Vol. XLIII. No. 1 25 Cents a Copy January, 1932 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE

Dr. L. 0. Howard, retiring chief of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, whose services cover a period of more than half a century. This photograph was taken at the Pan-Pacific Clubhouse on Dr. Howard's recent visit to Honolulu. On a former visit, in 1924, he was chairman of the First Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference.

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4. t 04r filliii-ilartfir filaga3tur CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD Volume XLIII Number 1 • CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1932 . 1 . 4, Scientific Problems of the Pineapple Industry - - - 3 4 By Dr. Royal N. Chapman 1 X' All About Bamboo 9

. Rice 15 1 L By Dr. F. G. Krauss el • i • Problems in Copra Industry 19 . •

Irrigation in Peru 25 • By C. W. Sutton • . • • ! Some General Information on Panama 33 i By Rene C. Reynolds • r • );.,.. Cinchona, A Tree That Has Altered Maps - - - 41 • g 1• .1 .1 • Cinchona Culture in Java 43 . ri An Excursion to the Riu-Kiu Islands 49 1 • By P. J. Schmidt ,.4.. The Production and Marketing of Diatomaceous Earth - 55 By A. L. Lomax 1 59 l4 The Eel in Japan 5 I '. Frogs in Hawaii 61 . By E. H. Bryan, Jr. ■ 1 • Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union, New Series No. 143 - 65 :4. ICI. • Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, Vol. VII, No. 1. . . ., ,,,.._ agazine ,„; Gip fi: id-farifir n '-= Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUMS FORD, Pan-Pacific Club Building, Honolulu, T. IL Yearly sub- l scription in the United States and possessions, $3.00 in advance. Canada and Mexico, $3.25. 17?a For all foreign countries, $3.50. Single Copies, 25c. ■L.-. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. 0-. Permission is given to reprint any article from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. li • • ,,-70,40•44• „Ino • • • • vuurnurrurroncrilvourrunurronurrorrozrm • • Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. THE MID-PACIFIC

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Smooth Cayenne Pineapple

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1131 .-: Scientific Problems of the • Pineapple Industry By DR. ROYAL N. CHA PM AN Director, Experiment Station of the Association of Hawaiian Pineapple Canners. Before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution.

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The scientific problems of a single plant chemistry, the study of their diseases and are the problems of plants in general. their pests all fall within the specialized Agriculturally the problems of the pine- subjects of genetics, physiology, chemis- apple plant are very specialized, and ex- try, pathology, nematology and en- perience with other plants that are grown tomology. agriculturally may not help much or may Our agriculturists know their pine- even be misleading. I know of no other apples. Our geneticists, chemists, physi- agricultural plant that can endure the ologists, pathologists, nematologists and limits of moisture and altitude that the entomologists know their subject matter. pineapple plant endures and produces They can apply it to any plant. under. Scientifically the problems of One might think that an experiment breeding pineapples, their physiology and station devoted to a single plant would be 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

an institution of narrowly specialized canning. In both of these lines the prob- work ; but such cannot be the case, as will lems are fundamentally special cases of be illustrated by the problems of the vari- the problems of growing and canning ous subject matter departments. which are to be met with wherever grow- If the Genetics Department can pro- ing and canning are clone. duce a new variety of pineapple that will The canning part is more standardized produce more fruit of better quality than than the growing, so the emphasis is on the present Smooth Cayenne, which at the problems of growing. The canning the same time will be resistant to all the process is well standardized and the Na- pests and diseases that the Smooth Cay- tional Canners Association has a research enne is subject to, it will almost put the laboratory devoted to those problems. rest of the Experiment Station out of The problem of maintaining the fer- business. tility of the soil with one-crop agricul- Dr. Collins' recognition of a triploid ture is an important one. In the attempt hybrid among our seedling pineapples was to measure the fertility and the defi- due to a knowledge of hybrids of plants ciencies of the soil so that a prescription in general. The seedling is a cross of the can be written for a fertilization program Wild Brazilian pineapple with our own that will take care of the needs of the Smooth Cayenne in which the hybrid has plant for optimum growth, we are faced two doses of Cayenne and one of Wild with the same problem as other plant Brazil instead of one dose of each. Pine- growers everywhere. apples have fifty chromosomes and when What seem to be the best ideas for new the reproductive cells are formed each has advances along this line have come from twenty-five ; so that when the two unite, Germany and had nothing to do with one from each parent, there are again pineapples in their inception but they ap- fifty chromosomes — twenty-five from parently apply equally well to all plants. each. In this case there are seventy-five Without bothering with the mathema- chromosomes, twenty-five from Wild tics of Mitscherlich's doctrine, he has de- Brazil and fifty from Cayenne. vised a method of experimentation where- At the present time this appears to be by, using a series of experiments to repre- a very fortunate combination. The Wild sent the three elements of fertilization, Brazil is a hardy, spiny, long-rooted thing it is possible, from the results, to plot a that produces so many suckers that it is curve which will show the amount to soon a spiny jungle. And its fruit is more spend on fertilizer to obtain the optimum like an ordinary apple core than a pine- yield for the money. With this method apple. However, the triploid hybrid is the plant becomes its own measure of smooth, long-rooted and has a good fruit. nutrient materials in the ground and of There are two ways of going about the the amount to be supplied to get the hunt for new varieties ; one by crossing maximum yield. The difficulty with for hybrids, the other by looking for Mitscherlich's work is that the pineapple chance variations. We are doing the cross- crop extends over a period of five to ing, in the belief that it offers greater seven years, and by the time the result chance of success. has been obtained for a piece of land and The important requirement for this the land has passed through an inter- work is a fundamental knowledge of the cycle treatment preparing for planting facts and methods of plant breeding in again, its constitution may be quite general, for a good geneticist can very changed from that which obtained at the quickly adapt himself to the particular time the measurement was made. It looks case of the pineapple. as if we could get around the difficulty The problems of the chemistry of pine- by adopting the method of another Ger- apples include both those of growing and man, Neubauer, who has devised pot THE MID-PACIFIC 5 tests to be run in the greenhouse. Some can then run the experiment on the pine- rapidly growing seedling such as wheat apple plant to make sure that it checks or rye is used and the results gotten in in with the other plants. The physiology a period of two or three weeks. So far of the pineapple plant is most interesting. as we are concerned, this depends very Its efficiency in the use of moisture is out- largely upon getting another plant which standing. It grows from ten inches of will grow rapidly but will give the same rainfall a year to 16o inches. This is the kind of results to be gotten with pine- same variety of plant and it produces al- apple. Dr. Magistad hopes he can do this. most exactly the same kind of fruit under We are therefore going to try to adopt these various conditions. A corn plant the methods used by these Germans for requires about 50o pounds of water to use in the pineapple industry ; and by produce one pound of dry matter, but a running the greenhouse tests on the pineapple plant can do it on about 3o samples of soils from the fields that are pounds of water. As striking as the re- to be planted in the next few weeks, we quirements of the pineapple plant are for possibly will be able to write a prescrip- water and rare elements, the water physi- tion telling the plantation just how much ology of the pineapple plant is like that of the various nutrient materials to use of other plants. It simply requires a small to get the optimum yield on pineapples,— amount, but the nature of the require- writing a prescription just the same as a ments in everything are just like those medical man would write a prescription of other plants. It does all the things that for a patient. When the yields come in other plants do but with a smaller amount from the fields we can check back on the of water. accurateness of the prescription ; and as The other problems of the pineapple time goes on the accuracy should increase. plant have to do very largely with pests Following such a program has many ad- and diseases. Many of these are just as vantages. The many conflicting factors baffling in the pineapple plant as they that will come in to affect the yield other are in other plants. The Nematology De- than mere fertilization can be checked up. partment faces peculiarly difficult prob- Experience with each of the fields will lems to solve. It has been the experience tell to what extent these factors operate. in general all over the world that the best The problems of the Physiology De- way to combat nematodes is to retreat partment are closely related in many from them. Recommendations to agricul- ways to those of the Chemistry Depart- turists everywhere have been to alternate ment. The pineapple plant has become crops or get new varieties ; but with no more or less famous because it has to be crops to alternate with and only one fed iron sulfate. Dr. Sideris is carrying variety to grow we are faced with the pos- on a program of experimentation with sibility of growing that variety either in the various elements that are present in spite of the nematodes or finding some the soil. If a plant requires a certain way to eliminate them. Dr. Godfrey and amount of an element, be it ever so small, his staff are making quantitative studies and that requirement is an absolute one, of the numbers of nematodes present dur- it doesn't make much difference what ing various times in the growth of the one does to the other elements if the one pineapple plant and under various prac- element is not present in the soil, the plant tices of agriculture. In many parts of the cannot grow. In this experimental work world plants that are affected by nema- it is often of great advantage to use some todes are grown over a very short period other plant than the pineapple, because of time,—say two or three months, then it grows so much more rapidly than the the crop is harvested. But with pine- pineapple does. When the nature of the apples they must be able to grow continu- effect of the element is discovered we ously for several years in order to pro- 6 THE MID-PACIFIC

duce the maximum yields. With most pineapples are there, the other host vegetable crops about the time that the plants are there, and the insects are there ; population of nematodes begins to get but apparently the virus has never been high, the crop is harvested and the nema- taken over there. Possibly it came to the todes are left to starve for a period or Islands first in a shipment of vegetables, freeze to death during the winter. There as the ordinary garden pea is also sub- is no such chance with pineapples. It is ject to this disease. Some day it may be found that ever so few weeds or pine- shipped to the Island of Kauai in this apple stumps left in the field during the way. inter-cycle period may have much to do No one but a student of virus diseases with the population of nematodes that and insect transmission could ever have will be waiting to attack the next cycle of traced down this disease and explained its pineapple when it is planted. transmission, which accounted for its ad- The Pathology Department is con- vent into the pineapple fields. The prob- cerned with the diseases of the plant as lem now shifts over to the Entomology well as the fruit. I think that the story Department to find a method of controll- of the yellow spot disease of the pine- ing the insects which transmit it. We apple up to the present time is one of the have explorers out in different parts of best illustrations of the fact that it is the the world looking for parasites of this general fundamental knowledge of science thrip. There is nothing much more elu- that is required in a specialized industry sive in all the field of plant diseases than such as we have. This disease first was are the virus diseases. They may never evident in the Islands in 1925. For a look twice the same on two different period of years it increased tenfold each plants. Their transmission may be in- year. Anyone could take a piece of paper volved in only a particular stage of the and a pencil and calculate, on this basis, insect's life. There is no more enticing how many years it would be until the field of biology sleuthing than the tracing pineapple industry in the Hawaiian Is- down of these virus diseases. If time per- lands would be entirely destroyed. It mitted, I could go on describing the prob- was finally discovered that it was a virus lems that Dr. Linford and his staff are disease transmitted by the onion thrip. dealing with on both the fruit of the Now the same virus may cause disease pineapple and the plant itself. in a wide number of plants and the dis- Possibly I have left the Entomology ease may appear quite differently in each Department until the last because I have species it attacks. In this case there are at least in the past laid claim to being an over a dozen plants which grow as weeds entomologist myself. However, the pro- in and about the pineapple fields which also harbor this disease. The onion thrip gram which our Experiment Station is transfers the disease from one plant to carrying forward is that of Dr. Carter, who is in charge of our department. One the other. This disease has probably been present on other plants in other parts of of the most serious difficulties which faces the world for ages and ages, and in order the growing of pineapple has been the for it to be transferred to the pineapple wilt. Wilt is a generic term which covers plant it was necessary to have present all sorts of things which make pineapple with the pineapple plant some plant har- plants die. Some of them are fungi that boring the virus and the insect to make attack the roots ; some of them are nema- todes; but of the whole group it now the transmission. So far as we know the seems quite definite that the mealy bugs pineapple plant has never had this dis- which feed on the pineapples are the ease transferred to it anywhere else in cause of the major part of what we know the world. Up to now the virus has not as wilt. Their action may be through the been present on the Island of Kauai. The mechanical injury which they cause in THE MID-PACIFIC 7 feeding, or through a virus or a toxine Since the industry is dependent upon a which they introduce into the plant. The single plant and a single variety of that experiments which we and the plantations plant, if anything should happen to that are carrying on for the control of mealy one variety, the entire industry would fall. bugs and their associated ants at the It is therefore necessary that that plant present time give great promise of clear- be thoroughly understood and that our ing up a large portion of the wilt that Genetics Department have ready in the has been so disastrous in the pineapple offing some new varieties that could be fields. These experiments are being car- ried on in our greenhouses, at our Ex- rushed into production in the event that periment Station at Wahiawa, and on the it became necessary to shift to something plantations of the various companies. Up else. to the present time the experiments under As is true in all branches of science, a all of these conditions seem to be very particular piece of work may turn out to uniform in showing that a heavy popula- be of enormous economic value when tion of mealy bugs on young pineapple scientifically it is not spectacular at all. plants will cause them to wilt, while even And, conversely, a piece of scientific poor planting material put into the ground work may be very spectacular from the and given good nutrient conditions and standpoint of science, but have little or no protected from mealy bugs will produce economic value—meaning in this case by at least fair pineapple plants. Fortu- "economic value" that it cannot be nately, it is not difficult to kill mealy bugs, cashed in in dollars and cents. A good though it is rather expensive. At the present time we are doing it with oil example of this is Einstein's theory of sprays, but in the future we may do it relativity. So it has been, and will con- with parasites. Since it is not entirely tinue to be, that certain departments of clear what the mealy bugs do to pine- our Experiment Station may carry on the apple plants, we must do more work on finest pieces of scientific research which this subject. We have a new virus house will contribute a great deal to our funda- that has just been completed, and in this mental knowledge of the plants that our we hope within the next period of time to industry is dependent upon. It may con- analyze the situation and find out just tribute to our confidence in the ability of what is going on. that plant to continue to produce divi- I think from this discussion it becomes dends for the industry. But the discovery rather clear that while the pineapple in- itself may not be converted directly into dustry is highly specialized, depending dollars and cents. On the other hand, it upon a single plant, the Experiment Sta- will happen that relatively simple things tion in studying that single plant is en- may be done which will mean a great gaged in a study as broad as the biology many dollars and cents in the pockets of of plants in general and the biology of the growers. Since science is concerned their pests. From the standpoint of pine- solely with facts, the methods of obtain- apple agriculture, the subject is more spe- ing them, the handling of them to derive cialized than is the science of the subject results, and the application of these re- matter departments that are working on sults to life, it is our ultimate recourse on our problems. the problems that face us ; and I think I have had little to say about the agri- that I have shown you that in solving culture itself, largely because I know less these problems we must go to the re- about it. Mr. King, of our agricultural motest limits of the various fields of department, could give you a better dis- science which are involved in the study cussion of this subject than I. of this plant.

8 THE MID-PACIFIC

In the Orienn bamboo sometimes grows to an enormous size, often equalling a large tree in height More than a thousand varieties of articles are made from bamboo in Japan alone. THE MID-PACIFIC 9

All About Bamboo (From Japan Today and Tomorrow.)

