanorpa ellengreeni,n.sp., with golden yellow wing membranes and Y-shaped wing markings is described from northern Vietnam. COI DNA analysis of 16 of 17 species of Vietnamese Mecoptera are presented using a neighbor-joining tree indicating that the new species are approximately as distinct from the extant species as the extant species are from each other. A key is provided for all 17 Vietnamese Mecoptera. Key Words: barcode, Bittacus, Cytochrome Oxidase 1, DNA, hangingfly, key, scorpionfly DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.119.4.529 530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Mecoptera is a relictual order of Byers (1965) published a key to holometabolous insects with origins in Mecoptera species covering Indochina, the Permian (Novokshonov 2004), hav- however since that time, 10 additional ing approximately 718 described extant Vietnamese Mecoptera species have been species distributed among nine families. reported from Vietnam, more than dou- Species of Mecoptera are characterized bling the number of known species by having a rostrum with mouthparts at (Willmann 1976; Bicha 2007, 2010, the apex, and fore- and hindwings of 2015). Further, many Vietnamese Me- similar size and venation. Sixteen species coptera were originally described from of Mecoptera have been reported from lone or limited type series. Collecting Vietnam, including three species of Bit- over the past decade has allowed the tacus Latreille (Bittacidae) and 13 spe- range of intraspecific variation to be bet- cies of Neopanorpa Weele (Panorpidae) ter understood. Recent collecting in (Bicha 2007, 2010, 2015). Bittacids live northern Vietnam and the Vietnam Cen- in deep to broken shade of moist, un- tral Highlands resulted in two additional disturbed forest and when approached, fly species of Neopanorpa being discovered, poorly and might initially be mistaken for which we describe herein. One of these craneflies (Diptera: Tipulidae). However, species was erroneously reported (Bicha bittacids have four wings, and their resting 2010) to be Neopanorpa angustipennis posture is entirely different than craneflies. (Westwood, 1841), but after morpho- Bittacids hold their wings over their ab- logical and molecular comparison with domen when at rest and are commonly specimens of N. angustipennis collected called “hangingflies” because the adults from near the type locality, the scor- hang under vegetation by their forelegs and pionfly was determined to be a new spe- capture small arthropod prey using rapto- cies. Finally, an updated key to the species rial tarsi of the hind legs. The males of of Mecoptera of Vietnam is presented. many species provide nuptial gifts of prey to prospective mates (Thornhill 1978). MATERIALS AND METHODS Adults are incapable of standing so fe- We located individuals in the field by males simply drop their eggs to the ground. examining the tops and undersides of Larvae feed on detritus and larvae and lush, broad-leafed ground vegetation pupae develop in the soil (Setty 1940). growing in the broken shade of mesic Panorpids are called “scorpionflies” hardwood forest, collected by net, and because the males have a characteristic dropped alive in 80% ethanol. Baiting, up-curved abdominal terminalia causing by hanging loops of rotting squid from the insects to appear as winged scorpions. vegetation, was a highly effective at- Individuals are typically observed sitting tractant for some, but not all Neopanorpa. on the upper surfaces of herbaceous A leg was removed from specimens for vegetation in moist, undisturbed forest DNA extraction and the specimens were ecotone. Scorpionflies are saprophagous pinned and spread following examination and we found Neopanorpa especially at- and description of the undescribed spe- tracted to rotting squid, which we placed cies. Genitalia of select specimens were as bait. Larvae of Bittacus and Neopanorpa dissected and cleared in lactophenol for are similar-appearing, soil-dwelling, eru- detailed examination. ciform, saprophagous insects bearing nu- We acquired freshly preserved speci- merous stout setae (Yie 1951, Jaing & Hua mens of Vietnamese Mecoptera repre- 2015). senting 15 of the 16 species reported from VOLUME 119, NUMBER 4 531 Vietnam and the two species reported mm extension tube. Images were digi- here as new (Appendix 1). We were not tally processed using Adobe LightroomÒ successful at collecting fresh specimens CC 2015.4 and Adobe PhotoshopÒ CC of Neopanorpa ornata Byers, 1965, 2015.1. which is known only from the holotype. The image of the pinned male speci- Total genomic DNA was extracted from men genitalia was made using a Vision- one leg of each specimen and the Cyto- ary Digital ™ BK Lab Imaging system chrome Oxidase 1 “DNA barcode” region outfitted with the Canon EOS 5D and (Hebert et al. 2003) was amplified, visu- a 100 mm Canon macro-lens. Stacked alized, purified and sequenced following images were processed in part with the protocols described in Schiff et al. Helicon Focus ™ with final editing us- (2012) and Bicha et al. (2015). Genomic ing Adobe PhotoshopÒ. Dissected gen- DNA for each sample was amplified using italia were mounted in clear jellied one of the following primer combi- alcohol (PuracellÒ hand sanitizer) and nations, LCO1490 and HCO2198, Wes1 photographed with a Leica Z16 zoom and HCO1490, K698 and Nancy,HCO2198 lens attached to a JVC 3-CCD digital and Wes1, Nancy and Wes 1. The primer camera (KY-F75U). The final image is sequences are: LCO1490: 5’-GGT CAA a montage image stack Syncroscopy, and CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G-3’, the image plate created in Adobe Pho- HCO2198: 5’-TAA ACT TCA GGG toshopÒ (Elements 9). TGA CCA AAA AAT CA-3’ (Folmer Descriptive nomenclature for wing et al. 1994), WES1: 5’-GGC TTT TCT venation and markings follows Esben- CTA CTA ATC ATA AGG ATA TTG G- Petersen (1921); terminology for male 3’, NANCY: 5’-CCC GGT AAA ATT genitalia is that of Carpenter (1931). AAA ATATAA ACT TC-3’ (Simon et al. 1994), and K698 (TY-J-1460): 5’- TAC RESULTS AAT TTA TCG CCT AAA CTT CAG We generated DNA barcodes for 103 CC-3’ (Simon et al. 1994). Template specimens of Vietnamese Mecoptera DNA was sequenced in both directions representing 15 of the 16 known species and the forward and reverse sequences and specimens of two new species de- were checked and combined into individ- scribed herein. We also generated bar- ual specimen contigs using Lasergene codes for 3 dry, pinned specimens of Seqman Pro by DNAStar. Specimen Neopanorpa angustipennis from south- contigs were aligned using Clustal W and west Thailand near the type location in analyzed using the neighbor-joining southeast Burma. The sequences were method (Saitou and Nei 1987) and the all full length (658 bp) except for one maximum composite likelihood method specimen each of N. nielseni (444bp), N. (Tamura et al. 2004) in MEGA version 7 angustala (534bp), N.
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