DOCSLIB.ORG

The Early Ordovician Catastrophic Event On

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Early Ordovician Catastrophic Event On Catastrophic Events Conference 3075.pdf THE EARLY ORDOVICIAN CATASTROPHIC EVENT ON OSMUSSAAR ISLAND(ESTONIA) - RESULT OF AN IMPACT OR EARTHQUAKE? Kalle Suuroja and Sten Suuroja, Geological Survey of Estonia, Kadaka tee 80/82, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia, e-mail: [email protected] The Osmussaar (Odensholm in Swedish) Island (Estonia) is situated in the southern part of the entrance to the Gulf of Finland (59018´ N; 230 28´ E ). It is a relict island of the ca 1200 km long Baltic Klint, extending from the Öland Island (Sweden) to Lake Ladoga (Russia). The up to 8 m high island emerged from the Baltic Sea ca 3000 years ago. In the coastal cliff of the island Ordovician limestones crop out within ca 5 km . The most intriguing part of the Osmussaar bedrock section is related to the 1.0-1.5 m thick layer of rocks of the Billigen, Volkhov and Kunda stages at the foot of the coastal escarpment, where the limestones are split into blocks and penetrated by veins and bodies of strongly cemented breccia-like limy sandstones. The rocks above (limestones of the Lasnamägi Stage) and below this level (glauconitic sandstones of the Hunneberg Stage) are undisturbed. Since the middle of the 19th century, several hypotheses concerning the origin of the described disturbed level have been proposed. Several terms have been used in geological literature to designate this formation: earthquake cracks (Öpik 1927), sedimetary veins (Orviku 1960), clastic dykes (Puura and Tuuling 1988) and sediment-intrusions (Suuroja et al 1999). By opinion of the majority of authors the catastrophic earthquake is proposed to be the main cause of this phenomenon. In connection with discovering of the submarine Neugrund impact structure a short way off (some miles to north- east) from the island in 1996, the authors (Suuroja et al 1996) proposed that the traces of destruction observed on Osmussaar Island and to a lesser degree on Pakri isalands are connected with the Neugrund impact. However, later investigations (1997–1999) showed that these two appearances have not nothing in common. The study of the crater filling rocks in the Neugrund impact structure and target rocks in the surrounding area has shown that the Neugrund impact took place in the Early Cambrian time (ca 535 Ma ago), while the Osmussaar event (splitting sea floor and penetrating sediment-intrusions) happened considerably later (ca 475 Ma ago). Likewise it was proved that distribution of the split sea floor is not restricted only to coastal outcrops of Osmussaar Island but can be followed in Northwestern Estonia on several thousands square kilometers. Inside the Neugrund impact crater the complex of rocks with sediment- intrusions (limestones of the Pakri and Toila Formations) is undisturbed and forms an unusually thick layer (ca 8 m in contrast to ca 1-2 m in the surrounding area). The differences in lithological composition are also noticeable. The chemical, lithological and mineralogical composition of the breccia-like sediment intrusions has been studied as well. In this strongly cemented rock two types of limy sandstone (light and dark) both bearing evident signs of mudflow can be distinguished,. Alongside with these traces, angular pieces of one rock type (usually dark) occur in the other (light) one. The sharp-edged pieces and blocks of pre-event limestones (the Pakri and Toila Formations) make up 0–50% (average 15%) of this three-component breccia-like limy sandstone. The dark (brownish) component differs from the light one mainly by its limy substance, cementing the clastic material only. In the light component the cementing material is fine- grained calcite, in the dark one the latter contains also a slight admixture of kerogene and diffused pyrite. In the thin (1-20 cm) veins injected into the surrounding rocks the dark modification prevails. At some distance from the Osmussaar Island (on the Suur-and Väike-Pakri islands ) the veins occur rarely, are thinner (1-10 cm) and grey in colour. On Osmussaar