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Bamboo is comparable to raw silk, its the annual export would be 19,000,000 production in quantity being limited to yen, calculated on this basis. the Orient. But, unlike raw silk, the The Japanese exporters have so far bamboo manufactures of Japan are not so neglected the study of the use of these popular throughout the world and little is exported bamboo roots. It is remarkable known about the Japanese bamboo and that the exported Japanese bamboo roots bamboo manufactures. some time ago came back to Japan in the The export of bamboo and bamboo form of walking canes and other manu- manufactures from Japan annually factures, and this created a great sensa- amount to some 2,500,000 yen, of which tion among the bamboo producers. about 1,o0o,000 yen represents the bam- The Japanese officials abroad are also boo roots, called "nebushi," which are partly responsible for this fact, because made into walking canes- Compared with they should have supplied the Japanese the total production, the exports are exporters with such information. What rather small, but it is regretted that some is worse is the fact that the competition 1,000,000 yen worth of the bamboo roots among the bamboo root exporters caused and poles are exported overseas without the export price of roots to drop as low being manufactured into any finished as 0.5 sen each. product. The uses of bamboo are very extensive If these roots were fabricated into ar- and nothing has closer connection with ticles, the total exports would amount to the Japanese daily life than the bamboo an enormous sum. This is why the pro- manufactures. A certain Westerner has motion of home industry is now strenu- described the Japanese houses as made of ously urged by the government authori- wood and paper, but he should have men- ties. The roots have been exported at a tioned of bamboo manufacture also, as price of 3 sen each. This is abnormally so many bamboo manufactures are found cheap. in the Japanese style dwelling. This 3-sen root turns, eventually, into a It is interesting to know that the total walking cane for mountaineers in Switz- number of separate articles made from erland, Norway and other hilly countries, bamboo exceeds 1,000. This was found costing more than y1.50 there. The secret when a German scholar, who became in- of making it into walking canes for the terested in bamboo, investigated how it mountaineers and earning some y1.47 at was made use of in Japan and completed least is to cover the knob of the cane his exhaustive list of a large variety of with leather and to attach a metal ferrule the bamboo manufactures for a book on to the stick. The manufacturing charge the subject in order to introduce it to the is only to sen or so each. European readers. If, this manufacturing was conducted It is also considered that there is no in Japan, the export price would be at end to the ways in which bamboo can he least 70 sen each and the manufacturers utilized. For instance, it is indispensible would earn 57 sen each, or 19 times as in building a Japanese house, and then it much as the cost. The total profit on is widely used in domestic utensils, in 10 THE MID -PACIFIC

making toys, flower baskets, personal or- Most of the articles mentioned above, naments, tableware, paper lanterns, smok- strange though it may sound, are for ex- ing outfits, bird cages, musical instru- port purposes, very few of them being ments, parasols, fishing outfits and even used in Japan. It was about 188o that weapons. It is little known among the the domestic utensils made from bamboo foreigners that the bamboo shoots are came to be exported. good to eat. Parts of the bamboo shoots About 1879 there was an Englishman are indispensible in packing certain kinds named Grood in Kobe, who exported of edibles and also making sandals, while some bamboo cabinets of the type used the leaves may be used as fuel. in Japanese homes. In 1881, a certain What is more interesting in connection Mr. Nakai produced some bamboo cabi- with the development of the bamboo in- nets, copying the style of the foreign cabi- dustry is that Thomas Alva Edison, when nets, with some fancy designs. he was actively engaged in his experi- Stimulated by this success, there ap- ments with the production of incandescent peared another man who made toilet lamps in his early days, used a bamboo stands exclusively for export purposes in filament as the means of producing light 1884, while in I890, tables and chairs of when a source of power was applied. various sizes and design were actively It is known that the great inventor turned out. tried various metallic elements and their The technique of manufacturing these, alloys as a means to increase the source of bamboo articles in those days was at such light, encountering many and much in- a primitive stage that all of the articles volved difficulties, and that he succeeded had to be exported in their original form. for the first time when he applied car- instead of being taken down and then re- bonized bamboo filament. assembled upon arrival at their destina- And this filament was made from a tions. product of Japan, or, to be more precise. But today, all of these bulky articles, bamboo produced somewhere in the such as tables, chairs, cabinets, and so neighborhood of Kyoto. This is a world- forth, can be shipped in compact form famous story. There are also gramo- to be reassembled later. This plan has phone needles, made of bamboo, which greatly reduced freight costs. are now in use all over the world. Since the early '8os, special bamboo It is impossible to give a complete list suitcases for export purposes have been of the bamboo articles that are now being made as the trunks, baskets and suitcases used in Japan and exported to Europe and made of bamboo, together with those of America and elsewhere because of their wicker, have been in use in Japan for a immense variety, ranging from fans worth long time. a few copper coins to elaborate mirror The bamboo suitcases are more popular frames and cabinets valued at hundreds abroad than the wicker suitcases, because of yen. of the fact that they are lighter, look bet- Among the domestic utensils are frames ter, and the price is lower than for the for pictures, music stands, flower stands, wicker goods. Moreover, bamboo goods easels, paper-racks, fire-screens to hide are preferred to wicker goods because of stoves during the summer, tables, cabi- the novelty. One weak point of the bam- nets, corner-cabinets, umbrellas, gong- boo suitcases is that they are not strong stands, toys, paper-holders, stools, chil- enough to stand many years' use. dren's chairs, rocking-chairs, toilet stands, The bamboo baskets have literally innu- letter holders, umbrella stands, fancy merable varieties and some of them are tables, sofas, mirror frames, miniature utterly indispensable in the Japanese, houses, cigarette-cases, cigarette holders, household. But with the exception of and various ornamental articles. Hower baskets such as those containing THE MID-PACIFIC 11

Bamboo is one of the most valuable plants in the Orient. Aside from the manufacture of innumerable articles, it is used for buildings, fences, waterpipes for irrigating, and the young shoots make a delicious food. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC

ceramic ware or with bamboo tubes inside, begun to manufacture semi-circular fans and bamboo baskets for fruit, ordinary for export. Credit is also given to Ky- baskets for daily use in the Japanese oto merchants as the first exporters of household are rough and coarse in make. round fans, including round silk fans of Those for export purposes, however, Kyoto, and embroidered round silk fans are all of artistic manufacture, often with of Fukui and Ishikawa. some fancy designs, these articles includ- Japanese fans are now exported, not ing small baskets for sweets, handker- only to the United States, which is a chiefs, perfume bottles, with somewhat good customer, but to Italy, Spain, Ger- larger ones for laundry and the like. many, the Philippines, France, Canada, There are also waste-paper baskets of all Argentine, Chile, Mexico, India and else- patterns. Besides these, there are lunch- where. eon boxes, work boxes, flower baskets It is noteworthy that Spain buys expen- and boxes for papers. sive folding fans, but she imports them The bamboo baskets for candy head via France, where they are further im- the list of the baskets exported to the proved upon. Contrary to the general United States, followed by waste-paper impression that fans are widely used in baskets. But, in view of the fact that India, most of those bought there are for bamboo baskets are subject to a consid- interior ornaments. erably high rate of import duty in the In the Philippines, fans are used United States, there are some who im- chiefly as personal ornaments, and there- port bamboo poles and manufacture the fore, the buyers prefer good ones. Nev- baskets in America. ertheless, silk fans are often found to be England, as well as Australia, buys a too expensive. considerable volume of bamboo manufac- The paper lanterns have lost the popu- tures from Japan, notably before Christ- larity of by-gone days with the introduc- mas, but waste-paper baskets and baskets tion of electric and gas lights into Japan, for clothes make up the bulk of the trade. but it is noteworthy that their export is One of the striking features of the growing. The export lanterns are en- folding fan for export purposes is that, tirely different from those for the domes- when opened, it is wider than those for tic use in shape and quality, as the object domestic use. Two of these export fans of the foreign buyers is different from will make a circle when put together. that of the domestic users. In view of the fact that the city of There are many shapes, including some Kyoto and its vicinity are well known for fancy ones, among the export lanterns the production of elegant folding fans and these vary according to the producing and round fans, it is believed that the districts. The Gifu district, which has Kyoto merchants were the first to export been famous for exquisite lanterns for the fans to foreign countries. It is said that past several hundred years, produces well a certain Kyoto man went to Nagasaki over 500,000 pieces annually and more just before the Meiji Restoration and of- than one-half of them are exported. fered Kyoto fans to foreigners there with great success. In this district they produce various shapes of lanterns, using gourd, sake bot- Kyoto fan makers went to Yokohama tle, stone lantern, paper umbrella de- and Kobe to sell their products to the for- signs, etc. Nagoya and Osaka are also eign firms there, as soon as these ports among the main producing districts, but were opened to foreign trade. In those very few fancy-shaped lanterns are made, days, the technique of making fans was save in Osaka, where they turn out tiny still in a primitive stage, compared with ones having a diameter of two inches. that of the present day, but by 1873 or The bamboo frame paper lanterns sell 1874, the Japanese makers had already better than the wooden frame ones, as THE MID-PACIFIC 13 they are more convenient to handle, es- The bamboo bird cages are solidly pecially as they can easily be folded up. made, and hold their popularity against There is no standard market price, the the wire cages• Those lacquered, with rate varying from a few sen to several appropriate tassels of crimson color and yen each. Generally speaking, the export other decorations, are the best adapted to trade is active just before Christmas. grace any residence. Wakayama, Kyoto, Osaka, Nagoya, There are also the lunch baskets, sub- Hiroshima, and Hyogo are considered to stantially made to serve practical pur- be the main producing districts of the poses. They are used by school children umbrellas and parasols, although they are and for family picnics and other outdoor produced everywhere in this country. functions, generally, where a receptacle They are exported to the United States, for a simple luncheon is required. Germany, England, the Philippines and Not only the suitcases and baskets, but elsewhere, but parasols sell better than also the hampers, are made of bamboo. heavy umbrellas in view of the fact that The bamboo used in making the ham- foreigners buy more for ornament than pers must be of strong and durable qual- for practical use. ity. The slender bamboo trees that grow But the bamboo-handles of umbrellas in the ashy soil about the foot of Mount and parasols are being exported inde- Fuji are considered to be the best for this pendently of umbrellas and parasols, and purpose. both the volume and value of these bam- Apart from the daily utensils, there are boo-handles amount to a considerable the fishing rods, made of Japanese bam- figure. boo, which greatly please world anglers. Among other bamboo manufactures During the first year after the bamboo are bamboo rakes, which are much more rods are received by the buyers abroad, extensively used in Kansai (the western they are mostly used in the original shape part of Japan) than in Kanto (the eastern in which they were shipped. part). They are also exported in large But from the second year and after- quantities because the foreigners find them ward, they are often cut into several very useful in sweeping yards and gar- pieces ; convex parts on the joints are dens. planed off and the ends of each piece are The bamboo blinds are indispensable reinforced with metal, to suit their idea to a Japanese house in the summer time. of what finished fishing rods should be. The blinds with pictorial designs or the Some of the choicest rods to which the name of a store, in open work, are very finishing touch is put with gold or silver common and in favor. In old days, the reinforcements and ornaments are said to artistic bamboo screens, which were be sold at as high price as too yen. called "misu," were used exclusively in As a new attempt in bamboo manufac- the Imperial Palaces in Kyoto, temples tures, the coat hanger, knives, forks, and shrines, and they were made in Kyo- spoons and meat skewers are having warm to, Fushimi and neighborhood. receptions and many of them are ex- Many foreigners took a fancy to them, ported. The demand for them from and about the year 1884 Mr. Tojiro Ma- abroad is increasing. The bamboo knives, fune, of Hyogo, engaged bamboo screen spoons and meat skewers are specially makers from Fushimi and started the patronized as clean and handy accessories production of bamboo screens to supply at a picnic. They are mainly produced in Mie Prefecture and Oita Prefecture. them to foreigners. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC

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By DR. F. G. KRAUSS Director, Agricultural Extension Service of the University (Before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution.) ownf----nnnlnlnnnr--"nnrzuniyu

Rice is probably the world's greatest first grown in Hawaii on a commercial field crop. The estimated annual produc- scale about the time gold was discovered tion is over five hundred billion pounds in California. Of course, rice was grown rough rice, which produces at least three- by the Chinese before 1849, but the mod- fifths that amount of polished rice. It is ern rice industry in Hawaii is due to the the staple food of the greatest number of Senior Mr. Holstein. His son, for many people, and more people live upon it ex- years speaker of the House, has often told clusively than upon any other food. The me of his father's interest in the rice in- number of cultivated varieties probably dustry. exceeds that of all other grains combined. This rice industry in Hawaii is declin- There are at least 3,000 known varieties ing very rapidly and less than one-third in the world. Some years ago it was my of the former crop area is now grown. good fortune to visit the Experiment Sta- The reasons are mostly economic—other tion near Nara, in Japan, where there countries are growing more rice, but, like were 2,500 varieties grown, and they our pineapples, Sandwich Island rice was probably have more now, due to extensive long considered the finest product obtain- breeding to produce new varieties. We able, and was also the highest priced. have grown some 300 varieties here for a South Carolina, the home of our col- number of years. Most varieties of rice league, Alexander Hume Ford, was once are grown either as a dry-land crop or considered the leading American rice- under submerged conditions, the larger growing State. Ford's father was one proportion being grown as a wet-land of the foremost rice growers. The Ha- crop. No other cereal grown will thrive waiian Golden Seed rice is of South Caro- under wet conditions as rice will. There lina origin. It is classed as a "dry" rice are 90, 140 and 280-day rices, and most because when cooked it was not so moist varieties can be grown as a spring or fall or glutinous as the Japanese rice. The crop, but occasionally we find one that past yields of Hawaiian rice are among will produce only at a distinct season. the largest ever recorded. Careful sur- One variety from Indo-China, when veys show yields as high as 10,000 pounds planted in January, does not mature until of paddy rice per acre. I do not think November, long after the other varieties this has been exceeded anywhere in a are harvested. If planted in July, this first-class product. About 30 per cent o variety also matures in November, but refuse is taken off in the hulling and pol- the yield is much smaller. You may plant ishing of rough rice. The Chinese use most varieties at any time and they will rather primitive cultural methods and each mature within approximately the milling, nevertheless their yields are much same number of days. We believe that higher than those of the Occidentals. the influence of light is as important as Today the Hawaiian rice industry is that of temperature upon rice. Rice in mostly in the hands of the Japanese. The Hawaii has an interesting history, as in- Chinese grower formerly took great pains teresting as sugar or pineapples. It was in selecting his seed and growing his seed- 16 THE MID -PACIFIC

