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Wave Climate and Coastal Processes in the Osmussaar–Neugrund Region, Baltic Sea
Coastal Processes II 99 Wave climate and coastal processes in the Osmussaar–Neugrund region, Baltic Sea Ü. Suursaar1, R. Szava-Kovats2 & H. Tõnisson3 1Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Estonia 2Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia 3Institute of Ecology, Tallinn University, Estonia Abstract The aim of the paper is to investigate hydrodynamic conditions in the Neugrund Bank area from ADCP measurements in 2009–2010, to present a local long-term wave hindcast and to study coastal formations around the Neugrund. Coastal geomorphic surveys have been carried out since 2004 and analysis has been performed of aerial photographs and old charts dating back to 1900. Both the in situ measurements of waves and currents, as well as the semi-empirical wave hindcast are focused on the area known as the Neugrund submarine impact structure, a 535 million-years-old meteorite crater. This crater is located in the Gulf of Finland, about 10 km from the shore of Estonia. The depth above the central plateau of the structure is 1–15 m, whereas the adjacent sea depth is 20– 40 m shoreward and about 60 m to the north. Limestone scarp and accumulative pebble-shingle shores dominate Osmussaar Island and Pakri Peninsula and are separated by the sandy beaches of Nõva and Keibu Bays. The Osmussaar scarp is slowly retreating on the north-western and northern side of the island, whereas the coastline is migrating seaward in the south as owing to formation of accumulative spits. The most rapid changes have occurred either during exceptionally strong single storms or in periods of increased cyclonic and wave activity, the last high phase of which occurred in 1980s–1990s. -
Woodworking in Estonia
WOODWORKING IN ESTONIA HISTORICAL SURVEY By Ants Viires Translated from Estonian by Mart Aru Published by Lost Art Press LLC in 2016 26 Greenbriar Ave., Fort Mitchell, KY 41017, USA Web: http://lostartpress.com Title: Woodworking in Estonia: Historical Survey Author: Ants Viires (1918-2015) Translator: Mart Aru Publisher: Christopher Schwarz Editor: Peter Follansbee Copy Editor: Megan Fitzpatrick Designer: Meghan Bates Index: Suzanne Ellison Distribution: John Hoffman Text and images are copyright © 2016 by Ants Viires (and his estate) ISBN: 978-0-9906230-9-0 First printing of this translated edition. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. This book was printed and bound in the United States. CONTENTS Introduction to the English Language Edition vii The Twisting Translation Tale ix Foreword to the Second Edition 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Literature, Materials & Methods 2 2. The Role Played by Woodwork in the Peasants’ Life 5 WOODWORK TECHNOLOGY 1. Timber 10 2. The Principal Tools 19 3. Processing Logs. Hollowing Work and Sealed Containers 81 4. Board Containers 96 5. Objects Made by Bending 127 6. Other Bending Work. Building Vehicles 148 7. The Production of Shingles and Other Small Objects 175 8. Turnery 186 9. Furniture Making and Other Carpentry Work 201 DIVISION OF LABOR IN THE VILLAGE 1. The Village Craftsman 215 2. Home Industry 234 FINAL CONCLUSIONS 283 Index 287 INTRODUCTION TO THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE EDITION feel like Captain Pike. -
Traditional Food Technology in Estonia
CULTURE AND NATURE: THE EUROPEAN HERITAGE OF SHEEP FARMING AND PASTORAL LIFE TRADITIONAL FOOD TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH REPORT FOR ESTONIA By Kadri Kask Estonian University of Life Sciences November 2011 Traditional food technology Sheep’s milk and dairy products Sheep’s milk has been very little used in Estonia. People used to say that sheep’s milk tastes of filth and sweat (KV 15: 747). Sheep were mostly milked among the Swedes (EA 18: 422). Very little has been said about milking sheep. Only goat milking has been mentioned – goat’s milk was used as medicine and for making porridge. Milking both sheep and goats was generally rather frowned upon (ERM, 2011). It has been noted that sheep were milked the same way as cows – the