Island the veins and bodies of sediment-intrusions make up ca 10 % of the host layer , but on the Suur-Pakri Island the content of the intrusions is less than 1% (one vein to every ten meters). In the aforesaid veins is found shocked quartz (with planar features)! By the authors opinion it does not refer directly to the impact origin of these veins. The grains of shocked quartz are derived from the pre-impact (target) sandstones which had been subjected to the Neugrund impact in the Early Cambrian time (ca 535 Ma ago). To the sediment-intrusions they have been carried from the slopes of the Neugrund impact crater by the mudflow accompanying the catastrophic earthquake ca 60 Ma latter during the Middle Ordovician erosion in Upper Kunda time (ca 475 Ma ago). Analogous processes that caused the formation of the sediment-intrusions on Osmussaar Island and its surroundings embraced a great deal of the shallow part of the basin at this time. The about 50 km wide and several hundred kilometers long zone extended from Pakri Peninsula via Hiiumaa Island (Estonia) to the Öland Island (Sweden). In different parts of this area the results of the described processes connected with global tectonic movements (forming the Kaledonites) and of uplifting the aforesaid zone, have also been different..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report on Coronavirus Pandemic
    Coronavirus pandemic in the EU – Fundamental Rights Implications Country: Estonia Contractor’s name: Estonian Human Rights Centre Date: 4 May 2020 DISCLAIMER: This document was commissioned under contract as background material for a comparative report being prepared by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) for the project “Coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak in the EU – fundamental rights implications”. The information and views contained in the document do not necessarily reflect the views or the official position of the FRA. The document is made available for transparency and information purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or legal opinion. 1 Measures taken by government/public authorities 1.1 Emergency laws/states of emergency, including enforcement actions In Estonia, the Government of the Republic declared an emergency situation on 12 March 2020 due to the pandemic spread of the COVID-19.1 The emergency situation was initially to last until 1 May 2020, but was later extended until 17 May 2020.2 The declaration, resolution and termination of an emergency situation is regulated by the Emergency Act (Hädaolukorra seadus).3 The Emergency Act gives the person in charge of the emergency situation (the Prime Minister) the right to issue orders applying various measures. The orders include a reference that the failure to comply with the measures of the emergency situation prompt the application of the administrative coercive measures set out in the Law Enforcement Act4, and that the penalty payment is € 2000 pursuant to the Emergency Act.5 1.2 Measures affecting the general population 1.2.1 Social distancing In Estonia, after the declaration of the emergency situation, stay at home orders were imposed on people who arrived in Estonia from abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • Hiiumaa Laidude Maastikukaitseala Kaitse- Eeskirja Ja Välispiiri Kirjelduse Kinnitamine
    Väljaandja: Vabariigi Valitsus Akti liik: määrus Teksti liik: algtekst Avaldamismärge: RT I 1998, 97, 1531 Hiiumaa laidude maastikukaitseala kaitse- eeskirja ja välispiiri kirjelduse kinnitamine Vastu võetud 27.10.1998 nr 243 Kaitstavate loodusobjektide seaduse (RT I 1994, 46, 773; 1998, 36/37, 555)paragrahvi 5 lõike 4 japaragrahvi 6 lõike 3 alusel ning arvestades EuroopaLiidu Nõukogu direktiivi 92/43/EMÜ looduslike elupaikadening fauna ja floora kaitse kohta (EÜT L 206, 21.05.1992) ja EuroopaLiidu Nõukogu direktiivi 79/409/EMÜloodusliku linnustiku kaitse kohta (EÜT L 103, 2.04.1979) sätteid,Vabariigi Valitsus määrab: 1. Kinnitada: 1) Hiiumaa laidude maastikukaitseala kaitse-eeskiri (juurde lisatud); 2) Hiiumaa laidude maastikukaitseala välispiiri kirjeldus (juurdelisatud). 