lings, which are all planted by hand. are very important, amounting to millions Poor seedlings, as well as seed, are of tons annually. As rice is one of the thrown out when not up to par. Their most nutritious and easily digested of all wonderful skill in producing so perfect a foods, as well as one of the most pro- crop speaks well for their so-called primi- ductive cereals, it is little wonder that it tive methods. Machine culture of rice, is grown so extensively. while it has its place in California and Ordinarily the rice plant does not the Southern States, has little application cross-pollenate naturally. However, it is in Hawaii under present conditions, and readily hybridized artificially and most that may be one of the principal reasons new forms have their origin in the art of why the industry is going to the wall. breeding. Because rice is self-fertilizing Great amounts of rice were formerly im- is why most varieties are as they were ported from Japan. It was thought that possibly 5,000 years ago. This is doubt- the Japanese were prejudiced against Ha- less true of the great cereal, wheat, as waiian rice. The Oriental has a sense of well as of rice. taste far beyond ours, and we were finally History would indicate that rice origi- convinced that the Japan rice was of a nated in Africa and from there found its different flavor than the Hawaiian- way into the Asiatic countries. Little or grown. In 1909 it was my good fortune nothing is known of its ancestral forms. to be sent to Japan and China to study Some of the varieties now giown in the rice culture at its source. It did not take Orient are probably little changed from very long to discover the difference in those grown thousands of years ago, as quality and taste of their superior varie- already indicated. In classic Chinese, ag- ties developed through scientific breeding. riculture and rice culture are synonymous, At the Nara Station they were develop- and the words for food and rice ai e the ing a score of new varieties with a knowl- same in so many languages that we may edge of genetics as a basis for pedigree feel positive that it was the principal food cultures. Their accomplishments were as as long as history has been recorded. great 20 years ago as ours are now. Mr. Ford will tell you of rice growing Altogether, the Japanese geneticists have in Siam that is 40 feet tall ! Of course, developed a great many varieties, and Ha- Mr. Ford can draw a long bow, but waii is richer by at least two of their new sometimes there is a grain of truth in varieties, named Omachi and Shanrichi. what he says. Rice does grow from 10 Two years ago another agricultural jour- to 20 feet in some of the flooded areas ney was made through the Orient. I of the Orient as around Bangkok. "Mr. thought myself fairly familiar with agri- Moe, what is the tallest rice you ever culture in the Orient. Unexpectedly, I saw ?" found Burma to be one of the greatest (Answer by Mr. Moe) : "Twenty feet rice granaries in the world. For days we tall—probably Mr. Ford meant up one traveled through rice fields. Burma has side and down the other." more than eleven millions of acres of rice. "Well, that saves Mr. Ford's reputa- And the city of Rangoon is possibly the tion, to some extent." greatest rice milling center in the world. In Oriental countries the rice plant is Crossing over into Siam, we found the subject to many diseases and insect pests. rice area approaching that of Burma. Up to quite recently, Hawaii has been Later we found splendid rice growing in comparatively free from rice enemies of Italy, then in the Southern United States all kinds, but in recent years the rice and California. So rice is undoubtedly blast and stem borers have become preva- the great food staple of Oriental tropical lent and this has been partly responsible and sub-tropical countries. We must not for the rapid decrease in rice culture in forget that rice crops in Java and India Hawaii. Twenty-five years ago rice was THE MID- PACIFIC 17 the second most important agricultural in- family. Its botanical name is Oriza dustry in Hawaii. More than 10,000 sativa. acres were planted to the crop and a Question: What is the difference be- large part of this area was cropped twice tween brown rice and polished rice? annually. In favorable years the crop Answer: The dietitians tell us that was valued at approximately three mil- brown rice has all the vitamins in the lions of dollars and gave employment to thin brown covering which surrounds the many of our best Oriental farmers. Rice grain, and people are now beginning to lands brought high rentals and a large demand the brown rice more and more part of Hawaii's prosperity was depend- in place of the polished rice, which is so ent on the crop. No other country rich in starch and attractive in appear- boasted of as high yields as our 6,000 to ance. 10,000 pounds of paddy rice per acre Question: What is the effect of light from two crops per annum, which was not upon the fruiting of the rice plant ? uncommon. Considered from modern ag- Dr. Krauss: The growth of the plant ricultural methods, Hawaiian rice culture is photosynthesized or balanced by the has always been regarded as antiquated. effects of sunlight and darkness or by Nevertheless, due to its high quality and the length of day. As winter comes on our large yields, great wealth was taken and the length of day is shortened, the out of the soil through the rice crop. We fall fruiting varieties begin to flower and have estimated that at least a hundred fruit. million dollars' worth of the Hawaiian Question: Is the so-called wild rice of rice has been sold. This is high tribute North America any relation to the Asiatic to our early Oriental emigrant farmers. rice ? One of the earliest exhaustive crop ex- Dr. Krauss: Very distantly related. periments undertaken by the Hawaii Ag- Botanically, wild rice belongs to the ricultural Experiment Station was with genus Zizania ; the cereal rice belongs to rice. For several years, several hundred the genus Oriza. Oriza never reverts to varieties were grown in comparative tests wild rice, as some seem to think, any more at the old Kalakaua and King Street trial than does wheat revert to "cheat." Rice grounds. A number of new varieties and wheat rarely revert to bastard forms. were developed and in general the indus- Question: What is the origin of the try was greatly assisted through the fer- rice plant ? tilizing practices evolved by the Experi- Dr. Krauss: The origin of the rice ment Station. Perhaps the first proof plant is shrouded in mystery, like the that plants could take up their nitrogen pineapple and sugar cane. In the jungles as ammonia was demonstrated in these of Burma are wild pineapple plants with early experiments, which began in 1905- trailers 30 or 40 feet long, and no one 1906. Up till then every textbook taught knew where they came from. The prob- that nitrogen could only be taken up by able origin is South America. De Con- plants in the nitrate form. dole thinks the rice plant originally came Agronomically, rice is classed as one of from Asia from Africa and has been in the small-grained, hollow-stemmed ce- Asia for thousands of years. when it has reals, as are wheat, oats, barley and rye. spread over the tropical and semi-trop- Botanically, rice belongs to the great grass ical world. 18 THE MID-PACIFIC

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Drying coconut meat in the sun—a common sight in ale South Seas.

171C,:lig WTI nT17711C711Crn'UTICAPC70:71 1C7R71R7LWAIL711C7070:71 • • • Problems in Copra Industry (Fiji Times and Herald.) .irEcen-uni n`icnn7— nickiintinncecli

COPRA DRIERS dry transportable commodity, has very At a recent meeting of the Vanue Levu seriously exercised the minds of planters. Progress Association, A. S. McLeod, Drying has been, and still is, the most secretary, the following paper on the vexatious feature encountered during the drying of copra was read by one of its operation for the preparation of a stand- members, who strongly urges the adop- ard, high-grade, A-1 quality article. tion of the steam heated drier, designed The planter in the first instance, and at specially for the treatment of copra. the very outset of his efforts, called to With 35 years' experience in New Zea- his assistance and relied almost solely land, the writer does not hesitate one upon the wonderfully effective means of single instant in bringing this most im- drying provided by nature, utilizing the portant subject before those interested, sun's intensive heat, gently tempered and strongly recommends "Steam Mod- into genial warmth, by copious supplies ernly Applied" as the finest, surest and of air force. The sun's heat working safest heat producing agent. together, with plenty of wind circula- Ever since the land owners of Fiji ven- tion, unquestionably provides the most tured to cultivate the coconut palm and perfect and least expensive method of convert the kernel of the nut thereof, drying ; under these conditions the time commonly designated "copra," into a "Dame Nature" takes to complete a sound, profitable commercial proposi- single operation extends to at least 48 to tion, the question of preparing the green, 54 hours. Unfortunately, however, for heavily moisture-ladened copra into a the planters of Fiji, the ideal conditions 20 THE MID-PACIFIC required, as mentioned above, prevail building. The generation of heat is ef- only at intermittent periods ; in other fected by building a furnace, generally words, there is absolutely no continuity just outside the main structure, from of fine suitable weather. It always has which running longitudinally through been, still is and always will be a prac- the building, below the vatas, a number ticable impossibility to produce regular- of suitable iron or steel pipes are con- ly, throughout the year, a standard, uni- nected, through which passes the warmth form, fresh grade copra by means of created in the furnace by direct fire heat. sun and air drying. The room very quickly warms up, the The futile, unreliable, uncertainty pre- temperature gradually increasing, very vailing in the Fijian meteorological often at or about the same ratio, as the firmament precludes the possibility of enthusiasm and misapplied energy of effectiveness, and has lost the planters the stoker. It is a very difficult matter of this colony thousands upon thousands effectively and quickly to control the of pounds sterling, by direct losses on heat in such a drier ; over-heating is a the vatas, through general deterioration, constant source of anxiety, and red hot as the result of murky wet weather con- pipes, as the result of inadvertent ex- ditions causing partial disintegration, de- cessive firing, an ever-present menace, composition and liberation of fatty acids. as planters all over Fiji can testify, who And these regrettable losses are still have suffered loss by fire. In a very going on. large number of driers of the above type, Notwithstanding the cantakerous vag- little or no provision is made for the ade- aries of the average weather condition, quate inlets of air below the level of the Nature when on her best behavior, fire-heated pipes, the result being intense teaches the planters a very simple, val- heat with very little air circulation. The uable and comprehensive lesson, and objectionable features of such a drier cries out to him in a loud and no uncer- must be palpably evident to even the tain voice : "When you try to improve simplest novice. The risk of fire is ever- upon my uncertain ways and construct present, through over:heating, pitting of your artificial driers, hoping to secure pipes, disintegration of building mate- continuous, effective, economical service, rial ; result of intense firing causing remember me at my best, and insist upon flows through which a little live spark genial warmth accompanied by plenty finds its way, and ignites the very in- of air." Don't forget to utilize the max- flammable contents of the room—fol- imum amount of air circulation with the lowed by disastrous loss by fire. The minimum degree of heat, rather than generality of planters in Fiji constantly vice versa, the maximum amount of heat with the minimum of air. Large make use of the expression : "I can 'cook' sums of money have been spent by well- my copra, in my drier, in 18 or 19 hours, intentioned planters in the construction beating sun and air methods into a per- of artificial driers, who have lamentably fect frazzle." and completely failed to profit by this Truthfully they employ the most ap- lesson. The general method of building propriate word in the Anglo-Saxon a drier has been, with little or no varia- tongue when they use that word "cook." tion, somewhat as follows : Dried in such a drier, the copra is well To begin with a well-constructed, suit- and truly cooked, and more often than able building, generally concrete, fitted not, utterly ruined, except for such pur- with runners to carry a series of vatas, poses as the very lowest grades of copra eight to ten in number, one above the can be used, generally the fabrication of other, to the full holding capacity of the the cheapest brands of soaps. "Cook- THE MID-PACIFIC 21 ing" and "drying" can never be synony- pected till they are), then it will become mous terms. absolutely necessary for the government The excessive cost of such a drier as of the day to provide means by which the is under review, capable of drying. or small planter can acquire the monies re- rather dealing with any quantity of copra quired for constructional purposes. This up to 100 tons per annum, places the purpose can be most profitably achieved, possibility of construction, by the aver- to the mutual benefit of government and planter, by the creation of a government age small planters, out of the question. Advance, to Settlers department, advanc- Finally, such a drier requires constant, ing to planters at the cheapest possible careful supervision, by expert, respon- rate after providing margin to cover sible attendants. The particularly sensi- cost of administration and small per- tive and delicate nature of the element centage of profit to the state. under review, to wit, green copra, satu- rated with anything from 40 to 50 per It would not be necessary for each in- cent of moisture, is without doubt well dividual planter to construct his own and thoroughly understood by planters ; drier. A much cheaper and perfectly it is therefore as a nature sequence, in- practicable arrangement would be to in- cumbent upon planters, desirous of elim- troduce and adopt a system of commu- inating the water content, to handle and nity or group driers, serving plantations treat the copra with the greatest possible where centralization could be most care, and so regulate the temperature of profitably utilized. OF WHALE OIL. the drier that at no time during the THE INFLUENCE process of drying should the heat ex- The following article on the copra ceed 120 degrees. There are many more question has been supplied by Messrs. very delicate substances similar in va- Brown and Joske, Ltd., managing agents rious ways to copra, submitted to artifi- for the Coconut Planters' Union, Lim- cial heat in specially constructed driers ited, of Fiji: for the complete expulsion of moisture. The time seems opportune to consider briefly the state of copra and, for the Such as— Wool dried at a temperature not exceeding guidance of our numerous clients who 100 deg. F. are interested in copra in one shape or Soap, dried at a temperature not exceeding another, we have prepared a chart giv- 120 deg. F. ing a picture of the fluctuations in the Starch, dried at a temperature not exceed- price of Fiji plantation copra for the ing 115 deg. F. Confections, dried at a temperature not ex- five years from 1926 to 1930, inclusive. ceeding 100 deg. F. It forms a melancholy record of the Sugar, dried at a temperature not exceeding fall from fortune's favor of the consols 100 deg. F. of the Pacific, and two months ago one Fruits, dried at a temperature not exceed- would have said that it was incredible ing 120 deg. F. that such a fall could go yet further. And the only perfectly safe. effective, However, in the middle of April, the economical, easily controlled drier, is the economic barometer again declined and machine manipulated by "Steam Heat." the destructive gales became a smash- Throughout the whole of the Australian ing hurricane. The price of copra, states and the Dominion of New Zea- which, two years ago was ._£27 in Lon- land steam driers are exclusively used don. was last week quoted at 10 per for the drying of such articles as men- tioned above. If the installation of ton! In Suva today the local market price driers is to become universal throughout (of course, shippers through the Fiji (very little improvement in the is Coconut Planters' Union, Ltd., receive quality of copra can possibly he ex- 22 THE MID-PACIFIC

more than this). From this price must mous for its whaling, sent its last ship in be deducted approximately 17/6 per ton 1869. Just when it seemed that whaling to cover freight from the plantation to in the north was dead, a Norwegian in- Suva, and it must be remembered that vented the modern harpoon gun. That included in the present price is the enabled a fresh species of whales to be benefit of an exchange premium on Lon- attacked ; then history repeated itself don, which today is worth about 12/6 a once more and for many years now only ton. The position is thus quite impos- a few small stations have been operated sible for the planter the world over, and in the north. Then whaling was started if it continues will lead to the shutting in the Antarctic, and we have seen the down of plantation after plantation top of that particular boom. If all the within a short period of time. other whaling booms have flourished What is the cause of this disastrous and failed, is there any reason to doubt condition ? There are many theories put that this particular one will come to the forward by many learned economists, same end ? but the one thing which is clear is that The great Unilever Combine com- there has been a huge over-production mitted themselves in the autumn of 1930 of every sort of raw material and the to the purchase of huge quantities of the world has been unable, under the exist- 1931 season's catch of whale oil at E25 ing means of distribution, to absorb it. per ton. It is generally estimated that In numbers of cases, restriction has been given a reasonably good catch whale oil tried and produce pools have been is produced by modern methods at a formed. In the case of copra such a cost of £15 per ton. Thus whaling thing is manifestly impossible, for which companies, which the season before had in the long run we will feel thankful. received E30 per ton, have been able to The natural laws of supply and demand reap a wonderful harvest, but the day will operate all the quicker and so recov- of reckoning has come. Those compa- ery will come sooner. nies which did not accept the Unilever In particular, copra has been influ- offer of last year have now had to take enced by the huge supplies of whale oil. £12 or ,E13 per ton and consider them- In 1910-1920 the output of whale oil selves fortunate to sell at that. The un- averaged 90,000 tons per annum. This sold surplus oil in May was said to total has jumped stupendously ; in 1928 the 70,000 tons, and there was the usual talk output was 225,000 tons, by 1929 it was of formation of a pool to hold it off the 300,000, and by 1930, 450,000 tons. The market until next season. However, output for the 1931 season is expected to Unilever has created consternation total 600,000 tons. Every whale fishery amongst whalers by announcing that it in the past has followed the same will send its own fleet to the Antarctic in course—first a period of rapid develop- 1931-32 to procure the 50,000 tons of ment and profitable enterprise, followed whale oil needed in 1932. The general by collapse and final failure. By the opinion in London seems to be that this 15th century the Basques had extermi- season Unilever got landed with such a nated the Nordkarper whales from the vast quantity of whale oil that all its Bay of Biscay ; in the 16th century the factories have had to be turned over to Newfoundland fisheries rose and fell. In handling whale oil alone. This policy the 17th century to the middle of the last cannot suit Unilever, with its vast inter- century, a series of fisheries in northern ests in West Africa, the Solomons, etc., seas, one after the other, flourished and and in that lies the salvation of the coco- failed, and one by one the great British nut planter. whaling ports gave up. Hull, once fa- It takes approximately one and a half THE MID-PACIFIC 23 tons of copra to make one ton of coconut produce, then we might say that the oil. After whale oil has been hardened future price of whale oil would range it can be used for precisely the same pur- between £18 and £20, and estimating poses as coconut oil, therefore the value from that we get a figure of somewhere of coconut oil is governed by that of about £15 per ton for copra. This whale oil. Probably copra is worth would mean that the planter would re- more, since there is the value of the ceive for his copra somewhere between coconut meal to be taken into considera- £9 and £10 per ton f.o.b. plantation in tion, and again the operation of hard- Fiji. From this, we derive some means ening and refining whale oil is said to of guessing the present value of planta- cost round about £5 a ton. Of course, tions in Fiji. We should add that it does comparison of prices is largely guess- not look as though even this modest work, but it is significant that Unilever price will be reached for at least six thought it good business to make big months, possibly longer. purchase of whale oil at £25 per ton at In the meantime, our only comfort lies a time when copra had been forced down in the fact that it must be half a century to about £20 per ton, and coconut oil since copra was £10 in London, that was selling round about £30 per ton. copra, palm kernels, ground-nuts, and What of the future ? Over-production everything else is in a similar state, and in the oils and fats market, and in other that the present position is like that par- markets, is its own corrective and so in a ticular proposition of Euclid in which year or two supply may be expected to he proceeds to prove that such and such balance demand. On the assumption a thing cannot be by the argument of that whale oil costs about £15 a ton to reducing it to an absurdity.

