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Is the Universe Expanding?: an Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-1996 Is the Universe Expanding?: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew David A. Vlosak Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Cosmology, Relativity, and Gravity Commons Recommended Citation Vlosak, David A., "Is the Universe Expanding?: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew" (1996). Master's Theses. 3474. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3474 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IS THEUN IVERSE EXPANDING?: AN HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COSMOLOGISTS STAR TING ANEW by David A Vlasak A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements forthe Degree of Master of Arts Department of Philosophy Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan June 1996 IS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDING?: AN HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COSMOLOGISTS STARTING ANEW David A Vlasak, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1996 This study addresses the problem of how scientists ought to go about resolving the current crisis in big bang cosmology. Although this problem can be addressed by scientists themselves at the level of their own practice, this study addresses it at the meta level by using the resources offered by philosophy of science. There are two ways to resolve the current crisis. -
Refereed Publications That Name
59 Refereed Publications Since 2011 with Named Co-Authors who are NASA Citizen Scientists Compiled by Marc Kuchner February 2021 Authors in bold are citizen scientists. Aurorasaurus Semeter, J., Hunnekuhl, M., MacDonald, E., Hirsch, M., Zeller, N., Chernenkoff, A., & Wang, J. (2020). The mysterious green streaks below STEVE. AGU Advances, 1, e2020AV000183. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020AV000183 Hunnekuhl, M., & MacDonald, E. (2020). Early ground‐based work by auroral pioneer Carl Størmer on the high‐altitude detached subauroral arcs now known as “STEVE”. Space Weather, 18, e2019SW002384. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019SW002384 S. B. Mende. B. J. Harding, & C. Turner. “Subauroral Green STEVE Arcs: Evidence for Low- Energy Excitation” Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 46, Issue 24, Pages 14256-14262 (2019) http://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086145 S. B. Mende. & C. Turner. “Color Ratios of Subauroral (STEVE) Arcs” Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics),Volume 124, Issue 7, Pages 5945-5955 (2019) http://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026851 Y. Nishimura, Y., B, Gallardo-Lacourt, B., Y, Zou, E. Mishin, D.J. Knudsen, E. F. Donovan, V. Angelopoulos, R. Raybell, “Magnetospheric Signatures of STEVE: Implications for the Magnetospheric Energy Source and Interhemispheric Conjugacy” Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 46, Issue 11, Pages 5637-5644 (2019) Elizabeth A. MacDonald, Eric Donovan, Yukitoshi Nishimura, Nathan A. Case, D. Megan Gillies, Bea Gallardo-Lacourt, William E. Archer, Emma L. Spanswick, Notanee Bourassa, Martin Connors, Matthew Heavner, Brian Jackel, Burcu Kosar, David J. Knudsen, Chris Ratzlaff and Ian Schofield, “New science in plain sight: Citizen scientists lead to the discovery of optical structure in the upper atmosphere” Science Advances, vol. -
2008 Smithsonian Folklife Festival
Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 2008 Smithsonian Folklife Festival CFCH Staff 2017 Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage 600 Maryland Ave SW Washington, D.C. [email protected] https://www.folklife.si.edu/archive/ Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Historical note.................................................................................................................. 2 Scope and Contents note................................................................................................ 2 Arrangement note............................................................................................................ 2 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 3 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 4 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 6 Series 1: Program Books, Festival Publications, and Ephemera, 2008................... 6 Series 2: Bhutan: Land of the Thunder Dragon....................................................... 7 Series 3: NASA: Fifty Years and Beyond............................................................. -
Wojciech Roszkowski Post-Communist Lustration in Poland: a Political and Moral Dilemma Congress of the Societas Ethica, Warsaw 22 August 2009 Draft Not to Be Quoted