milking took place in the morning (EA 18: 422). Goat’s milk has been discussed more and it is said to have been used the same way as cow’s milk. The correspondents’ responses and the ethnographic archive include no examples of discussions about the processing of sheep’s milk. It has only been mentioned that goat’s milk was used for making porridge and also as medicine, e.g. in Paide (KV 15: 747). The only place in Estonia where sheep milking and the use of sheep’s milk has been recorded at all is Pakri islands, where Estonian Swedes used to live. Sheep’s milk cheese is the most distinctive of the dishes of the Pakri islands. It was made as follows: in the evening, lambs were separated from sheep so that the ewes could be milked in the morning. -
ESTONIA • VIRO Travel Guide • Matkaopas
ESTONIA • VIRO Travel Guide • Matkaopas www.visitharju.com www.visitestonia.com Welcome to the Harju County, Arvoisa vieras, dear guest! tervetuloa! The Harju County is the county, where lies the capital of Estonia. Harjumaan maakuntaan kuuluu pääkau- Around 40 % of Estonia’s population lives in the Harju County and punki Tallinna. Maakunnassa elää 40 % most of Estonia’s business, science and culture take place here. But Viron asukkaista ja suurin osa liike-elämästä, to us, who live in this county, it is most importantly our home. We tieteestä ja kulttuurista on keskittynyt tänne. are very proud of our home county. Mutta meille harjumaalaisille on kaikkein Come to visit us. You will no doubt find that every visit here dif- tärkeintä, että se on kotimme. Olemme ylpeitä fers from the previous one and you can always discover some- kotiseudustamme. thing new and fascinating. The business traveller will find a fast Tulkaa meille kylään. Voin luvata jo etukäteen, and dynamic economy; sportsman a great place to practice että jokainen käynti saattaa olla erilainen ja aina all kinds of activities, and cultural tourist will enjoy the variety voi kokea jotain uutta. Liikematkailija kohtaa of local cultural scene from song festivals to modern clubs. nopealiikkeisen ja dynaamisen talousilmaston, Those keen on history will find Padise with its monastery urheilija paikan harrastukselleen, täällä on vilkasta ruins, lots of manors and churches and Tallinn Old Town full kulttuurielämää laulujuhlista klubeihin. Historiasta of mystery and secrets. In the Harju County you can enjoy kiinnostuneet kohtaavat Padisen luostarin, salaperäi- both – excitment of a big town and silence of forests. -
Atlas of the ESIN Islands 27.9
27/9/2016 DRAFT 1.8 ATLAS OF THE SMALL EUROPEAN ISLANDS Atlas of the ESIN Islands 1 Introduction 2 2 The islands of Europe 3 3 The ESIN islands of Europe 9 4 Sustainability indicators 12 5 The ESIN islands per nation 14 The small islands of Croatia 15 The small islands of Denmark 18 The small islands of Estonia 23 The small islands of Finland 24 The small islands of France 28 The small islands of Greece 31 The small islands of Ireland 35 The small islands of Italy 38 The small islands of Scotland 40 The small islands of Sweden 43 The small islands of Åland 49 6 References 51 1 (64) Christian Pleijel [email protected] Tel +358-457-342 88 25 ESIN ATLAS / DRAFT 1.8 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this Atlas is to (a) present some basic data on the geographical features of the small islands of Europe who are members of the European Small Islands Federation (ESIN), and to (b) raise awareness of the lack of other, relevant basic data on the same small islands. An island is a piece of land surrounded by water. This atlas is focussed on small and very small islands that fall below the system of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) within the European Union not having a fixed link to the European mainland. ESIN represents 1,640 such islands with a resident population of 359,357people. These small islands have 3-4 million summer residents and ten times as many visitors, which creates a heavy human pressure on the islands’ social, technical and ecological systems. -
A Comparative Analysis of Two Early Palaeozoic Marine Impact Structures in Estonia, Baltic Sea: Neugrund and Kärdla