On a cocoa and copra plantation in New Guinea. The palm tree yields the coconut and its dried meat, copra, while the smaller trees yield the cocoa pods, seen in the foreground, from which chocolate is made. 24 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 25

One of the tributaries of the Amazon that is being tapped by tunnel to irrigate the desert lands of Peru.

TIVIr(71AX TiTICMCMIT70711C711,711.■71 Irrigation in Peru By C. W. SUTTON Chief of the Government Irrigation Committee. nanandicent

How may the subject of irrigation in gation is not necessary for the national Peru be best presented to the North existence. American visitor ? Of approximately 400,000,000 acres of Men must measure things and events land under cultivation last year in the with the yardstick of their own conscious- United States only 20,000,000 acres were ness. This yardstick is not only made up irrigated ; that is to say 5% of the farmed of the units of experience, but is applied area. The destruction of all irrigation one way in one environment and another works, canals, and accessories would affect way in another environment. the area cultivated to that extent and de- The yardstick with which the people of stroy less than 5% of the national wealth. the United States as a whole and espe- Then, again, this measure of the relative cially the people that live east of the importance of irrigation in the United Rocky Mountains, measure irrigation is States must be applied to an environment one in which one outstanding fact is writ- in which the indigenous races had no ag- ten in large letters. That fact is that irri- ricultural traditions and where the agri- 26 THE MID-PACIFIC cultural sentiment of today, began only nation rather than a great agricultural 40 years ago under all the difficulties that nation. a primitive race might have encountered Abundance of raw industrial material, and under conditions which soon brought surplus of industrial population and sur- agriculture into competition with an in- plus of capital upon one hand ; great dustrial ideology which has not been of abundance of arable land, relative lack unmixed benefit to agriculture. In that of agricultural population and agricul- environment today there is no trace of tural tradition coupled with the economi- peonage and the large estate system was cal and political collapse of the plantation destroyed with the abolition of slavery system nearly 90 years ago upon the other in 1863. hand, with irrigation entering into only a A moment's reflection will bring the small part of the agricultural life of the Peruvian situation to a striking contrast country, characterized the situation in the with the above. United States. Of the 4,000,000 or 5,000,000 acres of Peru, however, has only a small frac- land probably under cultivation in Peru, tion of the world's supply of any of the at least 80% instead of 5% is probably natural fuels and useful metals, with the irrigated. exception of a few petroleum deposits, The destruction of all the Peruvian irri- and petroleum is the only mineral for eco- gation works, canals and accessories nomical exploitation. would not only wipe out all the farming There is nothing in Peru to promise in Peru today, but it would destroy that any striking development of the factory 80% of the national income probably di- system or to invite spontaneous immigra- rectly derived from agriculture and a tion of surplus industrial population large part of income made possible indi- from any other country. rectly through agriculture. Peru will have difficulty enough in find- Now apply this numerical measure of ing lands to take care of the increase in its the relative importance of irrigation in own rural population and will no doubt Peru to an environment in which the in- find that that population will be the best digenous race, whose descendants consti- fitted to develop its agricultural resources tute 90% of the population, were practic- in the least time, with the least expense ing agriculture hundreds and perhaps to the State and with the greatest benefits thousands of years before the discovery to the nation. of America and where 80% of this pres- If those things are true, then although ent population still live directly by culti- irrigation is not a national necessity in the vating the soil. United States, it is not only a national Let us now carry the contrast between necessity in Peru but it is practically the North American and Peruvian conditions only instrument of material culture by into another field. means of which Peru can develop a true A large part, in many cases one-half, of national character and a truly national the world's visible supply of natural fuels spirit. and useful metals has been found in the This conclusion, if premature, may be continental area of the United States and perhaps strengthened by examining now Alaska under conditions of an exceptional more in detail the conditions of Peru. favorableness for economical exploitation If we could view the entire Peruvian and the surplus industrial population from terrain at a convenient distance we European cities have come in great num- should find it made up of great areas and bers with the surplus capital of Europe in masses of deserts and hills barren of all many cases to develop these resources and important or useful vegetation and also make the United States a great industrial by great forests still unpenetrated or THE MID-PACIFIC 27

This Inca palace and terraced garden in Peru were in their glory four hundred years ago. marked by what aggressive personalities teristic of the coast, and back in the moun- have called the axe of civilization. tains we should find the same plantation The barren mountains and deserts sep- system without the factories, without any arate the forests from the Pacific Coast industrial organizations ; simply living of the country, which contains the only year after year the old system of exploi- ports of natural and easy entry and exit. tation of human labor, established under This is the picture we would see at a the system of the "encomiendas and re- distance and, as we would come closer, particiones." we could observe with difficulty that here We should also find side by side with and there among the deserts and the rocky the plantation system more than 2,000 masses of hills there were tiny green farming communities of small proprietors patches. descended in the first instance from the typical communal organizations of the As we looked closer, we could find that times before the conquest. these constitute in the sum total of their scattered and separate existences, less If we now thought to buy some land we than 2% of the national territory. should find it very difficult either among Approaching nearer, we should prob- the plantation owners or among the com- ably find that 80% of these green patches munities of small proprietors. were irrigated valleys and pampas. We should find, however, that if we If we study how agriculture acts in thought to buy a large area, say of several these irrigated places we would find two thousand acres, and offer to pay in cash processes. In one case there is the plan- or short-time notes, we could find planta- tation system with its great fields of sugar tions willing to sell even before the pres- and cotton, its factories, its railroads and ent low price of sugar, at 100 to 200 dol- docks. This would be especially charac- lars per acre, — the higher figure includ- 28 THE MID-PACIFIC

ing improvements, but not including The people of those clays grew some standing crops and at 300 to 400 dollars cotton, their chief crop being corn, pota- per acre, including improvements and toes, and yucas. standing crops. They cultivated many fruits and had But if we could, through some accident, domesticated pigs and chickens, besides discover a small farm for sale about, let the llama as a beast of burden. us say, less than 50 or 60 acres, we would They received one-third for themselves have to pay from 500 to 1,000 dollars per and their families of the gross production acre, according to the amount of improve- of the land they cultivated. ments and the value of the standing crops. Today, in spite of the numerous com- If we could free our minds for a mo- munities of small farmers referred to, the ment of the lessons which industrialism great mass of the population is landless and centralized industry have taught us and growing more so. in the field where raw materials are col- This landless population in order to ob- lected from various parts of the world tain rented land have to pay one-half of and poured into mills at central points of the gross crops to the landlord at a price population and then turned under the law frequently fixed by him and it is very of increasing returns for the consumption probable that under this system the rentor of people also living in all parts of the is very little better off, so far as a relative world, and if we could put aside tempo- compensation in the two different envi- rarily our memories of Adam Smith, the ronments is concerned, than the farmer balance of trade and the importance of was in the 16th century. exports, and of export and import duties, However this may be, there is no doubt —the above contrast in land values might but that the great mass of the rural popu- suggest to us that the small farm is as lation receives a much smaller share of the important in national economy as a plan- product of agriculture, than it would in tation and that in the future developments the 16th century and the average income of the country's land and water supplies of the agricultural population is not over the small farmer should be preferred to Lp. 20 (twenty pounds) per capita per the plantation in so far as that develop- year. ment is capable of or adjustable to con- In all periods of Peruvian history the scious political control, without injury to progress of the country has been meas- existing property or industry. ured by the number of miles of irrigation The importance of this thought may be canals and by the yearly growth of that emphasized by a brief glance at the his- mileage. From the 16th century to 1919 tory of the Peruvian people. not only was there no growth in this mile- In 1530 Peru had a population stated age, but a great reduction, probably by various chroniclers and students as amounting to more than 50%, correspond- between 10,000,000 and 22,000,000 people. ing to a parallel reduction in the irrigated This population lived on practically the areas. same continental area in which we find the Since 1919, the government has devoted present population. But the green spots special attention to the increase of irri- on which this population now lives were gated areas, principally for the benefit of more numerous and larger. small farmers, who are allowed to pur- The people of those days, with the same chase land on easy payments extending amount of water, presumably, that they from 20 to 30 years, the maximum size have today, cultivated probably three of the holding permitted for each individ- times as much land and sustained from ual being 100 acres, depending on the type two and one-half times as much popula- of the population. tion, estimating the present population at The first project built under this policy 4,000,000. was the Imperial project in the valley of THE MID- PACIFIC 29

Cailete at a distance of about 120 miles majority of small farmers live in neigh- south of Lima ; 4,000 hectares, or 50%, boring villages and go back and forth each of this project was opened to settlement day on foot or on burros. Also it is in- in 1924 in lots varying from two and one- teresting to note that as they become suc- half to 100 acres, and all lots were sold in cessful they tend to build their farm 24 hours after opening the subscriptions. houses on the land and ultimately to go Although the soils were not at the be- back and forth in a motor car. ginning by any means in the first class of Also it should be noted that there is no Peruvian soils, but in fact near the mar- Farm Credit for the small farmer in Peru, gin of what would be, from the technical nor does he require or occupy a position point, good land for irrigation, sufficient in the scale of agricultural industry which crops grew the first year and good crops would fit him to use or receive much credit of cotton and alfalfa were grown the sec- without injury to himself and to the en- ond year, and today the value of crops tire class of small proprietors. produced is nearly twice the net cost of The success of the Imperial project has the project. been principally due to the fact that the This small project, embracing 8,000 Peruvian small farmer does not need ag- hectares, was undertaken by the govern- ricultural credit and loves to work upon ment not only as a result of careful in- the land himself, but he knows no other ventory of resources and the comparison means of guaranteeing to himself and of projects made during fifteen years pre- children any condition of relative eco- viously, but it was selected because of its nomic liberty superior to that of peonage. relative central position in the national After the practical demonstration of geography and to demonstrate once for Caiiete, which was built at a net cost to all that the arid lands of the coast could the government of 128 dollars an acre, it be irrigated successfully by the govern- was resolved to begin the construction of ment and in pursuance of the policy above a project in northern Peru known as the outlined. Olmos Project. The success of this project may be This project includes 125,000 acres of gathered from the following : land under cultivation now, but which had The engineers and project managers of only until recently meager and badly ad- the United States Reclamation Service ministered water rights on the whole. consider that in the United States it has It also includes 67,000 acres of land taken on the whole more than zo years subject to the most uncertain irrigation from the day the projects were open to privileges, and 175,000 acres of perfectly settlement, before it could be said they arid land. were a complete success in a sense of ex- All these various classes of land are hibiting a successful and contented farm- grouped into one project comprising ing population fixed on the land as per- 367,000 acres which will be ultimately irri- manent proprietors. gated at all seasons of the year. Besides We may say that the Imperial project the Olmos Project the government has un- in Cafiete has reached a similar condition dertaken the completion of an old irriga- of success in four years in so far as the tion system on the Piura Valley in an ex- small proprietors on the project are con- tension of 20,000 acres and is rebuilding cerned. a canal in the Chira Valley which was It should be said also that the Caiiete abandoned by the Peruvian Corporation project offers a striking difference in its in 1925 and which is already in operation external appearance from irrigation proj- on a part of the project to the benefit of ects in the United States. 12,000 acres of actual crops, which is In the United States nearly every farm- twice the area benefited at any time by er owns his farm house. In Cailete the the old canal. 30 THE MID -PACIFIC

This Chira canal will probably be com- The extension of certain small frag- pleted next year and will then irrigate mentary irrigation systems now in 30,000 acres. existence. The Olmos Project is to be built in two The completion of these two stages of stages. development will bring into one combined The first stage embracing lands from natural and artificial system of discharge 40 to 120 feet above the sea level will the runoff of seven rivers now constitut- comprise a total of 200,000 acres, includ- ing five different river systems now dis- ing 105,000 acres already cultivated with charging annually in years of minimum fairly adequate water rights, but with flood 2,000,000 acre feet, and many times primitive structures. that in years of abundance. The engineering features of the first The development of this irrigation stage or low-level project are : project carried with it the building of A hydraulic fill clam on the Chancay roads and the gradual sanitation and or- river, one thousand feet above sea level, ganization of existing towns and the for- which will contain over 3,500,000 cubic mation of other civic centers. yards of hydraulic fill and will store forty All of these works are to be carried thousand acre feet. forward progressively and within two A diversion weir on the Chancay river years at the present rate of progress, at an elevation of 350 feet above the sea 50,000 acres of land on the low-level proj- level with one set of head-gates serving ect at Olmos or Lambayeque will be 175,000 acres. colonized. The extension of the present canal sys- A careful census is being taken and is tem to serve the area above stated. The now almost finished of the department of capacity of the main canal being 3500 Lambayeque. A census is also being taken second-feet. of the demand for land in different sizes The construction of a diversion weir of holdings. on the Leche river which will receive the This census shows that the actual pop- discharge of one of the main canals of the ulation of this department now existing second stage to be now described and also as small farmers, tenants and landless serve to balance the fluctuation of sup- population is more than sufficient to take ply on a canal diverting the Chancay up all the land that can be offered from river. the project. The second stage in the development of It is probable that the maximum holding the project will be carried out to irrigate will be only 100 acres on a total area not the lands lying above the first stage of the to exceed 10 per cent of the whole. project, that is to say the lands between The first stage of the low-level project the elevation of 120 to 300 feet above the will be completed in 1931. sea level and embracing 167,000 acres. The completion of the second stage de- The engineering features of this high pends upon the time necessary to complete level project include : a tunnel 10 miles long from two faces. The diversion across the continental This tunnel is at present already de- divide of the Huancabamba river through signed and its dimensions are 12 feet a series of tunnels 17 miles in total length, wide and 8 feet high inside the lining the longest and principal tunnel being 10 and can be built in 5 years. miles long. There are in some quarters adverse The construction of three diversion opinions regarding the government irri- weirs. gation policy, especially with reference to The construction of three separate main the building of the Olmos or Lambayeque diversion canals. project. In the first place, the plantation THE MID- PACIFIC 31 system does not look with favor on any tions. Its success depends only upon the enterprise which might appear to dimin- will and intelligence of the Government. ish its labor supply or tend to increase the The Government can collect the sums re- standard of living of laboring classes. quired to pay the cost of irrigation works Some bankers who loan to Peru regard without injuring the man upon the land irrigation as not giving quick returns. with an amortization period of 25 years They prefer to build docks and railroads, no matter what the crop system may be. from which they can collect in one year Under the small holding system it can or two rather than wait four or five years do all this without the use of agricultural for returns from the extension and im- credit on a large scale. provements of the basic agricultural in- It has pursued and is pursuing this dustry which in the case of Peru, as al- policy and has already placed under culti- ready pointed out, is the basic national vation since 1920 when its present pro- industry. gramme of construction was initiated, 52,000 acres. Some of these advisers have stated that In July 1929 this area will have been under the policy of the government irri- doubled and by December, 1931, the total gation is a social experiment and that it area placed under cultivation and colon- is doubtful whether the sums invested can ized at the present rate of progress will be amortized. be 177,000 acres or 15,000 acres per year The answer to this is clear to anyone since 1920 when construction began. who has studied the entire situation care- The lands are demanded at a greater fully. rate than they can be furnished. All investments are experiments. Among the rural population of about There have been periods in the history 80,000 people in the Department of of the United States when over 90 per Lambayeque nobody has asked for more cent of all business ventures initiated than 120 acres and land is solicited in lots failed, as initial undertakings, and there smaller than this at the price called for is no doubt that 50 per cent of these ven- by the engineer's estimate now thoroughly tures have always failed as initial enter- tested by experience. prises. Irrigation in Peru, therefore, is not a The measure between success and social experiment. failure in business is represented by the It is not an experiment of any kind. rate of interest. It is more certain than any business ven- If you make interest you succeed, if ture. It is an economical, social and po- you do not, then you fail, and interest in litical necessity. If irrigation represents Peru is not over 10 per cent. That rep- less than 5% of the total national economy resents the margin between success and of the United States and has become failure in private business. many years since an important part of But irrigation in Peru is not subject national policy, there,—here in Peru it to the risks of private business. Irriga- constitutes the principal basis of national tion is based upon the most fundamental wealth and will become more and more necessity of existing and future popula- important in the national policy. THE MID-PACIFIC