2. Määrata Hiiumaa laidude maastikukaitseala valitsejaksKeskkonnaministeeriumi hallatav riigiasutusHiiumaa Laidude Maastikukaitseala. 3. Tunnistada kehtetuks Eesti NSV Ministrite Nõukogu26. oktoobri 1971. a määruse nr 493 «Uuteriiklike kaitsealade moodustamise ja riikliku maastikulise kaitseala«AegviiduNelijärve» ümbernimetamise kohta»(ENSV Teataja 1971, 44, 465) punkt 1. Peaminister Mart SIIMANN Keskkonnaminister Villu REILJAN Riigisekretär Uno VEERING Kinnitatud Vabariigi Valitsuse 27. oktoobri 1998. amäärusega nr 243 Hiiumaa laidude maastikukaitseala kaitse-eeskiri I. ÜLDSÄTTED 1. Hiiumaa laidude maastikukaitseala (edaspidi kaitseala) onmoodustatud Hiiumaa Rajooni TSNTäitevkomitee 26. septembri 1962. a otsusega nr 70«Looduskaitse kindlustamisest Hiiumaa rajoonis»looduskaitse
    [Show full text]
  • Väikesaarte Rõõmud Ja Mured 2019
    Väikesaarte rõõmud ja mured Maa-ameti andmetel on Eestis üle 2000 saare. Enamik saartest on pindalalt aga niivõrd väikesed, et elatakse vaid üksikutel. Püsielanikega asustatud saared jagunevad kuue maakonna vahel. Meie riik eristab saartega suhtlemisel suursaari ja püsiasustusega väikesaari, kellele on kehtestatud teatud erisusi. Tänane ettekanne on koostatud just nende poolt kirja- pandu alusel. Koostas Linda Tikk [email protected] Abruka Saaremaa vald, Saaremaa Suurus: 8,8 km2 Rõõmud Soovid ja vajadused • SAAREVAHT olemas • Keskkonnakaitselisi probleeme pole eriti olnud,nüüd ILVES • Elekter - merekaabel Saaremaaga, • taastuvenergia - vaja päikesepaneelid • Püsiühendus Abruka-Roomassaare toimib, kuid talvise liikluskorralduse jaoks oleks vaja • Sadam kaasaegne • puudub seade kauba laadimiseks • . • • vaja kaatrile radar, öövaatlusseadmed Päästeteeistus toimib, kaater, 12 jne vabatahtlikku päästjat • Külateed tolmuvabaks • Teehooldus korras, • Internet kohe valmib • Haridus- kool ,lasteaed puudub • Pood puudub • • Kaladus 1 kutseline kalur, igas talus Perspektiivi oleks kutselistele kaluritele hobikalurid • Turismiga tegeleb 2 talu • Põllumajandus 250 veist pluss 100 Sisuliselt puudub veiste äraveo võimalus, lammast, 375 ha maad, PLK müük raskendatud hooldus • Toitlustus ja ehitus Aegna Tallinna kesklinna linnaosa, Harjumaa Suurus: 3,01 km2 Rõõmud Soovid ja vajadused Põhiline eluks vajalik saarel olemas Pääste puudulik, vajalik aastaringne päästevõimekus Heinlaid Hiiumaa vald, Hiiumaa Suurus: 1,62 km2 Soovid ja vajadused Vaja kommunikatsioone,
    [Show full text]
  • Permanently Inhabited Small Islands Act
    Issuer: Riigikogu Type: act In force from: 20.06.2010 In force until: 31.08.2015 Translation published: 30.04.2014 Permanently Inhabited Small Islands Act Passed 11.02.2003 RT I 2003, 23, 141 Entry into force 01.01.2004 Amended by the following acts Passed Published Entry into force 22.02.2007 RT I 2007, 25, 133 01.01.2008 20.05.2010 RT I 2010, 29, 151 20.06.2010 Chapter 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS § 1. Area of regulation of Act This Act prescribes the specifications which arise from the special nature of the insular conditions of the permanently inhabited small island and which are not provided for in other Acts. § 2. Definitions used in Act In this Act, the following definitions are used: 1) island rural municipality– rural municipality which administers a permanently inhabited small island or an archipelago as a whole; [RT I 2007, 25, 133 - entry into force 01.01.2008] 2) rural municipality which includes small islands – rural municipality which comprises permanently inhabited small islands, but is not constituting part of island rural municipalities; 3) permanently inhabited small islands (hereinafter small islands) – Abruka, Kihnu, Kessulaid, Kõinastu, Manija, Osmussaar, Piirissaar, Prangli, Ruhnu, Vilsandi and Vormsi; [RT I 2007, 25, 133 - entry into force 01.01.2008] 4) large islands – Saaremaa, Hiiumaa and Muhu. 5) permanent inhabitation – permanent and predominant residing on a small island; [RT I 2007, 25, 133 - entry into force 01.01.2008] 6) permanent inhabitant – a person who permanently and predominantly resides on a small island and data on whose residence are entered in the population register to the accuracy of a settlement unit located on a small island.