83 Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, Vol. 85, 2013, pp 83–101 A comparative analysis of two Early Palaeozoic marine impact structures in Estonia, Baltic Sea: Neugrund and Kärdla STEN SUUROJA1,2, KALLE SUUROJA1 AND TOM FLODÉN3 1 Geological Survey of Estonia, 12168 Tallinn, Estonia 2 Department of Geology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a 50411, Estonia 3 Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Abstract Kärdla and Neugrund are two Early Palaeozoic offshore impact structures located some 50 km apart along the Estonian coast of the Baltic Sea. They share many similarities but differing features are also found. The Kärdla impact structure is located at the NE coast of Hiiumaa Island (58°58’N, 22°46’E). The inner crater has a 4 km rim-to-rim diameter and a c. 130 m high central uplift, surrounded by a ring fault, c. 12 km in diameter. The well-preserved buried inner crater is outlined in the landscape by a circular ridge of uplifted bedrock. The perimeter of the outer crater is outlined on the seafloor by a semicircular ridge of narrow shoals. The variable height of the rim wall (50–240 m above the crystalline basement level) and the asymmetric location of the inner crater is obviously a result of an oblique impact in a layered target and partial collapse of the rim wall. Shortly after the impact in a shallow epicontinental sea during Late Ordovician time (c. 455 My), calcareous biodetritic muds were deposited and the crater was buried. The Neugrund impact structure is located in the seabed at the entrance of the Gulf of Finland (59°20’N, 23°31’E). -
Swedes Publishing in Estonia up to the End of the Second
(Online) ISSN 23450053. KNYGOTYRA. 2016. 66 148 SWEDES PUBLISHING IN ESTONIA UP TO THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR Tiiu Reimo | Tallinn University School of Digital Technologies, 25 Narva Road, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia Email: [email protected] The ethnic Swedish minority inhabited the islands and Western coast of Estonia for about seven centuries, from the end of the 13th century up to the end of the Second World War. The settlements in remote islands hindered the intercommunication and the development of cooperative movement. However, the national awakening movement which started in the 2nd half of the 19th century created the conditions for national self-determination and consolidation of the Swedish community. The schools with instruction in Swedish and libraries were opened, educational and cultural societies established and books in Swedish published. The book culture of the Estonian Swedes was varied and manifold. The number of Swedish publications in Es- tonia was not big and not all of the print production in Swedish was intended for the use to the Swedish community. A lot of library books and schoolbooks were also obtained from Sweden. As a counterbalance, a lot of books on Estonian Swedish settlements were published in Sweden by people who were engaged in Swedish schools or churches in Estonia. KEYWORDS: ethnic minorities, Estonia, Estonian Swedes, Swedish language, publishing, national awakening movement, book production. INTRODUCTION The history and culture of the ethnic minorities in Estonia has not been an intensive object of academic research for many reasons. During World War II, Estonia lost a large number of its population as refugees and three of its bigger ethnic minorities: Baltic Germans had to leave at the beginning of the War accor ding to the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact of 1939, the majority of the Swedish popu lation left for Sweden in 1943–1944 and the Jews who could not manage to escape were killed. -
6333 Paldiski