The mountain chains which extend through Panama enclose numerous valleys and plains which are traversed by three railway systems, and several smaller lines, privately owned and nearly all being narrow gauge. THE MID-PACIFIC 33

The Canal Zone is a strip of land five miles wide on either side of the renter line of the canal, but excepting the cities of Colon and Panama.

sr4ovr vtzsm, • • • 4 • • 1711,7 • limpur • %IPIIIF, • • • e 414/4wp414%, ...,,,., • • I • 4psi • uo 'IV •): ..1t Some General Information ..---)_ on Panama By RENE C. REYNOLDS 1 (Panama Tourist Bureau.) 0

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Panama has an area of 33,776 square Bank of Canada, the First National Bank miles (87,480 kilometers). Population and Trust Company of Panama. (estimated), 597,786. Industries : Panama is not a manufac- The climate varies from the tropical turing nation. It has quite a few smaller heat of the coast lines to the refreshing factories for the manufacture of furni- coolness of the high interior plateaus. ture, shoe leather, trunks, brooms, gar- Isthmian climatic conditions are distinctly bage cans, straw hats, soap, cheese, per- pleasant ; during most of the year the fumery, soft drinks, tiles and mosaics. climate is as of the North Atlantic States Several good-sized breweries and one in June. The evenings are always cool. whiskey distillery, besides many sugar Principal Exports : Bananas, cacao, cane mills throughout the Republic, none rubber, coconuts, balata, coffee, mangan- of which have been developed to their ese, epicac root, ivory nuts, hardwood, full capacity. cocobolo wood, tagua, tortoise shell, Chief Physical Characteristics : The mother-of-pearl, and hides and skins. mountain chains traverse the territory of Principal Imports : Flour, rice, pota- the Republic, inclosing a number of val- toes, sugar, textiles, meats, boots and leys and plains which afford excellent shoes, structural iron and steel, railway pasturage for cattle and in which all the material, lumber, tobacco, pharmaceutical products of the tropical zone can be products, machinery, petroleum and gaso- raised. The slopes of the mountains are line, and motor cars and accessories. covered with extensive forests. Banks : The National City Bank of The climate of Panama is very equable, New York, the Chase National Bank, the the average temperature on the isthmus Banco Nacional of Panama, the Royal being about 80 degrees on the Atlantic 34 THE MID-PACIFIC and Pacific coasts during the dry season, the last few years. Good macadam roads and from season to season it does not have been constructed in the provinces of vary more than 10 degrees either way, Code, Herrera, Veraguas and Los Santos, except in higher altitudes, where the tem- which connect with the southern portion perature is about 66 degrees. The high- of the Canal Zone and the City of Pan- est shade temperature ever recorded on ama. A road eastward from Panama to the isthmus was 98 degrees and the low- Chepo has been completed. The total est was 59 degrees. length of road from Chepo to Santiago is Seasons : The "dry season" begins about 200 miles. The road from Santiago about Christmas and ends about the last westward to David is rapidly nearing com- of April. The remainder of the year is pletion. The construction of a network the so-called "rainy season." During of roads to connect the different cities in these months it does not rain all the time; Chiriqui Province with the central high- usually for the entire season it does not way is under way. Gualaca and David average more than forty minutes of rain are planning to help the district road daily for the daylight time of each forty- work. Approximately 500,000 kilometers eight hours. February is the month of of national highway are under construc- least rainfall. During the "dry season" tion. Additional road construction is the delightful "trade winds" blow ; provided for, and this development breezes are constant, but the wind move- promises to be extensive and to lead to ment seldom exceeds twenty-five miles marked improvement of conditions. The an hour. The highest movement ever re- Madden Road and Madden Dam are also corded was fifty-nine miles per hour. rapidly progressing. Canal Zone : The Canal Zone is a strip Aviation Fields : The Albrook Field, of land extending five miles on either side the largest Army aerial landing place on of the center line of the Canal, and three the Canal Zone, is rapidly nearing comple- marine miles beyond low-water mark in tion, and the Paitilla Field, beyond Bella the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (but spe- Vista and the Panama Golf Club, has cifically excepting the cities of Panama been in constant use for some time. The and Colon), and including also the areas Pan-American Airways has planes mak- outside of this strip covered by the waters ing trips from this field to David three of Gatun Lake and up to a contour line times per week. of 100 feet above sea level around the Railroads : There are three railroads lake. With the exception of the Canal in the country. The Panama Railroad, Zone and of a few small military and acquired by the United States with the naval reservations, the country extending Canal rights, with a 99-year lease, runs from Colombia to Costa Rica is under practically parallel to the Canal and enters the jurisdiction of the Republic of the Republic of Panama only at its ter- Panama. minals in the cities of Colon and Panama. Geography : The geography of the isth- It is useful in connection with water mus, as a relatively narrow strip of land transportation in the Gatun Lake area flanked by the two oceans, has made for for shipping produce from parts of Pan- water rather than land transportation. ama to market. The United Fruit Com- There are numerous small ports on either pany operates a line to its plantations in side of the isthmus, with trails or roads the province of Bocas del Toro ; the rail- extending inland. The means of trans- road extends from Almirante to beyond portation across the isthmus are the the Costa Rican boundary, with numerous Canal, the Panama Railroad, Pan-Ameri- short branches. This road is not a com- can Airways and the Isthmian Airways. mon carrier, but is used only in connection Considerable development of a high- with the development of the extensive way system has been in progress during banana and cacao plantations of the THE MID-PACIFIC 35

United Fruit Company. The National the aggregate number in the country is Railroad of Panama, owned by the gov- estimated at not over 5,000. The horse ernment of Panama, extends from Pedre- of Panama is small, but wiry and capable. gal to Boquete, in Chiriqui province, Timber : The lumber inspector of the connecting at David, the capital of the Panama Canal reports that there are more province, with a branch line via Concep- than 50 species of timber of from fair cion to Puerto Armuelles, a deep-water to excellent commercial value in the Re- port on the Pacific. The three railway public of Panama. About 15 different systems do not connect. Both the Na- kinds of this lumber are used in the shop tional Railroad and the United Fruit and building work of the Canal, but not Company's railroad are narrow-gauge to the exclusion of imported lumber. The lines. Several privately-owned narrow- timbers used principally are the almendra, gauge roads run short distances from amargo, alcareto, alcava, batteo, cedro, interior points to the coast. Semi-weekly caoba blanca, espave, guayacan, maria, launch service has been inaugurated be- nispero, nogalon, ponulo, and roble. A tween Colon, Puerto Obaldia and Puerto description of the properties of these lum- Colombia. bers was published in The Panama Canal Automobiles, etc.: There are approxi- Record of January 21, 1920 ; copies will mately 6,000 units, divided in the follow- be furnished on request. A booklet by ing classes : Private automobiles, cars for Villegas, "The Republic of Panama," hire (jitneys), trucks, busses, official cars. contains a chapter on the timber resources There is an estimate of 750 cars in the in- of Panama, giving the common and tech- terior, of which only a few are registered nical names of many of the trees, to- in the Canal Zone. There are approxi- gether with a short description of each mately 100 government motor cycles and of the more important varieties. 75 private motor cycles. Fishing : The inland and marine waters Agricultural Products : General—Ba- of Panama abound in fish, especially the nanas, coconuts and sugar cane are the Gulf of Panama. The fresh-water fish leading cultivated vegetable products of are practically not brought to market, Panama. Other important agricultural and the sea fishing is carried on by the products are rubber, ivory, nuts, coffee, use of small sailing craft carrying from cacao (cocoa), corn (maize), yams, yucca, one to half a dozen men. The fishermen rice, plantains, squashes and melons, and are for the most part natives, West In- numerous fruits, as well as a fair variety dians and Japanese. Sienes are used. of garden vegetables. Many of the fruits Power boats are practically not employed grow wild but the output can be improved except in trolling for sport. Nowhere in by cultivation. Among the principal the world is there better fishing grounds fruits are oranges, lemons, limes, grape- than in Panama—in fact, the name "Pan- fruit, pineapples, papaya s, mangoes, ama" signifies "Fish"—or "Bay of Fish." guavas, avocados (alligator pears), nis- For tarpon—Gatun Spillway is unsur- pero (a kind of medlar), and breadfruit. passed ; deep-sea fishing—at the Pearl Garden vegetables which are grown and Islands, Taboga and the surrounding marketed include beans, tomatoes, rad- waters abound in fish, from the lowly ishes, cucumbers, lettuce, yams, eggplant, minnow to the shark of great size ; and sweet potatoes, okra, beets, onion, parsley, the inland rivers with crocodiles and alli- endive, spinach, celery, peppers. gators furnish the fishermen with all-the- Live Stock, Poultry : Cattle and hogs year-around sport. are raised in considerable numbers. Cost of Land and Clearing : Virgin Chickens, ducks and turkeys are common land in Panama may be had at about domestic fowls. Goats are reared in $10.00 an acre, and it costs about the practically all parts of the isthmus, though same to underbrush it and fell the trees. 36 THE MID-PACIFIC

These are usually left to rot or are grad- nuts are highly appreciated in some parts ually cut up. In about two years most of of the tropics, they have no commercial them are gone or in shape to be disposed importance in Panama. This tree is not of easily. related to the true almond. Water Supply : While the amount of The avocado, sometimes erroneously rainfall during the rainy season does not known as the alligator pear, is common in vary greatly in different localities, yet the all markets in season and is extensively Pacific side of the isthmus has a longer used. dry season and less rainfall than the At- Bananas grow well. The period of lantic side. The water in Colon and the growth is about a year, from planting to Atlantic side Canal Zone towns is from cutting. The Atlantic side of Panama, the Mount Hope filtration plant ; that in having greater rainfall, is better for ba- Panama and the Pacific side zone towns nana growing than the Pacific side. Ba- from the Miraflores filtration plant. nana buyers make trips over Gatun Lake These plants are the most complete in the in launches and generally buy for cash all world. The water in the towns, supplied bananas offered. Prices vary with supply by them, is the purest and best known to and demand. The larger bunches, of 8 science. full hands or over, command prices about Temperate Zone Fruits and Vegeta- twice as high as those paid for stems of 7 bles : Nearly all the vegetables grown in hands. Bananas are never allowed to the United States are raised successfully mature on the plant, the bunches are cut and require about the same length of time while very green. to mature as in the States. Breadfruit grows on a tree which is Rainy Season Crops : In the rainy sea- propagated by root cuttings or by digging son, from May to December, the follow- up the shoots that sprout from the roots ing may easily be grown : Field corn (for near the surface. It bears in three or eating), endive, young onions, eggplant, four years. The fruit may be eaten kohl-rabi, okra, peppers, white radish, boiled, baked, or fried and has a good and spinach. Cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, local market. lettuce, and red radishes are grown but Bread nuts grow on a similar tree, a spell of rainy weather often spoils the which is grown from seed and bears in crop when it is just coming into maturity. about three years. The fruit may be dis- In the dry season if water is available, tinguished from the breadfruit by its bush beans, pole beans, beets, cabbage, rougher surface and is not so valuable. carrots, field corn, cucumbers, eggplant, The fruits yield a number of nuts simi- endive, parsley, kohl-rabi, lettuce, musk lar to Spanish chestnuts and have a simi- melon, watermelon, okra, young onions, lar taste when boiled or roasted. parsley, parsnips, peas (sometimes), pep- The jack fruit of the breadfruit family pers, red and white radishes and tomatoes is being tried out. It is the largest known can be raised often even up into June. tropical fruit. The nuts may be roasted Native Fruits, Vegetables, etc.: Native or boiled like chestnuts and the flesh is tropical vegetables grow practically all the sometimes eaten. It grows from seed and year around and easily. While one some- fruits in six to seven years. times has to become accustomed to the Cacao, from which cocoa and choco- taste, in many instances the food value is late come, is found in many varieties. higher than for similar States' varieties. The seeds are planted in pots and the The following are the most commonly young trees are later transplanted to the raised in Panama : Cassava, dasheen, field. The first crop of beans may be sweet potatoes, yarns and corn. expected in from seven to ten years. The The so-called "tropical almond" is crop ranges from one to nine pounds of grown as a shade tree, and although the dried beans per tree. The largest cocoa THE MID-PACIFIC 37