    [Show full text]
  • Tõnisson, H., Orviku, K., Lapinskis, J., Gulbinskas, S., and Zaromskis, R
    Text below is updated version of the chapter in book: Tõnisson, H., Orviku, K., Lapinskis, J., Gulbinskas, S., and Zaromskis, R. (2013). The Baltic States - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Panzini, E. and Williams, A. (Toim.). Coastal erosion and protection in Europe (47 - 80). UK, US and Canada: Routledge. More can be found: Kont, A.; Endjärv, E.; Jaagus, J.; Lode, E.; Orviku, K.; Ratas, U.; Rivis, R.; Suursaar, Ü.; Tõnisson, H. (2007). Impact of climate change on Estonian coastal and inland wetlands — a summary with new results. Boreal Environment Research, 12, 653 - 671. It is also available online: http://www.borenv.net/BER/pdfs/ber12/ber12-653.pdf Introduction Estonia is located in a transition zone between regions having a maritime climate in the west and continental climate in the east and is a relatively small country (45,227 km2), but its geographical location between the Fenno-scandian Shield and East European Platform and comparatively long coastline (over 4000 km) due to numerous peninsulas, bays and islands (>1,500 island), results in a variety of shore types and ecosystems. The western coast is exposed to waves generated by prevailing westerly winds, with NW waves dominant along the north-facing segment beside the Gulf of Finland, contrasting with southern relatively sheltered sectors located on the inner coasts of islands and along the Gulf of Livonia (Riga). The coastline classification is based on the concept of wave processes straightening initial irregular outlines via erosion of Capes/bay deposition, or a combination (Orviku, 1974, Orviku and Granö, 1992, Gudelis, 1967). Much coast (77%) is irregular with the geological composition of Capes and bays being either hard bedrock or unconsolidated Quaternary deposits, notably glacial drift.
    [Show full text]
  • Facts and Figures Territory Religion Historical
    TERRITORY HISTORICAL OVERVIEW INDEPENDENCE Estonia is the smallest of the three Baltic states Estonians have lived in Under Russian rule, a cultural Russification was located on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea what is today’s Estonian imposed upon Estonians until 24 February 1918 only about 50 miles across Helsinki, Finland. Its lands for 11,000 years. when Estonia proclaimed independence. This flat landscape is The common belief is they FINLAND lasted until 21 July 1940 when the Soviet Union shaped by the migrated westward from illegally incorporated Estonia into the Union of glaciers of the Gulf of Finland the Volga region near the Soviet Republics through the infamous Molotov- Baltic Continental Sea Narva Ural Mountains. Unlike Ribbentrop Pact of 1939. Russification and Ice Belt and Tallinn Tapa other branches of Finno- Old Town, Tallinn Sovietization of cultural, economic, and political life the Baltic Sea. Ugric people who migrated south to what today consisted of forced collectivization, expropriation of Historically, is Hungary, the ancestors of Estonians settled in private property, and central planning accompanied the Baltic Sea Tartu RUSSIA the northern part of Europe in today’s Estonia and by mass deportations to Siberia, mass executions, has served as a Finland. Squeezed between the Slavic nations in Gulf out-migration and low-birth rates. The outcome was trade route and a of the east and Germanic ones in the south and west, a change in demographics among ethnic Estonians, source of wealth Riga LATVIA Estonia has been invaded, Russians and Russian-speaking people. Estonia for the coastal occupied and ruled for 700 reclaimed independence on 20 August 1991.