EESTI GEOLOOGILINE BAASKAART GEOLOGICAL BASE MAP OF ESTONIA 6333 PALDISKI SELETUSKIRI EXPLANATION TO THE MAPS EESTI GEOLOOGIAKESKUS TALLINN 2010 EESTI GEOLOOGIAKESKUS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ESTONIA EESTI GEOLOOGILINE BAASKAART GEOLOGICAL BASE MAP OF ESTONIA Mõõtkava 1:50 000 Scale 6333 PALDISKI SELETUSKIRI EXPLANATION TO THE MAPS Tallinn, 2010 Esikaanel: Pakri pank ja tuletorn The Pakri Cliff and the lighthouse Eesti Geoloogiakeskus, 2010 Kadaka tee 82 Tallinn 12618 EESTI GEOLOOGIAKESKUS Kaardistamise osakond OÜ Eesti Geoloogiakeskuse juhatuse liige Aivar Pajupuu 2010. a Kalle Suuroja, Eriina Morgen, Tiit Mardim, Merle Otsmaa, Katrin Kaljuläte, Tiina Vahtra, Tarmo All, Maarika Kõiv BAASKAARDI PALDISKI (6333) LEHE GEOLOOGILISE KAARDIKOMPLEKTI KOOSTAMINE JA DIGITAALSE ANDMEBAASI LOOMINE ARUANNE Programmitalituse nõunik Jaan Kivisilla Tallinn, 2010 Annotatsioon K. Suuroja, E. Morgen, T. Mardim, M. Otsmaa, K. Kaljuläte, T. Vahtra, T. All, M. Kõiv. Eesti geoloogilise baaskaardi Paldiski (6333) leht. Seletuskiri. Eesti Geoloogiakeskus. Kaardistamise osakond, Tallinn, 2010. Tekst 109 lk, 62 fotot, 16 joonist, 9 tabelit, 1 teksti lisa. (OÜ Eesti Geoloogiakeskuse geoloogiafond, Maa-amet). Eesti baaskaardi (mõõtkavas 1:50 000) Paldiski (6333) kaardilehe digitaalsete geoloogilis-geofüüsikalis- hüdrogeoloogilise suunitlusega kaartide komplekt on koostatud põhiliselt varasemate keskmise- ja suuremõõtkavaliste geoloogilis-geofüüsikalis-hüdrogeoloogiliste kaartide ja maavarade otsingu ning uuringutööde andmestiku põhjal, kuid kasutatud on ka käesoleva -
Newcomer Heritage in Estonia: Preserving Russian, Swedish And
1 HERITAGE OF NEW SETTLERS IN ESTONIA: PRESERVING RURAL ARCHITECTURE WITH RUSSIAN AND SWEDISH INFLUENCES Elo Lutsepp Estonian Open Air Museum Programme Rural Architecture and Landscape Project Manager The specific expression of Estonian rural architecture has developed mainly during the past 300 years, whereby the architectural heritage of only past 150 years has survived till nowadays. I am going to focus on the bigger part of Western Estonia (including the islands), which was once the habitat of Estonian Swedes, as well as on the western shore of Lake Peipsi, which has been settled by Russian Old Believers. All these regions are characterized by an architectural heritage different from traditional Estonian rural architecture. The political changes in the 20th century interrupted the continuation of building traditions. The Soviet occupation brought along the departure of Swedes and Finns from Estonia. The most viable architectural heritage is that of the Russian Old Believers’ as they stick strongly to their traditions. Even today on the western shore of Lake Peipsi people continue building traditional covered farmyards. There are no exact data on how human habitation developed and the first Russian fishermen settled down in the region under discussion (Varnja, Kolkja, Kasepää) on the western shore of Lake Peipsi. It is, however, known that in the 14th century Russian fishermen did not inhabit this region permanently; it was visited only seasonally for fishing (Moora 1964: 51). A sizeable Russian settlement on the shore of Lake Peipsi 2 started to take root only in the 17th century, when due to war events more and more Russian peasants settled down in coastal villages. -
Bryoflora and Vegetation of Pakri Islands (Gulf of Finland, Estonia)
Folia Cryptog. Estonica, Fasc. 45: 55–63 (2009) Bryoflora and vegetation of Pakri Islands (Gulf of Finland, Estonia) Leiti Kannukene1 & Mare Leis2 1Estonian Museum of Natural History, 26 Toompuiestee Street, Tallinn 10148, Estonia E-mail: [email protected] 2Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 181 Riia Street, Tartu 51014, Estonia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The bryoflora of Pakri islands is very species-rich. On these islands 236 species of bryophytes (31 liverworts, 205 mosses) have been found. The most species-rich habitats are alvars, limestone shingle beach ridges and limestone cliff. On Väike-Pakri island (12.9 km²) 215 species and on Suur-Pakri island (11.7 km²) 160 species of bryophytes are found. The number of rare species on Pakri islands is remarkable. Four species have their only Estonian localities on Pakri islands (Mannia sibirica, Bryum arcticum, Rhytidium rugosum and Seligeria patula). Kokkuvõte: Pakri saarte (Soome laht, Eesti) samblafloora. Pakri saarte samblafloora on väga liigirikas. Siit on leitud 236 liiki sammaltaimi (31 liiki helviksamblaid ja 205 lehtsamblaid). Kõige liigirikkamad kasvukohad on alvarid, paeklibuga rannavallid ja klint. Väike-Pakri saarelt (12,9 km²) on leitud 215 samblaliiki, Suur-Pakri saarelt (11,7 km²) 160 liiki. Tähelepanuväärne on haruldaste liikide rohkus. Neljal liigil (Mannia sibirica, Bryum arcticum, Rhytidium rugosum ja Seligeria patula) on leiukohad Pakritel ainsad tänaseni teadaolevad Eestis. INTRODUCTION The islands of Väike-Pakri (Lilla or Östra Rågö, frequent. The northern parts of Pakri islands, 12.9 km²) and Suur-Pakri (Stora or Västra Rågö, southern part of Väike-Pakri island and Kappa 11.7 km²) are situated in the Gulf of Finland, island belong to the Pakri Landscape Reserve 2-3 km west of the Paldiski town (Fig. -