The theatre at Panama City is typical in its architecture of buildings of a semi-public character in Latin America. treating plant is at Almirante and is Limes do exceedingly well, but do not owned by the United Fruit Company. bring a large price because the local mar- The cassava, locally known as yucca, ket is limited. No export trade has been from which starch and tapioca are made, built up, either for fresh limes or for is easily raised from cuttings, which may lime juice. Many of the choice varieties he planted at any time during the year. of oranges, mandarins, grapefruit, and Returns may be expected in from eight to lemons have been introduced in recent twelve months. The crop is extremely years, and some of these give promise of exhausting to the soil and should be ro- being successful. These are now being tated with other crops. The tubers may propagated by the Canal Zone Plant In- be left in the ground for some time if troduction Gardens and are offered for the soil is well drained, but spoil in a sale at nominal prices for planting in the few days after being removed. They may Canal Zone or in the Republic of Panama. be boiled, baked or fried and when prop- Coconut trees mature in about seven erly cooked are liked by most Americans. years. They are usually planted in The chayote, a green fruit about the rich, sandy soil near the seacoast, al- size of a large pear, grows on a vine. though they will bear when planted in- When boiled, it has the taste of a delicate land, the nut of the latter, however, being squash. The root may also be eaten. It considered inferior. Some trees yield as matures a few months after planting and high as 200 nuts a year; about 100 nuts bears throughout the entire year. per tree is a good yield. The nuts are Citrus fruits of many kinds are found, in demand among the natives and the including seedlings of the common sweet green nuts are often valued higher than orange, the mandarin or kid-glove orange, the mature ones because of the cool and limes, grapefruit, shaddock, lemons, sour delicious milk, commonly known as the orange, and others. The seedling oranges "coco de agua." A quantity of the ripe are sweet and juicy if allowed to remain nuts is exported, chiefly to New York. long enough on the trees. They are so Coffee trees or shrubs of the Arabian abundant in season that the price is low. variety are found growing near most na- 38 THE MID-PACIFIC tive houses in the shade of fruit trees or and are being grown experimentally. If bananas. They bear well even with little the best of these can be induced to fruit attention. Coffee is not grown commer- during the dry season or if varieties that cially except in the higher elevations of will resist the mango anthracnose can be Chiriqui, where it is not affected by found the growing of mangoes should be- blight. It is possible the Liberian type, come of large importance. which is less valuable than the Arabian, Mangosteen have been introduced and could be grown near sea level. will probably prove successful. The tree, Indian corn is universally planted for however, does not grow well on its own chicken, horses, mules, and man. It may roots and must be marched. be planted at any time between May 1st Papayas are grown from seed. The and October 1st, although the natives tree bears fruit in from nine months to a usually plant about May 1st and secure year after planting and continues to bear the harvest during July. A second crop for several years. It is best to select seed is planted about October 1st, so that it from the large, long fruits rather than will ripen during December. With proper from the round. Such seed will produce care and cultivation, a good yield may be a much higher percentage of fruit-bearing expected. It may be planted for green trees. The seed from round fruits tends eating corn at any time. Sweet corn does to produce many male or non-fruit-bear- not develop well. • ing trees. The papaya, sometimes called The dasheen, also known as cocoe and the tree melon because of its resemblance tania, flourishes. It is grown from cut- to this fruit, is eaten like a cantaloupe ting the roots like potatoes or by planting and is also used in salads. It may be the head. It is well liked by the natives, cooked while green and makes a very but not so well by foreigners. It makes good substitute for summer squash. It a fine stock food. The young shoots may may be used in many ways in cooking be cooked like asparagus. It should be and is very wholesome. The green pa- planted during the rainy season and ma- paya rubbed over tough meat before cook- tures in from nine to twelve months. ing has a tendency to make it tender. The myrtle family is represented locally The pineapple is widely disseminated, by the guava and rose apple. The guava but is not grown on a large scale. The grows readily and matures in a few years from seeds or cuttings. The fruit is Taboga or Chocoena, which appears to eaten raw or made into preserves. The have been grown for many years on the rose apple is an ornamental tree, but the island of Tahoga, in Panama Bay, has en- fruit has little value. Neither the guava joyed some fame, even in distant parts nor the rose apple has any considerable of the world. This is probably due to local market. The pitanga, or Surinam the fact that travelers to Panama have cherry, has been introduced and bears found it the predominating pineapple and well, but it is largely unknown. also because of its excellent flavor. The The mamey (Mamea Americana) Taboga pine is a fruit of medium to grows from seed and bears fruit in six large size, conical or tapering in shape, to seven years. The fruit has a pleasant many fruits being unsymmetrical, which subacid flavor when eaten raw and it is is said to be due to insect attacks. The also cooked or made into preserves. The "eyes" or surfaces of the fruitlets are hard wood is good for building. flattened, which is in its favor, but the Mangoes abound during the season, but color of the exterior is rather too pale a most of them are from inferior seedling yellow to compare favorably with some of trees and the fruit is fibrous and in many the other kinds. The flesh is nearly white, cases is of indifferent flavor. The choice and, to one not accustomed to this va- East Indian varieties have been introduced riety, is likely to convey the idea of imma- THE MID-PACIFIC 39 turity. In flavor and juiciness, the Tabo- Sugar cane grows exceptionally well. ga pine ranks high. The cane matures in approximately a The Monte Lirio is a local name for a year after planting. Several crops can variety which has been grown for some be taken from the same planting, al- time about the districts of Monte Lirio. though it is advisable to replant in new It closely resembles one of the strains of soil at least every five years. In the Re- Cayenne and is giving promise of being public of Panama a considerable part of one of the best pineapples in our collec- the syrup is bought by the distilleries tion. and made into rum. Plantains, or cooking bananas, are The tamarind does well and the fruit is grown extensively. They are eaten only used, boiled with syrup, in making soft when baked, boiled or fried. Returns may drinks. be had in one year after planting. When Yams bear up to 50 pounds to a hill, properly thinned, leaving not more than but five to fifteen pounds is the more three stalks in each hill, a plantation of common yield. They are planted around plantains may be made to bear contin- poles about eight feet high, with either uously for as long as four or five years. the heads, eyes or small tubers or "seed" Sweet potatoes grow well under culti- which grow on the vines of some varieties. vation and many varieties are found. Of the different varieties one is known They may be expected to mature in from locally as the yampie and has small three to six months and can be planted at tubers about the size of an Irish potato, any time, so two crops may be raised in a and when mashed can hardly be told year. from it. They mature in from nine to Rice of the upland or unirrigated va- eleven months. riety is grown for home consumption by Bees, Live Stock : The stingless black the natives. Only a small part of the honey bee is common, but does consider- rice consumed, however, is grown, the able damage by eating the leaves of young rest being imported, and it forms the citrus trees. Italian bees have been im- staple diet of the majority of the Pana- ported and do well. The honey has a manians and West Indians. In Panama local sale. rice is usually planted in May and matures Cattle are quite common. Breeding up in about five months. for size and milk capacity is being tried The true Para (Hevea) rubber trees on a small scale and offers large possibili- are being tried in an experimental way. ties, as open pasture is available through- Among the sapotaceous fruits are the out the entire year. sapodilla or nispero, the sapote or The native chicken is common and marney colorado, and the star apple. thrives well with little attention. Occa- The trunks of the sapodilla are tapped sionally they are given corn feed, but gen- for the milky latex which is sold as erally forage for themselves. They are chicle, the basis of chewing gum. The small and their eggs are small. tree fruits in from six to eight years The natives allow the hogs to run wild, from seed and grows quite large. It often but by feeding them on small or blown- bears two crops a year. The fruit of the down bunches of bananas and on sweet sapote, due to lack of acidity, is not potatoes, the more thrifty small farmer much relished by foreigners. Seedlings adds to his larder with no additional ex- bear in seven to eight years. The fruit pense. can be shipped, as it can be picked when Chaulmoogra Oil Trees : All of the dif- hard and requires a week to ripen. The ferent species of trees that have been star apple is found wild in the woods planted as possible sources of oil, for use and the fruit is prized, but must be al- in the treatment of leprosy, have been lowed to ripen on the tree. under observation. The most extensive 40 THE MID -PACIFIC planting of any of these is the eight-acre this twain, is one of the strongest, most plantation of Taraktogenos kurzil, progressive republics on the Western planted in June, 1924, at Flat Rock, on Hemisphere. Anderson wrote "Cacique the east bank of the Chargres River, and and Conquistador, Buccaneer and Padre, north of Juan Mina. These trees are Indian, Latin, Teuton, Negro and Asiatic growing well, many of them being 12 to have cone and gone, and in a few years 15 feet in height. One or two flowered the tropical jungle has closed over their during the year, but no fruit resulted, as remains and effaced their impress"—the is frequently the case with the first first three have "passed out" and the flowers. The results attained at Flat Rock jungle, true to its nature, has closed over are quite encouraging so far as the gen- their remains. However, the last six are eral appearance of the trees is concerned. still here, in the melting pot of the uni- Some of these trees are under the shade verse, all taking their parts in shaping of banana plants and others are exposed the destiny of this young republic, in its to full sunlight. It has not been possible twenty-five years of life. to detect any difference in favor of the Oddities : Occupying the center of the shaded or non-shaded trees. The trees Western Hemisphere, it is truly "The have received during the year no fertiliz- Cross Roads of the World," and is rap- ing, no watering, and no other care except idly taking its place in the commercial the cutting of the grass and the leaves of world. encroaching banana plants. At Summit, Owing to its configuration, the Isthmus none of the trees of Taraktogenos kurzil of Panama, running east and west, bends have made satisfactory progress, although twice upon itself. Colon (on the Atlan- they have received the same care as other tic side), not only north, but also west of trees about them. The heavier rainfall at Panama City (on the Pacific side), Flat Rock is doubtless in favor of the creates what seems to be an impossibility trees there. —the sun rising in the Pacific Ocean Likewise, neither of the species of and setting in the Atlantic Ocean. Here, Hydnocarpus at Summit has been making too, is the only place in the world where the development which is desired. These it is possible to swim in both oceans on species include H. anthelminthica and H. the same day. This is easily accomplished, wightiana. Whether these results are as but only forty-eight miles separate the wholly due to dry season conditions has oceans. To accomplish this novel feat, a not been determined. swim can be taken in the Pacific Ocean in Nationalities and Races : No place in the morning, then a train trip of one and the known world has had as many na- three-fourths hours, or twenty minutes tionalities and races playing such impor- by plane, to the Atlantic side and a tant parts in its history as Panama. swim in the Atlantic Ocean—or vice The first clear records show the Indians versa. Then, too, there is the hill where in the fifteenth century, fighting valiantly on a clear day one can stand on its sum- against the Spanish conquerors ; then the mit and view both oceans. English buccaneers, followed by the Sports : The greyhound races take Scotch in their attempt at colonization ; place every year for ninety nights at the next the Dutch, Portuguese and Africans Kennelworth Tracks—beginning about who played their parts ; the French, when the first week in January. they tried to form the key to unlock the Horse racing is in full swing during the two oceans ; then the Americans, profiting whole of the dry season—about January by the experience of the French, shaped first to May first. Special races are run the key. on practically every holiday throughout Now the Canal has wedded the two the year. oceans and Panama. the young child of Now come to Panama. if you wish to. THE MID-PACIFIC 41

kVAA14 Two Stories of Cinchona

strevtaith• • • • wits a

CINCHONA, A TREE THAT HAS Indies died of the disease. And then the ALTERED MAPS Tropics at least partially squared their (National Geographic Society Bulletin.) debt by furnishing the one drug so far Cinchona, source of quinine, whose discovered that can successfully combat 300 years of service to civilized man was malaria. recently celebrated, has probably done The cinchona tree was first found more than any other tree to change the growing wild in forests on the mountain map of the world. slopes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and The bark of this once unknown tree Bolivia. Tradition has it that the value that grew wild in the forests of South of the bark in treating malaria fever was America has made habitable to white first discovered when some fever- men thousands of tropical areas that stricken Indians drank from a pool into formerly were death traps. which a cinchona tree had fallen, and The powerful enemy that cinchona were cured. fights so successfully is malaria. Before Medicine made from cinchona bark the discovery of cinchona and its action, was first used in treating white sufferers little could be done to combat "ague," from fever in northern Peru (now Ecua- "marsh fever," and "jungle fever," as dor) about 1630. After it saved the life malaria was called. It attacked tens of of the Countess of Chinchon, wife of the millions of persons in the Tropics and viceroy of Peru, in 1638, its fame grew the warmer and moist regions of the rapidly. It is to this happy cure that the temperate zones, and caused millions tree owes its name, for in honor of the of deaths. It is believed by some his- countess, Linnaeus named it Cinchona, ' t malaria, nurtured in the torians tha inadvertantly dropping the first "h." marshes of the Campagna, had an im- portant part in bringing about the fall The powdered bark was soon after- of Rome. ward introduced into Spain and other parts of Europe where it was known In Greece, too, this energy-sapping disease is supposed to have played an as "Countess powder" and "Jesuits' insidious role ; and there are some who powder." The latter name was attached explain the passing of the mysterious to it because much of it was taken to Maya civilization of Central America as the old world and distributed by mem- a surrender to the joint attacks of ma- bers of the religious order returning laria and yellow fever. from America. In England it was ad- It was when white men began to live vertised as "fever bark." A marked in the tropical countries that they came demand developed and within a century to realize that malaria (or the various or so the shipment of the bark from aliases under which it passed) was an northwestern South America became an exceedingly dangerous enemy. Many of important industry. The demand for the early colonists in Mexico, Central more and more hark resulted in the de- and South America, India and the East struction of all cinchona trees in reason- 42 THE MID-PACIFIC

Java grows 97% of the total world's production of chinchona from which quinine is made. This picture shows one of the great botanical gardens of Java in which different specimens of chinchona are grown. THE MID-PACIFIC 43 able reach of civilized centers, and there be isolated from the bark, but quinine is seemed danger that the trees might be by far the most important. exterminated. CINCHONA CULTURE IN JAVA But the world had become so depen- dent on the bitter drug from cinchona (In the Malayan Agricultural Journal) that botanists and merchants and states- Owing to the pressure of rapid exploi- men combined to save the industry by tation of cinchona bark in the forests of transplanting it. Plants and seeds were Bolivia, stimulated by the constantly collected about the middle of the nine- growing demand for the product, neither teenth century (in many cases secretly) advice or legal regulation proved effec- and transported to India, Ceylon, and tive to stem the unbridled exploitation Java. The industry failed in Ceylon, but leading to the danger of the extermination Java is now the world's chief producer of the tree in its natural habitat. This of cinchona, with India second in im- danger increased when, after the discov- portance. Relatively small quantities of ery that quinine was the most active the bark are now exported from South f ebrif ugal component, the commercial America. world had learned to value cinchona bark By Nature's strange chemistry there according to the percentage of quinine is manufactured in the bark of certain it contained, and that from the analyses species of the cinchona tree a substance it appeared that the importation of high —quinine—that is sure death to the tiny percentage barks from South America microscopic parasites that, living in the was constantly diminishing. blood, cause malaria. The drug also has This position led to the first attempts a preventive effect, so that it is in- of the Netherlands Government in 1852 dispensable to both sufferers from ma- to transfer cinchona from South America laria and those who will be exposed to to Java in order, if possible, to cultivate the disease. The Indian government finds the plant in regular plantations. This quinine so important that it maintains decision was made not with any idea of extensive groves of cinchona, fosters its financial profit, but to preserve for growth by private horticulturists, and future generations a medical remedy operates factories in which quinine is which had become indispensable and to extracted from the bark. Finally the make it possible to obtain it regularly government uses its postal machinery to in adequate quantities. help distribute the medicine so that one Consequently, a Dutch expedition in may purchase it as easily as he can buy 1852 and an English one in 1860 were a stamp. sent to South America with the object Plantations of cinchona cover more of collecting as many cinchona plants and than 3,500 acres in India, and from seeds as possible in order to transfer these to Java and to British India, re- them 40,000 pounds of quinine are pro- spectively. The Dutch expedition suc- duced yearly. But India uses three times ceeded in collecting live plants and seeds her production ; and if all her millions of several varieties of cinchona. Of the of sufferers from malaria could be prop- 500 plants shipped only 75 were alive on erly treated thousands of additional arrival in Java. From the seeds, how- pounds would be consumed. ever, a great number of plants were For a long time cinchona was admin- raised. istered as a crude infusion from the The British expedition explored the ground bark. The pure alkaloid, qui- western slopes of the Chimborazo and nine, was first isolated from the infusion succeeded in delivering in British India in 1820. Now 30 different alkaloids can more than 450 live plants and about 44 THE MID -PACIFIC