    [Show full text]
  • Lõputöö-Hookan-Lember.Pdf (2.127Mb)
    Sisekaitseakadeemia Päästekolledž Hookan Lember RS150 PÄÄSTESÜNDMUSTE ANALÜÜS PÜSIASUSTUSEGA VÄIKESAARTEL Lõputöö Juhendaja: Häli Allas MA Kaasjuhendaja: Andres Mumma Tallinn 2018 ANNOTATSIOON Päästekolledž Kaitsmine: juuni 2018 Töö pealkiri eesti keeles: Päästesündmuste analüüs püsiasustusega väikesaartel Töö pealkiri võõrkeeles: The analysis of rescue events on small islands with permanent settlements Lühikokkuvõte: Töö on kirjutatud eesti keeles ning eesti ja inglise keelse kokkuvõttega. Töö koos lisadega on kirjutatud kokku 61 lehel, millest põhiosa on 38 lehekülge. Lõputöö koosneb kolmest peatükist, kus on kasutatud kahte tabelit ja seitseteist joonist. Valitud teema uurimisprobleemiks on tervikliku ülevaate puudumine väikesaarte sündmustest, mis kuuluvad Päästeameti valdkonda. Väikesaartele toimub reageerimine erinevalt ning sõltuvalt aastaajast on reageerimine raskendatud. Ühtseid põhimõtteid rahvaarvu või sündmuste arvu kohta ei ole. Lõputöö eesmärk on analüüsida päästesündmusi väikesaartel aastatel 2009-2017 ning järeldada, millist päästevõimekust vajavad püsiasutustega väikesaared. Lõputöös antakse saartest ülevaade, mis on valimis välja toodud ning visualiseeritakse joonise abil saartel elavate püsielanike arv. Eesmärgi saavutamiseks kasutati kvantitatiivset uurimismeetodit, kus Häirekeskuselt saadud andmed korrastati ja analüüsiti. Lõputöös anti ülevaade, millised on sündmused saartel ning tehti järeldused, kuidas tagada kiire ja kvaliteetse abi kättesaadavus. Saartel, kus elanike arv on väike ning sündmuste arv minimaalne,
    [Show full text]
  • RMK Saaremaa Ja Hiiumaa Külastusalade Külastuskorralduskava Hõlmab Endas Saaremaa Puhkeala, Vilsandi Rahvuspargi (S.H
    RMK Saaremaa ja Hiiumaa külastusalad Külastuskorralduskava 2019-2028 tööversioon Riigimetsa Majandamise Keskus Külastuskorraldusosakond Sisukord Sissejuhatus .................................................................................................................... 3 Kasutatavad mõisted .................................................................................................. 5 1. Ala kirjeldus ............................................................................................................. 6 2. Maaomand ja majandamise üldised põhimõtted ........................................ 13 3. Regulaarselt läbiviidavad seired ja uuringud .................................................. 22 3.1. Külastajauuring .............................................................................................. 22 3.2. Külastusmahu seire ....................................................................................... 23 3.3. Loodushoiuobjektide seisundi seire ............................................................ 24 3.4. Ressursi seire ................................................................................................... 25 4. Eesmärgid ja tegevussuunad ............................................................................ 26 5. Tsoneerimine ......................................................................................................... 30 6. Hooldus ja rekonstrueerimine............................................................................. 31 7. Teavitamine ja külastuskeskuste
    [Show full text]
  • Island Hopping in Estonia: a Hiiumaa, Saaremaa and Muhu Padise Tallinn Kardla Baltic Se Hiiumaa Haapsalu