Effects of Changing Land Ownership on the Landscapes of the Small Islands
433 Effectsof changingland ownership on the landscapes of thesmall islands of Estonia L'impactdes mutations foncières sur les paysages des petites iles d'Estonie Elle PUURMANN, Urve RATAS lnstitute of Ecology 2 Kevade Str. EE 001 -TALLINN -Estonia Abstract The course of political development, and the form of land ownership it produces, determine the evolution of the landscape on small islands . The main factors that have affected the landscapes of the small Estonian islands during the last 50 years are large-scale depopulation and the abandonment of traditional agricultural use, long-term traditions of nature protection, and the military activities on small islands . Currently, ongoing changes in ownership including land privatization are bringing problems in regard to the use and protection of the islands . The islands gain in importance as areas for recreation and ecotourism . Keywords : Estonia - Small islands - landscape changes - land-use - Nature protection Résumé : L'évolution politique et celle des structures foncières qu'elle induit influence l'évolution du paysage des petites îles. Durant les 50 dernières années, les principaux changements qui ont affecté les paysages des petites île s estoniennes sont liés à la dépopulation accompagnée d'un abandon des formes de l'agriculture traditionnelle, à une longue tradition de protection de nature et à l'activité militaire sur les petites îles. Les changements en cours dans la propriété privée, y compris la privatisation des terres, posent des problèmes au regard de l'utilisation et de la protection des îles qui deviennent de plus en plus des espaces de loisir et d'écoto urisme . Mots-clés: Estonie - Petites îles - Mutations des paysages - Utilisation des terres - Protection de La nature Estonia is a small country at the Baltic Sea, its coastline stretches for about 3 780 km. -
The Early Ordovician Catastrophic Event On
Catastrophic Events Conference 3075.pdf THE EARLY ORDOVICIAN CATASTROPHIC EVENT ON OSMUSSAAR ISLAND(ESTONIA) - RESULT OF AN IMPACT OR EARTHQUAKE? Kalle Suuroja and Sten Suuroja, Geological Survey of Estonia, Kadaka tee 80/82, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia, e-mail: [email protected] The Osmussaar (Odensholm in Swedish) Island (Estonia) is situated in the southern part of the entrance to the Gulf of Finland (59018´ N; 230 28´ E ). It is a relict island of the ca 1200 km long Baltic Klint, extending from the Öland Island (Sweden) to Lake Ladoga (Russia). The up to 8 m high island emerged from the Baltic Sea ca 3000 years ago. In the coastal cliff of the island Ordovician limestones crop out within ca 5 km . The most intriguing part of the Osmussaar bedrock section is related to the 1.0-1.5 m thick layer of rocks of the Billigen, Volkhov and Kunda stages at the foot of the coastal escarpment, where the limestones are split into blocks and penetrated by veins and bodies of strongly cemented breccia-like limy sandstones. The rocks above (limestones of the Lasnamägi Stage) and below this level (glauconitic sandstones of the Hunneberg Stage) are undisturbed. Since the middle of the 19th century, several hypotheses concerning the origin of the described disturbed level have been proposed. Several terms have been used in geological literature to designate this formation: earthquake cracks (Öpik 1927), sedimetary veins (Orviku 1960), clastic dykes (Puura and Tuuling 1988) and sediment-intrusions (Suuroja et al 1999). By opinion of the majority of authors the catastrophic earthquake is proposed to be the main cause of this phenomenon.