100,000 seeds of the C. succirabra ceived from Charles Ledger. One pound variety. of this seed was purchased by the Neth- Later, the British and Dutch exchanged erlands Government, and was sent to the varieties that each missed, so that Java, while the remaining stock of 13 early in the sixties both countries pos- pounds eventually came into the posses- sessed a fair number of cinchona varie- sion of the British Government. ties, of which the principal were : C. Ian- The seed purchased from Ledger was cifolia, C. cordifolia and C. Trianae from planted by the Dutch in December, 1865, Colombia ; C. succirubra from Chim- and resulted in 12,000 plants reaching borazo; C. officinalis from Loja ; C. nil the transplanting stage. Analyses of the crantha and C. Pahudiana from Hua- bark of these trees from 1872 onwards nuco ; C. caloptera, C. Josephiana and C. showed a surprisingly high quinine con- Calisara from Caravaya. tent, ranging from 8 per cent (the high- With but few exceptions, all varieties est percentage found in 1872) to 13.25 thrived in Java, succeeding best on the per cent (the highest recorded in 1876). plateau of Pengalergen and on the out- Accordingly, with the increasing percent- runners of the neighboring mountains. By ages of quinine found by analyses of further shipments of seed from South Ledger trees, the Government plantations America the number of available plants grew more and more exacting with re- increased rapidly, especially as propaga- gard to the qualities of the trees from tion by cuttings became a practice. which seeds and cuttings should be col- Subsequently, however, it was found lected. that, with the exception of C. officinalis, At this time the Netherlands East all the imported varieties possessed a low Indian Government had for the past 20 percentage of quinine. These barks were years established many plantations, and objectionable to manufacturers as the had spent much time and money on their preparation of pure quinine from them investigations which had yet shown no was rendered more difficult by the rela- prospects of a reasonably profitable re- tively high percentage of total alkaloids. sult. Private enterprise was not yet inter- Moreover, C. officinalis, the bark of ested in the crop and the public looked which was favored by manufacturers, on the project as an expensive hobby of gave the least favorable growth and there- the Governors General. fore the proposal that this variety should With the advent of Ledger cinchona, be grown extensively on plantations net the cultivation of this crop assumed a with little response. new aspect and attracted private enter- For a number of years previously the prises which accepted from the Govern- Calisaya barks had been the most appre- ment free supplies of seed and cuttings. ciated on the market. The planters in Relying on the experience of the Gov- Java possessed four such varieties. In ernment estates, the planters selected these varieties the barks appeared to con- soils of porous structure with much tain an average quinine content of not humus and of recent volcanic origin. more than 1-1.5 per cent. The position Such lands at a suitable height above sea at this time was, therefore, that although level were chiefly found in the Preanger cinchona had been preserved from ex- Regencies on the slopes of volcanoes and termination, its cultivation did not prom- on the plateaus between them. This ex- ise to be an economic success, since cin- plains the fact that of the present 127 chona with a high quinine content could cinchona estates on the island of Java, only be produced in insignificant quanti- 85 are in the Preanger Regencies and ties. these together produce almost 75 per cent It was about this time (1865) that a of the total Java production. new variety of Calisaya seed was re- The development of the cinchona in- THE MID-PACIFIC 45 dustry owes much, therefore, to the cinchona seed maintained, but the quality Netherlands East Indian Government. was considerably improved. The success of the policy is evinced by The adoption of this method possessed the fact that for many years past the the one serious defect that it led to exces- Netherlands East Indian Cinchona Plan- sive attention to the percentage of quinine tations have produced 97 per cent of the only. Other factors such as vigor and total world production, while British thickness of bark were considered, but India has produced 2.5 per cent and the played only a subsidiary part in the ulti- rest of the world .5 per cent. mate selection. Thus the gross amount Generally speaking, the Ledger cin- of quinine, namely the amount of bark chona is distinguished from the other produced, was inadequately taken into Calisayas by botanical type and high qui- account. nine percentage. It is obvious that the amount of qui- Ledger cinchona was considered as the nine produced depends both on the per- original form of the genuine Calisaya centage in the bark and the weight of and named Cinchona Ledgeriana. Owing bark produced. Bark production is, there- to the ease with which cinchona varieties fore, of equal importance to the quinine hybridize, it is probable that C. Calisaya, content of the bark. A method has been which was found in the same district as evolved by which a satisfactory estimate C. Ledgeriana, has been produced by can be made of the quantity of quinine hybridization from the Ledgeriana with which is present at a given moment. The other cinchonas. application of this method has elucidated This fact should be taken into account the various factors influencing the pro- in order to obtain a correct appreciation duction of quinine, such as the quality of of the results obtained with the Ledger the soil, manure and selection. seed. A large number of experiments have Immediately after the results of the also been made on other cultural and first analyses of Ledger barks had been technical points such as planting distance. received, the methods to be adopted were method of cultivation, and manuring. visualized to lie in the direction of en- Grafting methods have been improved couraging the cultivation of this variety and by grafting Ledgeriana cuttings on and of improving the Ledgeriana material Succirubra stock it has been possible to as much as possible by selection. The produce the Ledgeriana bark on less fer- general application of quinine as a rem- tile soils where Ledgeriana seedlings edy for malaria and the indispensability would not thrive. of cinchona bark for its manufacture In these ways the culture of cinchona has justified the first view, while the was raised to a very high level of tech- following will show the improvements nical perfection. The natural result was made with Ledgeriana planting material. that Java cinchona culture was able to In selection work on C. Ledgeriana, resist the long periods of depression its high percentage of quinine and its which frequently occurred. The so-called botanical type were the two qualities "Dutch Cinchona Monopoly" has there- taken into account. Trees were therefore fore come about by reason of the scien- selected which conformed to type and tific advice which from the first has sup- which possessed a high quinine percent- ported the cultivation of cinchona and age. Grafts from such trees were planted the extraordinary perseverance of the in isolated fields so that one could collect Netherlands cinchona planters. from them seed produced exclusively Overproduction was the result of the from cross-fertilization of high percent- successful cultivation of cinchona. While age Ledgerianas. By this method not the consequent serious fall in prices re- only was the constant supply of good sulted in the abandonment of this form 46 THE MID -PACIFIC

of cultivation in favor of tea in tons of quinine per annum would be Ceylon, Java planters concentrated on necessary. The conclusion that the pro- lowering the cost of production and im- duction should be increased to 26,000 proving the cultivation of cinchona to tons of quinine per annum is exclusively withstand these depressions. The main- based on theoretical considerations and tenance of an adequate supply of cin- has no connection with the actual re- chona is, therefore, entirely due to the quirements demanded of an economic perseverance of the Java planters, who system of production. Millions of suf- persisted in their efforts in spite of un- ferers are so poor that they would be favorable circumstances and in spite of unable to purchase quinine at even the the fact that the tea plantations held approximate cost of production. In prac- out better financial prospects. tice the production of quinine can only The Dutch planter need not therefore take into account the law of supply and pay great attention to the views ex- demand. pressed in articles in periodicals and Cinchona growers in the Netherlands newspapers in which the so-called Dutch East Indies certainly will not agree with Cinchona Monopoly is discussed in a Dr. Balfour, who is responsible for the manner which, as a rule, exhibits much above-quoted figures, and who thinks that unfriendliness, but little knowledge of an International Committee should be ap- the true state of affairs. After Ceylon pointed in order to see how the produc- abandoned cinchona cultivation and after tion of cinchona bark can be raised con- most of the private planters in British siderably. Such a committee would first India had also given it up as not being have to answer the question: how the sufficiently profitable, the Netherlands large stocks owned by cinchona growers Indies remained practically alone as a at present and also their normal produc- producing country. The so-called monop- tion can be used to the benefit of malaria- oly of the Netherlands Indies has there- stricken countries whilst, at the same fore come about in an entirely natural time, the cultivation of cinchona is safe- way, the way which led to the "survival guarded and may be maintained on an of the fittest." economically sound basis. It is evident Such a monopoly resulting in a main that this question deserves to receive the producer is entirely different from mo- attention of the League of Nations. nopolies created by special laws and Moreover, this question is of the maintained by official regulations. The greatest importance when malaria has to Netherlands East Indies Government has be suppressed. In support may be never tried to maintain a monopoly of quoted the resolution of the Malaria cinchona bark production ; on the con- Commission of the League of Nations : trary it has repeatedly given its highly "The first and most important thing to selected cinchona seeds to those colonial do in malarious localities is to arrange governments who wished to grow cin- for the treatment of the disease by chona bark, thus sparing them the trou- quinine." ble and difficulties of work of selection. While the provision of inexpensive It may now properly be asked, what quinine is of great importance, it is clear obligations does the special cinchona posi- that as long as interested parties in the tion impose upon the Netherlands East struggle against malaria do not sufficiently Indies ? take into account the conditions that Statistically it is shown that 650,000,- make quinine production economically 000 people, or a third of the human race, possible all discussions about lower prices are suffering from malaria, while 2,000,- and larger production will be vain and 000 die annually from this cause. For worthless. the treatment of these patients 26,000 On this question the Dutch cinchona THE MID -PACIFIC 47 bark and quinine producers have tried to this cinchona agreement is and will be to come into contact with the Malaria Com- ensure as far as possible the continued mission of the League of Nations. It existence of an economically profitable has now been arranged that the matter cultivation of cinchona. will be discussed by representatives of The agreement has existed for seven- the Kinabureau and delegates of the teen years, during which time it has not Commission. The Kinabureau has also abused its position by the unreasonable tried to interest the Health Board of the forcing up of prices. Rockefeller Foundation. The Dutch cin- The Government has greatly helped chona planters and quinine manufactur- towards making the Cinchona Agree- ers will be found ready to give all pos- ment and, as a bark producer, has become sible assistance if the Foundation decides a signatory to this agreement, being con- to apply itself to this task. vinced of its economic importance to the The cinchona planters have attempted industry. It is absolutely out of the ques- to preserve an economically profitable tion that the Government, either directly cultivation by means of the Cinchona or indirectly, would participate in a Agreement. measure which would serve as a means of In the past the planters, who were unreasonably forcing up the price of cin- totally unorganized, suffered periods of chona bark with an eye to purely mercan- depression owing to overproduction. tile considerations. Manufacturers were the real masters of The interest of producers cannot lie the market, as they had for some years in a "trust" for forcing up prices, but reached a certain degree of cooperation, demands the sale of as much quinine as consequently, it was noticeable that dur- possible at prices at which a profitable ing low prices for the bark there was an cultivation can be maintained perma- ample margin between the prices for qui- nently. It is therefore logical that the nine in the bark and the quinine as a producers will try, side by side with a market product. normal sale of quinine, to supply as large Unanimity amongst producers, how- quantities of quinine as possible at very ever, was not reached until their estates low prices with a view to the quininiza- had once more been placed in a critical tion of malarial regions with impover- position during the years 1910-1912, ished populations. owing to the low prices of bark. The Without the Cinchona Agreement, the new organization of bark producers supply of cheap quinine to malarial dis- opened up negotiations with the quinine tricts would by no means be assured. manufacturers leading in July, 1913, to Quinine would then frequently become a the Cinchona Agreement. Until today speculative article in the hand of middle- this cooperation has been maintained by men who would not be concerned in the fresh agreements. The control of the supply of cheap quinine to impoverished correct execution of this agreement is sufferers from malaria, and the various entrusted to the Kinabureau in Amster- governments would not have the assur- dam, which is constituted of six repre- ance of adequate supplies of cheap qui- sentatives of the planters and six of the nine for many years, a certainty which manufacturers. The cooperation between the Cinchona Agreement now furnishes producers and manufacturers is not a them. "trust" arising from a desire to exploit a monopolistic position, but a result ex- However strange this may sound, it is clusively of the imperative need for put- precisely the much-discussed "Cinchona ting an end to the great variations in Trust" which offers the best chance of price which jeopardized the security of supplying the malarial regions with the bark producers. The main object of cheap quinine. THE MID-PACIFIC

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PHILIPPINE Sri %ILA E A ISLANDS

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The Riu-Kiu Islands lie off the coast of China, extending from the southern point of Japan, in a curving chain some 550 miles long, to the island of Formosa. THE MID-PACIFIC 49

6,,..,,____.,,._._ „7,,,:y,,K7i,K7i,K7.„,:7, . „7, w„,,,7„,7,,,,n„„3.,7,,,,,,,„, An Excursion to the Riu-Kiu Islands By P. J. SCHMIDT (Member of the Soviet Delegation to the Third Pan-Pacific Science Conference in Tokyo.)