Wojciech Roszkowski Post-Communist Lustration in Poland: a Political and Moral Dilemma Congress of the Societas Ethica, Warsaw 22 August 2009 Draft not to be quoted 1. Introduction Quite recently a well-known Polish writer stated that the major dividing line in the Polish society runs across the attitude towards lustration. Some Poles, he said, have been secret security agents or collaborators or, for some reasons, defend this cooperation, others have not and want to make things clear1. Even if this statement is a bit exaggerated, it shows how heated the debates on lustration in Poland are. Secret services in democratic countries are a different story than security services in totalitarian states. Timothy Garton Ash even calls this comparison “absurd”2. A democratic state is, by definition, a common good of its citizens. Some of them are professionals dealing with the protection of state in police, armed forces and special services, all of them being subordinated to civilian, constitutional organs of the state. Other citizens are recruited by these services extremely rarely and not without their consent. In totalitarian states secret services are the backbone of despotic power of the ruling party and serve not the security of a country but the security of the ruling elites. Therefore they should rather be given the name of security services. They tend to bring under their control all aspects of political, social, economic, and cultural life of the subjects of the totalitarian state, becoming, along with uniformed police and armed forces, a pillar of state coercion. Apart from propaganda, which is to make people believe in the ideological goals of the totalitarian state, terror is the main vehicle of power, aiming at discouraging people from any thoughts and deeds contrary to the said goals and even from any activity independent of the party-state. -
Pulsar Roche Limit Magnetic Field
Planetary Environment Around a Pulsar David Dunkum, Jacob Houdyschell, Caleb Houdyschell, and Abigail Chaffins Spring Valley High School Huntington, WV Abstract: Pulsars are densely-packed, spinning neutron stars Finally, an orbiting body must survive the that are the remaining cores of massive stars that extreme magnetic fields a pulsar constantly ended in a catastrophic supernova. Due to the emits. Many pulsars have such powerful extreme processes that these stellar objects are magnetic fields that it warps the electron formed, it was believed that any planets orbiting it clouds of atoms into needle-like shapes less would have been annihilated by the explosive events than 1% of their original size, rendering much of their creation or survive the intense conditions of the chemistry of life impossible in close around a pulsar. In 1992, it was discovered that not proximity to the star. only were planetary bodies possible around pulsars, an actual pulsar system (PSR 1257+12) was found by To calculate the magnetic field strength Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail with two bodies (measured in Gauss) of a pulsar, the radius of orbiting the pulsar. the pulsar (R), the angle between the pulsar’s 162 pointings, which contain about 5670 plots, were magnetic poles and it’s rotational axis (α), analyzed to collect data for this research. Out of the and the pulsar’s moment of inertia (I) must be 5670 plots, three known pulsars were found and determined. Since, like before, these values analyzed to collect the relevant data needed to are not easily accessible, a “typical” pulsar’s determine the average conditions one would expect to values are used, which are 10 km, 900, and encounter around a pulsar. -
Lunar and Planetary Information Bulletin No. 161 (July 2020)
THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK: NASA’s Link to the Solar System Featured Story | From the Desk of Lori Glaze | Meeting Highlights | News from Space | Spotlight on Education In Memoriam | Milestones | New and Noteworthy | Calendar LUNAR AND PLANETARY INFORMATION BULLETIN July 2020 Issue 161 FEATURED STORY THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK: NASA’s Link to the Solar System Note from the Editors: This issue’s lead article is the tenth in a series of reports describing the history and current activities of the planetary research facilities funded by NASA and located nationwide. This issue features the Deep Space Network, a worldwide network of spacecraft communication facilities that supports NASA’s interplanetary spacecraft missions. — Paul Schenk and Renée Dotson From Mercury to Pluto (and beyond) we tary robotic space missions. Other space system and ultimately, our place within it. have marveled at the stunning vistas agencies, such as Europe’s ESA and found throughout our solar system. Japan’s JAXA also use the DSN by coop- The forerunner of the DSN was estab- From the erupting volcanos on Io to the erative agreements. The DSN consists of lished in January, 1958, when the Jet glorious rings of Saturn, it is easy to three major facilities spaced equidistant Propulsion Laboratory, or JPL‚ then forget that we would never have an about from each other‚ approximately 120 under contract to the U.S. Army‚ degrees apart in longitude‚ around the deployed portable radio tracking stations but for one key global NASA facility, none world. These sites are at Goldstone, near in Nigeria, Singapore, and California. -
Glossary of Terms Absorption Line a Dark Line at a Particular Wavelength Superimposed Upon a Bright, Continuous Spectrum