    SELF-GUIDED Etonia FINLAND Helsinki Island Hopping in Estonia: a Hiiumaa, Saaremaa and Muhu Padise Tallinn Kardla Baltic Se Hiiumaa Haapsalu ain/Bus Koguva Varbla Tr ESTONIA Leisi Pärnu Saaremaa Kuressaare LATVIA Tour distances: cycling ~480 km/300 mi, ferry 44 km, 12 days/11 nights TOUR INFORMATION Cycling grade: We grade this trip as easy to moder- ate. Daily signposted biking routes, mainly on roads with little traffic and cycle paths in towns. The terrain 12-days self guided cycling tour from/to Tallinn (Code: SG9P) is varied and rolling with some gradual hills on some cycling days between Tallinn and Padise. 3 ferries be- Estonia is characterised by its unique natural landscapes and traditional hospitality. Vibrant cities, tween the Estonian islands are planned on this tour desert beaches, peace and the unspoiled beauty of the countryside - a paradise for cyclists. But it’s the (pay locally). Estonian islands which are the jewels of the country. You’ll spend your holiday on these islands which Arrival & departure information / Transfers are amongst the most beautiful that the Baltic Sea has to offer. Lighthouses and windmills are the land- Airport: Tallinn (www.tallinn-airport.ee) marks of these islands. To begin your journey, you will get to know the Estonian capital Tallinn. This tour Ferry terminal: Tallinn (regular ferry lines from Hel- then takes you from Haapsalu to the second largest island Hiiumaa before crossing to the biggest island, sinki (FI) & Stockholm (SE)) Saaremaa. En route back to the mainland, you’ll cycle on the island of Muhu & from there into the sum- Transfer: (price for one way for up to 3 people) mer capital of Estonia, Pärnu.
    [Show full text]
  • Wave Climate and Coastal Processes in the Osmussaar–Neugrund Region, Baltic Sea
    Coastal Processes II 99 Wave climate and coastal processes in the Osmussaar–Neugrund region, Baltic Sea Ü. Suursaar1, R. Szava-Kovats2 & H. Tõnisson3 1Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Estonia 2Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia 3Institute of Ecology, Tallinn University, Estonia Abstract The aim of the paper is to investigate hydrodynamic conditions in the Neugrund Bank area from ADCP measurements in 2009–2010, to present a local long-term wave hindcast and to study coastal formations around the Neugrund. Coastal geomorphic surveys have been carried out since 2004 and analysis has been performed of aerial photographs and old charts dating back to 1900. Both the in situ measurements of waves and currents, as well as the semi-empirical wave hindcast are focused on the area known as the Neugrund submarine impact structure, a 535 million-years-old meteorite crater. This crater is located in the Gulf of Finland, about 10 km from the shore of Estonia. The depth above the central plateau of the structure is 1–15 m, whereas the adjacent sea depth is 20– 40 m shoreward and about 60 m to the north. Limestone scarp and accumulative pebble-shingle shores dominate Osmussaar Island and Pakri Peninsula and are separated by the sandy beaches of Nõva and Keibu Bays. The Osmussaar scarp is slowly retreating on the north-western and northern side of the island, whereas the coastline is migrating seaward in the south as owing to formation of accumulative spits. The most rapid changes have occurred either during exceptionally strong single storms or in periods of increased cyclonic and wave activity, the last high phase of which occurred in 1980s–1990s.