Glossary of terms absorption line A dark line at a particular wavelength superimposed upon a bright, continuous spectrum. Such a spectral line can be formed when electromag- netic radiation, while travelling on its way to an observer, meets a substance; if that substance can absorb energy at that particular wavelength then the observer sees an absorption line. Compare with emission line. accretion disk A disk of gas or dust orbiting a massive object such as a star, a stellar-mass black hole or an active galactic nucleus. An accretion disk plays an important role in the formation of a planetary system around a young star. An accretion disk around a supermassive black hole is thought to be the key mecha- nism powering an active galactic nucleus. active galactic nucleus (agn) A compact region at the center of a galaxy that emits vast amounts of electromagnetic radiation and fast-moving jets of particles; an agn can outshine the rest of the galaxy despite being hardly larger in volume than the Solar System. Various classes of agn exist, including quasars and Seyfert galaxies, but in each case the energy is believed to be generated as matter accretes onto a supermassive black hole. adaptive optics A technique used by large ground-based optical telescopes to remove the blurring affects caused by Earth’s atmosphere. Light from a guide star is used as a calibration source; a complicated system of software and hardware then deforms a small mirror to correct for atmospheric distortions. The mirror shape changes more quickly than the atmosphere itself fluctuates. -
Paul Hertz NASA Town Hall with Bonus Material
Paul Hertz Dominic Benford Felicia Chou Valerie Connaughton Lucien Cox Jeanne Davis Kristen Erickson Daniel Evans Michael Garcia Ellen Gertsen Shahid Habib Hashima Hasan Douglas Hudgins Patricia Knezek Elizabeth Landau William Latter Michael New Mario Perez Gregory Robinson Rita Sambruna Evan Scannapieco Kartik Sheth Eric Smith Eric Tollestrup NASA Town Hall with bonus material AAS 235th Meeting | January 5, 2020 Paul Hertz Director, Astrophysics Division Science Mission Directorate @PHertzNASA Posted at http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/documents 1 2 Spitzer 8/25/2003 Formulation + SMEX/MO (2025), Implementation MIDEX/MO (2028), etc. Primary Ops ] Extended Ops SXG (RSA) 7/13/2019 Webb Euclid (ESA) 2021 WFIRST 2022 Mid 2020s Ariel (ESA) 2028 XMM-Newton Chandra (ESA) TESS 7/23/1999 12/10/1999 4/18/2018 NuSTAR 6/13/2012 Fermi IXPE Swift 6/11/2008 2021 11/20/2004 XRISM (JAXA) SPHEREx 2022 2023 Hubble ISS-NICER GUSTO 4/24/1990 6/3/2017 2021 SOFIA Full Ops 5/2014 + Athena (early 2030s), Revised November 24, 2019 LISA4 (early 2030s) Outline • Celebrate Accomplishments § Mission Milestones • Committed to Improving § Building an Excellent Workforce § Research and Analysis Initiatives • Program Update § Research & Analysis, Technology, Fellowships § ROSES-2020 Preview • Missions Update § Operating Missions and Senior Review § Webb, WFIRST § Other missions • Planning for the Future § FY20 Budget § Project Artemis § Supporting Astro2020 § Creating the Future 5 NASA Astrophysics Celebrate Accomplishments https://www.nasa.gov/2019 7 NASA Astrophysics -
Issue 105, February 2006
GGOINGOING TOTO PPLUTOLUTO:: TTHEHE NNEWEW HHORIZONSORIZONS MMISSIONISSION — Paul Schenk, Lunar and Planetary Institute Fastest man-made object to leave Earth. Fastest flight past the Moon’s orbit. It was a day of superlatives, but it didn’t come easy for those watching. Going back to 1992, there have been at least three attempts to begin building a spacecraft to go to Pluto, the “last” unexplored planet. Only in 2001 was a team and mission chosen that would finally make it past the hurdles of Congress, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and NASA management. Once the process finally began, it took only five years from the call for mission proposals to launch day. Once on the launch pad, things went relatively smoothly until launch day itself, originally set for January 10 but then pushed back until January 17. Although involved with NASA for more than 20 years now, I had never personally witnessed a launch. We arrived at Kennedy Space Center early on the 17th, as directed, and waited outside to the music of 2001 — A Space Odyssey and a recording of the voice of Neil Armstrong walking on the Moon. We met many of our friends from the team, and together we boarded the fleet of buses to the viewing area. It was warm but windy, a bad omen. The launch window was only three hours long and peak winds kept exceeding the tolerable limits for launch. Every 15 minutes or so the launch commentator announced that the launch time was being pushed back again in hopes the winds would subside. -
A History of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology - Malcolm Longair
ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS - A History of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology - Malcolm Longair A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY, ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY Malcolm Longair Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE Keywords: History, Astronomy, Astrophysics, Cosmology, Telescopes, Astronomical Technology, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Ancient Astronomy, Copernican Revolution, Stars and Stellar Evolution, Interstellar Medium, Galaxies, Clusters of Galaxies, Large- scale Structure of the Universe, Active Galaxies, General Relativity, Black Holes, Classical Cosmology, Cosmological Models, Cosmological Evolution, Origin of Galaxies, Very Early Universe Contents 1. Introduction 2. Prehistoric, Ancient and Mediaeval Astronomy up to the Time of Copernicus 3. The Copernican, Galilean and Newtonian Revolutions 4. From Astronomy to Astrophysics – the Development of Astronomical Techniques in the 19th Century 5. The Classification of the Stars – the Harvard Spectral Sequence 6. Stellar Structure and Evolution to 1939 7. The Galaxy and the Nature of the Spiral Nebulae 8. The Origins of Astrophysical Cosmology – Einstein, Friedman, Hubble, Lemaître, Eddington 9. The Opening Up of the Electromagnetic Spectrum and the New Astronomies 10. Stellar Evolution after 1945 11. The Interstellar Medium 12. Galaxies, Clusters Of Galaxies and the Large Scale Structure of the Universe 13. Active Galaxies, General Relativity and Black Holes 14. Classical Cosmology since 1945 15. The Evolution of Galaxies and Active Galaxies with Cosmic Epoch 16. The Origin of Galaxies and the Large-Scale Structure of The Universe 17. The VeryUNESCO Early Universe – EOLSS Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical SketchSAMPLE CHAPTERS Summary This chapter describes the history of the development of astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology from the earliest times to the first decade of the 21st century. -
Finding the Radiation from the Big Bang
Finding The Radiation from the Big Bang P. J. E. Peebles and R. B. Partridge January 9, 2007 4. Preface 6. Chapter 1. Introduction 13. Chapter 2. A guide to cosmology 14. The expanding universe 19. The thermal cosmic microwave background radiation 21. What is the universe made of? 26. Chapter 3. Origins of the Cosmology of 1960 27. Nucleosynthesis in a hot big bang 32. Nucleosynthesis in alternative cosmologies 36. Thermal radiation from a bouncing universe 37. Detecting the cosmic microwave background radiation 44. Cosmology in 1960 52. Chapter 4. Cosmology in the 1960s 53. David Hogg: Early Low-Noise and Related Studies at Bell Lab- oratories, Holmdel, N.J. 57. Nick Woolf: Conversations with Dicke 59. George Field: Cyanogen and the CMBR 62. Pat Thaddeus 63. Don Osterbrock: The Helium Content of the Universe 70. Igor Novikov: Cosmology in the Soviet Union in the 1960s 78. Andrei Doroshkevich: Cosmology in the Sixties 1 80. Rashid Sunyaev 81. Arno Penzias: Encountering Cosmology 95. Bob Wilson: Two Astronomical Discoveries 114. Bernard F. Burke: Radio astronomy from first contacts to the CMBR 122. Kenneth C. Turner: Spreading the Word — or How the News Went From Princeton to Holmdel 123. Jim Peebles: How I Learned Physical Cosmology 136. David T. Wilkinson: Measuring the Cosmic Microwave Back- ground Radiation 144. Peter Roll: Recollections of the Second Measurement of the CMBR at Princeton University in 1965 153. Bob Wagoner: An Initial Impact of the CMBR on Nucleosyn- thesis in Big and Little Bangs 157. Martin Rees: Advances in Cosmology and Relativistic Astro- physics 163. -
Observational Cosmology - 30H Course 218.163.109.230 Et Al
Observational cosmology - 30h course 218.163.109.230 et al. (2004–2014) PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 31 Oct 2013 03:42:03 UTC Contents Articles Observational cosmology 1 Observations: expansion, nucleosynthesis, CMB 5 Redshift 5 Hubble's law 19 Metric expansion of space 29 Big Bang nucleosynthesis 41 Cosmic microwave background 47 Hot big bang model 58 Friedmann equations 58 Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric 62 Distance measures (cosmology) 68 Observations: up to 10 Gpc/h 71 Observable universe 71 Structure formation 82 Galaxy formation and evolution 88 Quasar 93 Active galactic nucleus 99 Galaxy filament 106 Phenomenological model: LambdaCDM + MOND 111 Lambda-CDM model 111 Inflation (cosmology) 116 Modified Newtonian dynamics 129 Towards a physical model 137 Shape of the universe 137 Inhomogeneous cosmology 143 Back-reaction 144 References Article Sources and Contributors 145 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 148 Article Licenses License 150 Observational cosmology 1 Observational cosmology Observational cosmology is the study of the structure, the evolution and the origin of the universe through observation, using instruments such as telescopes and cosmic ray detectors. Early observations The science of physical cosmology as it is practiced today had its subject material defined in the years following the Shapley-Curtis debate when it was determined that the universe had a larger scale than the Milky Way galaxy. This was precipitated by observations that established the size and the dynamics of the cosmos that could be explained by Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.