    [Show full text]
  • Nord Stream 2
    ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES FOR THE RUSSIAN SECTION Nord Stream 2 ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES FOR THE RUSSIAN SECTION Document number W-PE-MSC-LFR-REP-837-RALTEREN-06 Rev. Date Description 01 2016-07-26 02 2016-11-09 03 2016-11-05 04 2016-12-21 05 2017-03-29 06 2017-04-04 FRECOM LLC 1 W-PE-MSC-LFR-REP-837-RALTEREN-06 ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES FOR THE RUSSIAN SECTION Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary 5 2 Introduction 6 2.1 Project History 6 2.2 Objectives of the Report 7 2.3 Technical characteristics of the proposed pipeline system 8 2.3.1 Construction 10 2.3.2 Operational aspects 10 2.3.3 Decommissioning 10 2.4 Regulatory basis for the alternative assessment 11 2.5 Methodology of the Assessment of Alternatives 12 3 Stage 1. Bundling of Nord Stream 2 with the Nord Stream pipeline system 14 3.1 Inland routing 14 3.2 Construction of a compressor station 15 3.3 Pipeline landfall 15 4 Stage 2. Selecting areas on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland 17 4.1 Section 1: Saint Petersburg – Sosnovy Bor 17 4.1.1 Dense residential development along the coastline 18 4.1.2 Historical and cultural sites of global importance 19 4.1.3 Saint Petersburg flood defences 19 4.1.4 Presence of special conservation areas 21 4.1.5 Complex coastal geological conditions 22 4.1.6 Proximity to navigation channels 23 4.1.7 Conclusion on the feasibility of using Section 1 24 4.2 Section 2: Sosnovy Bor - Ust-Luga 24 4.2.1 Coastal development 25 4.2.2 The Leningrad nuclear power plant and associated complex of hazardous processes and facilities 25 4.2.3 Existing and proposed SCAs and IBAs 26 4.2.4 Restricted areas offshore 29 4.2.5 Complex coastal geological conditions 29 4.2.6 Proximity to the port of Ust-Luga and its shipping routes 30 4.2.7 Conclusion on the feasibility of using Section 2 30 4.3 Section 3 Ust-Luga - Russian-Estonian border 30 4.3.1 Presence of special conservation areas 31 4.3.2 Conclusion on the feasibility of using Section 3 34 4.4 Conclusions of Stage 2 34 5 Stage 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Woodworking in Estonia
    WOODWORKING IN ESTONIA HISTORICAL SURVEY By Ants Viires Translated from Estonian by Mart Aru Published by Lost Art Press LLC in 2016 26 Greenbriar Ave., Fort Mitchell, KY 41017, USA Web: http://lostartpress.com Title: Woodworking in Estonia: Historical Survey Author: Ants Viires (1918-2015) Translator: Mart Aru Publisher: Christopher Schwarz Editor: Peter Follansbee Copy Editor: Megan Fitzpatrick Designer: Meghan Bates Index: Suzanne Ellison Distribution: John Hoffman Text and images are copyright © 2016 by Ants Viires (and his estate) ISBN: 978-0-9906230-9-0 First printing of this translated edition. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. This book was printed and bound in the United States. CONTENTS Introduction to the English Language Edition vii The Twisting Translation Tale ix Foreword to the Second Edition 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Literature, Materials & Methods 2 2. The Role Played by Woodwork in the Peasants’ Life 5 WOODWORK TECHNOLOGY 1. Timber 10 2. The Principal Tools 19 3. Processing Logs. Hollowing Work and Sealed Containers 81 4. Board Containers 96 5. Objects Made by Bending 127 6. Other Bending Work. Building Vehicles 148 7. The Production of Shingles and Other Small Objects 175 8. Turnery 186 9. Furniture Making and Other Carpentry Work 201 DIVISION OF LABOR IN THE VILLAGE 1. The Village Craftsman 215 2. Home Industry 234 FINAL CONCLUSIONS 283 Index 287 INTRODUCTION TO THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE EDITION feel like Captain Pike.
    [Show full text]