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In November, 1926, after the Third Having spent ten days in Tokyo in Pan-Pacific Science Congress in Tokyo preparation for the trip, I left there on and after a very interesting excursion to November 27, 1926. After a short stay Beppu, Aoshima Island and Kagoshima, in Osaka I arrived on November 29 in organized by the Congress, I decided to Kagoshima, wherefrom I intended to undertake a trip to the Riu-Kiu islands, start to the Riu-Kiu islands. On the which long ago, already at my first visit 1st of December I left Kagoshima on the to Japan, had inspired in me great in- S.S. Daigi Maru of Osaka Shosen Kai- terest. sha, but the next morning I awoke in Although one of the first descriptions Kagoshima again, the steamer having of these islands, and a very picturesque had engine trouble and gone back to the one, was given by our renowned Russian harbor. The second attempt to leave Ka- writer, J. A. Goncharov (1812-1891), goshima on the same steamer after re- who visited the islands in 1854 on board pairs had been made, on December 3, was the frigate Pallas, none of the Russian again unsuccessful ; we had made but travelers or naturalists had since been two miles down the bay, when we were to the Riu-Kiu islands. Of the West- obliged to return again ; and only on De- European and American naturalists there cember 4, after a transloading to another were also very few who had visited the steamer of the same company, the An- islands to explore their nature, which is ping Maru, I succeeded in leaving Kago- in many points highly interesting. In shima. This delay gave me an occasion our museums the zoological and botani- to make a short excursion the fourth of cal objects from the Riu-Kiu islands December to the slopes of the splendid were totally wanting and very few ethno- volcano Sakurajima, where I collected graphical collections are to be found. I some plants and insects. decided therefore to spend some weeks In the morning of December 6, 1926, on these islands and to gather as much the Anping Maru anchored in the bay of material as possible for one naturalist, Naze, the chief town of Amami-Oshima, working without assistants and with very the northernmost island of the Riu-Kiu modest funds. chain. This small settlement of about I am very much indebted to the Na- 10,000 inhabitants was for three weeks tional Research Council of Japan and to my headquarters. I lived there in a Jap- its president, Professor Joji Sakurai, for anese inn, "Suhuiro," and arranged on their kind recommendations and the Jap- the veranda of my room a zoological lab- anese government, as during my travel oratory, where fishes and other animals on the Riu-Kiu islands I met assistance were prepared and preserved and plants everywhere and a very friendly reception for the herbarium were dried. on the part of the Japanese authorities. I intended to undertake from that 50 THE MID-PACIFIC place some trips to the neighboring fish- were also collected some insects, tritons ing villages and to the interior parts of and snakes. A specimen of a gigantic the island, but it would have been for me, frog (Rana mitsukurii), which seems to not knowing either the local conditions be the second specimen known, was also nor the language, a very difficult task, obtained here. had I not found a most hearty and en- On my coming back to Naze I decided gaging reception in the Catholic Mission to undertake an excursion to the central of Naze. The members of the mission, part of the island to collect animals, birds Frenchmen from Canada working for and insects of the virgin forests which many years in Amami-Oshima and know- abound in the mountains of Amami- ing everybody and anything there, kindly Oshima. The chief engineer of the guided me and introduced me to all the hydroelectric station providing Naze inhabitants who could he useful for my with electricity kindly invited me to stay collecting work. at the station of Kamia, situated in the With their assistance I arranged on Sumiyo district on the river Nishina- December 8 an excursion to Kominato, kama, and in fact I could not have found a village on the east coast of the island, a better place for getting an insight into 10 kilometers from Naze. I made a trip the living nature of Amami-Oshima. I in a boat with two fishermen and col- also intended to collect some birds and lected some fishes and sea animals. Here mammals and was especially interested in the coral reefs could be observed, which the famous "ruri-kakessu," the Japanese are interesting as the last outposts of the bluebird (Lalocitta lidtii), and the "ku- tropical coral reefs zone. They do not ro-ussagi," the black hare (Pentelagus go farther north and the coral shrubs on jeffreysi). Both are today regarded in the sea bottom here are very poor and do Japan as "natural monuments," and are not form such a dense vegetation as I strictly preserved and protected by the afterwards saw on the Okinawa island. law. But in a diplomatic way from the But there are many coral-fishes and in Ministry of the Interior I obtained a spe- general the 'fish fauna is very rich and cial permit to kill five hares and ten blue- of a genuine tropical character. I in- birds. I engaged for this purpose a Jap- structed the postmaster of Kominato to anese hunter, Mr. Nakagawa, as I had collect fishes for me and got from him too much to do in collecting plants and later a very nice collection belonging to insects. the adjacent bay. We started with Mr. Nakagawa on De- My second excursion was to the vil- cember 14 in an autobus, connecting lage Daikuma at the entrance of the Naze Naze with Koniya, the second town on Bay, where I passed three days (Decem- the southern point of Amami-Oshima, ber 10-12), living in a small house by the and after three hours of a severely nerve- Catholic church. I undertook here an racking drive along the mountainous excursion with the fisherman and ob- east coast of the island, we reached the tained plenty of small fishes, which small village Nishinakama on the mouth proved to be very interesting and some of the river bearing the same name. The of them were new to the fauna of the electric station is situated at a distance Riu-Kiu islands. Then I gathered here of about three kilometers in a picturesque on the shore some representatives of the cleft, where the river breaks forth from littoral fauna below the stones and in the mountains in a roaring torrent. We the tidepools. I found there many ophi- were very kindly received there by the ures (Ophiocoina scolopendrina Lam.), assistant engineer, and passed a week in s m all starfishes (Patiriella exigua his small Japanese house with hunting, Lam.), crabs, holothurians, molluscs and collecting and preparing all that was worms. In the environs of Daikuma available in the surroundings. Unf or- THE MID-PACIFIC 51 tunately the winter season was very se- cially trained clog, but the season was vere. The weather was stormy and unfavorable also for this kind of hunt- rainy, and not much animal life was to ing. After two rambles in the mountains be seen in the virgin forest covering the of two days each, my hunters brought me mountains, where I chiefly directed my only one living young hare, a handsome rambles. This dense forest of various animal, smaller than a rabbit with short oaks and evergreen lauraceous trees in- rat-like ears, sharp claws and black- termingled with camphor trees, arbores- brown fur. But as I promised the hunt- cent ferns (Cyathea spinulosa), inter- ers a good reward when I went back to woven by lianas and other climbing Naze, in two or three days a full-grown plants and sometimes with trunks cov- hare had been shot and was sent to me ered by orchidean epiphytes, was nearly there by the autobus. In this.way I ob- destitute of animal life, whereas in sum- tained two specimens of this extremely mer it abounds with birds, snakes and rare animal owned by a few museums lizards. The most amazing thing for me only. was that even under the stones and A collection of plants, especially of fallen trees I could neither find beetles ferns, two species of snakes, one frog, nor any other insects. They completely two tritons, some species of land mol- disappeared during the winter, although luscs, spiders and crabs, a dozen species the temperature was not below 15° C. of butterflies, was nearly all that I could Only some splendid tropical butterflies obtain here during my one full week's appeared on sunny clays on the few flow- stay among this amazingly rich tropical ering plants. Very few insects either spot, in spite of the fact that everything could be collected by night ; our house was done so as not to lose a single hour shone brightly with electric lights in the in collecting so far as the weather al- night, but attracted very few moths and lowed. beetles, though in the summer they form On December 22, I was back at Naze a real pest, as I was told by the inhabi- and, as the next day the steamer going tants. to Okinawa island was expected, I pre- Neither was the hunting of Mr. Naka- pared to leave for that town. I hoped gawa highly successful, but he neverthe- that on the southern island I would find less obtained six specimens of Lalocitta better climatic conditions and a more lidtii, which abounded in the neighbor- normal animal life, but a heavy storm hood of our house and came every morn- broke out, and three days elapsed in vain ing in flocks of three or four birds into expectation. The steamer, that same our kitchen-garden. This splendid bird Anping Maru, came December 26 and being strictly protected has now lost any departed the next day in very stormy fear of man and I often could observe it weather. from distances of twenty to twenty-two On December 28 we arrived at Naha paces. Of the other birds only about a (or Nafa), the chief town of the Oki- dozen were obtained by my hunter, who nawa Prefecture. I was very heartily did not prove to be very skillful in shoot- received by a delegation of the Mom- ing. buto (the Department of Education of It was exceedingly difficult also to get the Prefecture) and everything was done the "black hare." This rodent lives in by the authorities to facilitate my task the forest thickets on the mountain and to make my stay in Okinawa profit- slopes and by daytime hides in tree-holes, able and agreeable. where he makes his nest. He runs I paid a visit to the governor of the swiftly and climbs trees easily, but goes Okinawa Prefecture, H. E. Imajiuku, out in the night only. I engaged two and met with a very kind reception. The hare-hunters of the country with an espe- governor promised me every assistance 52 THE MID-PACIFIC in my research work and actually ful- We turned from there to the village filled his promise. On December 30 an Itzumi at the foot of the Katsuodake excursion was organized for me to the mountain, which I intended to ascend. northern part of Okinawa island into the This mountain rises to about 500 meters Kunchan district, where the population above the sea level and is rather easy of is scarce and nature is in a most primitive ascent but I did not reach the summit, as state. The governor gave me his own the time was too short. The pine trees motor car for this trip and my new Jap- (Pinus luchuensis) covering the slopes anese friends, who had shown me pre- ascend to 430 meters above sea level. I viously all that was to be seen in Naha was greatly puzzled by the fact that the and in the neighboring old town Shuri, vegetation on this southern island has Mr. A. Yamashiro (professor of the not such a prominently tropical character English language in the secondary school as on the Amami-Oshima. of Naha) and Dr. K. Awaya (director We then passed from Itzumi to To- of the fishery school), accompanied me guchi on the outermost part of the penin- as guides and interpreters and facilitated sula and visited this interesting fishing as much as possible my hard task of col- village. lecting natural objects in very few days. On January 1, 1927, our excursion We started from Naha on December was directed to Tsuha, a small village on 30. Our way ran along the west coast the west coast, where the island is nar- of the island not far from the sea be- rowest, as two opposite bays cut in. tween plantations of sugar cane, maize Here we ascended the mountain ridge, and potatoes. Sometimes we passed for- which is only 320 meters high, and went ests of pine trees (Pinus luchuensis) and down on its eastern slope toward Arumi mangroves flourishing near the seashore. bay. I got the same impression from the Along the island to the east of our road aspect of this island's nature as on the ran a low mountain ridge, which rises preceding day. Though we were cross- higher to the north. Some low hillocks ing a virgin forest, it did not bear such are formed by the old coral reefs raised a tropical character as on the Amami- in the last geological periods. The coun- Oshima. We did not see any arborescent try is densely populated, and we passed ferns nor palms, nor lianas, nor orchids ; many Riukian villages with high-roofed pine trees, bamboo and evergreen shrubs houses in the shade of high trees. The prevailed throughout. culture of sugar cane seems to be the The same afternoon we were obliged chief occupation of the inhabitants. to return to Naha, as our motor car was We stopped at about 50 kilometers needed there. This excursion of three from Naha, in a small town, Nago, lying days gave me a general idea of the nature on the bay which is formed by a penin- of the island and moreover some collec- sula stretching to the west. A modest tions of plants and insects were gath- Japanese inn gave us shelter for two ered. In Nago I met a hunter, Mr. Sa- days, occupied in excursions to the en- saki, who kindly sent me some birds virons for collecting animals and plants. afterwards to Naha which he shot at my On December 31 we visited the village request. There were a&) gathered some Oigava and the historical places of Un- reptiles, and a small collection of fishes ten, where, on a picturesque wooded hill, was sent to me later on by one of the a monument is erected to the Japanese students of Dr. Awaya, whom we met on hero, Minamoto Tametomo. In the neigh- the bay of Unten, where a small station borhood very interesting old "graves of of the fishery school of Naha is estab- the 100 Anzu" and graves of the kings lished. of the Samboku dynasty (XIV century) The most interesting point for me on were also shown to us. the Okinawa island and the most suitable THE MID-PACIFIC 53 one for collecting fishes and sea animals Equipped in this way we organized and for studying the fauna of the coral three excursions to different parts of the reefs was the fishing village Itoman on bay on January 3, 4 and 5, each one tak- the southern coast of the island. I de- ing with all preparations nearly a whole cided to remove to this place on the next day. day (January 2). Mr. Yamashiro and Furnished with the "garas-hako," a Dr. Awaya kindly accompanied me and small cask with glass bottom, a very in- a young teacher of the primary school genious Japanese invention, I could ob- acted as my assistant and helped me 'serve the magnificent scenes at the bot- greatly by collecting. tom of the sea, covered with coral shrubs We stayed in a small Japanese inn and and peopled by shoals of brightly-col- were assisted in the organization of our ored fishes, by sea-stars and sea-urchins, excursion by the previous mayor of holothurians and molluscs. As soon as I Itoman, Mr. Tamashiro Goro. saw something that seemed to be inter- The small village is almost entirely esting, I instructed the diver and he occupied in fishing and is regarded as brought me what I needed. Or he lifted the chief point of the fishing industry. from the bottom some entire coral shrubs This last is, in general, highly developed and we gathered from between their at Okinawa. According to the informa- branches a multitude of ophiures, mol- tion which I got in the fishery school of luscs, worms and other animals. Naha, there were in 1924 caught on the We also visited the coral reefs ex- island: posed by the tide and hunted different Thun fish (katsuo) valued at_.Y2,000,000 sea animals in the tide pools and in the Gurukun-fish 400,000 crevices of the reefs. Only on the sec- Mackerel (maguro) 80,000 ond day, when we took hammers and Cuttlefish (ika) 100,000 crowbars in our boats, was our work Flying fish (tubu) 60,000 on the reefs successful; we smashed the Fishery products were exported from coral chalk of the reefs and searched out Okinawa island to the value of 2,500,000 the animals hidden in its cavities ; other- yen. Dried thun fish (katsuobussi) and wise it was impossible-to get them out. mackerel (magurobussi), dried cuttlefish These three days of collecting work and dried shark-fish are the chief prod- gave me very rich material in sea ani- ucts of export. mals inhabiting the coral reefs, and Every evening a fish market is held in many of them proved to be highly inter- the market place of Itoman, where the esting or new to science. most unusual and strange multicolored The day of January 6 was spent in tropical fishes from the adjacent bay are packing up the ten cases with my collec- offered for sale. In a few days I gath- tions gathered at Itoman, and on January ered here a large collection of fishes. But 7 I returned to Naha. On January 12 I I intended also to study and to collect left this nice and hospitable town and other sea animals of the coral reefs, bade adieu to my Japanese friends, who which encircle the bay of Itoman and are had given me so enjoyable a reception. exposed at low tide. After a very hard trip by the way of Only small indigenous canoes, long Kobe, Fusan, Keijo, Harbin and the and straight like the Indonesian pirogues, could be hired in the village. For more Trans-Siberian railway with scientific comfortable work we tied two boats to- baggage amounting to thirty-three pieces gether and engaged four fishermen, of and weighing nearly 1% tons, I happily whom two were good divers, for only by reached Leningrad on February 5 and diving could sea animals be obtained brought safely home everything that had from the coral reefs. been collected. 54 THE MID-PACIFIC

So wonderfully efficient is diatomaceous earth as a heat insulator, that when hot iron cars used to convey molten metal from the blast furnaces for heavy castings are lined with two inches of this prepared material, the hand can be held on the outside of the car without discomfort. THE MID-PACIFIC 55

411/4,104MIMS/111/ /: •0.1„MUP 4M, MPAJDV V114 ar MINK/ • • • TC77 • • MIM, • ,f, MA414 10,10,041 WI il The Production and Marketing ., of Diatomaceous Earth By A. L. LOMAX In the Commonwealth Review, University of Oregon.

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Diatomaceous earth is one of the least though destitute of special organs, per- known of nature's non-metallic miner- forms all the functions of life. Repro- als ; it is at the same time the most pic- duction is by longitudinal cell division. turesque and absorbing, whether viewed When the plant dies, the soft organic in its snow-white quarry massiveness, or inner cell matter disintegrates, but the in- more minutely as a spattering of powder soluble shell of silica sinks to the bottom under a high-powered microscope. The of the lake or pond and there accumu- subject becomes even more interesting lates with millions of other discarded when further study reveals its everyday bodies to form a diatom bed through the utility in manufacturing and its constant geologic ages. Living diatoms are found but hidden uses in articles of common at great depths of the sea, in a variety daily consumption. of temperatures, as well as in fresh-water Diatomaceous earth, like many other lakes and ponds. Antarctic voyagers have commercial articles, has suffered from found the little plants at extraordinary inaccuracies of nomenclature which per- depths. sist even after unquestioned scientific Diatom deposits are found where geolo- authorities have properly classified them. gists have evidence of both ancient fresh Common usage, more often than not, is and salt-water bodies. For the most part the force which firmly entrenches a name deposits are of tertiary origin and are in the public mind, scientific treatises to found in the London clays of the eocene the contrary. Hence, this widely used period, where it is thought they came into article has as many appellations as a being during the transition from the cre- king. It is known the world over as taceous. Proof of this is determined by kieselguhr, infusorial earth, tripolite, excavations in the foothills of the coast tripoli, fossil flour, and desmid earth, and, range of California, which is largely of like most widely marketable commodities, cretaceous origin. it is sponsored under various trade names, The aforementioned deposits are widely chief of which are celite, calatom, filter- scattered throughout the world. The larg- cel, pacatome, and whiteurth. As a mat- est and most important deposit commer- ter of fact, it is not an earth at all, cially is that in Santa Clara county, although the most commonly applied term California. Other deposits in the United is diatomaceous earth. More recently the States are in Washington, Oregon, name has been shortened to the more Nevada and New Mexico, as well as in preferable diatomite. many eastern states, notably Florida, Vir- Diatomite is a powdery, chalk-like sub- ginia, Maryland, Maine, New Hamp- stance composed of the discarded siliceous shire, Massachusetts, New Jersey and bodies of microscopic flowerless aquatic New York. Canadian deposits have been plants, called algae. Each living diatom located in Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, is composed of a single living cell, and and British Columbia. Other foreign 56 THE MID -PACIFIC . . deposits are in Russia, Algeria, Germany, of operations for the largest deposit in Ireland, Greece and many other countries. the world, open surface cuts are made Diatomite, when pure, is white, although with occasional light blasting. The prac- there are decreasing darker colors run- tice in the Oregon and Washington beds ning to brown, gray, or green, according is to remove the overburden by steam to the Bureau of Mines (Canada). shovels ; the underlying white earth is Other interesting data concerning the then taken out by hand tools. Many organism are that one cubic inch contains quarries use electrically operated channel from 40,000,000 to 70,000,000 diatoms. machines. It is estimated by the United It is natural to suppose that, even though States Bureau of Mines that 100,000 ages have elapsed since the deposition of tons of diatomaceous earth were mined the siliceous shells, some moisture would in 1929. be contained in the closely packed beds. After the quarrying operation, the ma- This is found to be true when diatomite terial is split and piled in the air for is being prepared for market, for it is forty or fifty days to insure thorough dry- necessary to extract the 15-40% mechan- ing. When air-drying is not resorted to, ically held water. This can be driven off kilns are used to drive out the natural at 105° C. and if the heating is kept moisture in the crude material. Removal constant for 24 hours, all moisture can to the mill next takes place in order to be eliminated. Below is given a table prepare the rough lumps for market by with the chemical composition of the sawing them into blocks or bricks or by product : crushing and grinding to make powder. Silica (SiO,) 80.53%-82.22% There is practically no waste, since the Alumina (A1203) 5.80 - 2.43 saw scatterings are carefully cleaned and Iron oxide (Fe203) 1.03 - 1.27 reworked into bricks, tile and similar Lime 0.35 - 0.28 Water and organic matter_ 12.03 -11.70 products or sold in bulk. MgO - 0.93 If the diatomite is to be sold in bags, Potash (K20) - 0.38 Soda (Na2O) - 0.46 it is finely pulverized and segregated by an air flotation process which permits the 99.83% carriage of the very finest and lightest The purest grades of diatomaceous portions of the blown powder to storage earth contain 94% silica and 6% of bins and causes the coarser and heavier water when thoroughly air-dried. particles to be retained. The higher The unit of measure of a diatom is a quality material is then sacked and pre- micron, which is one-thousandth of a pared for shipment. In this process, if millimeter. An average-size diatom is grinding is too vigorous, fracture of the about ninety microns, or 90/1000 of a delicate diatom shells will result, which millimeter. increases the density and lowers the Diatomite is commonly mined by the quality of the ultimate product. open cut method on account of the soft Diatomaceous earth has such a wide texture of the product and its nearness diversity of uses that it has been said the to the surface of the earth. After the market has no limit. This universality has overburden is removed (the amount created a steady demand in the industrial varies With the different deposits) the field where quality of product is the prime diatomite is obtained either by channel- essential. Hence, purchasers are careful ling, cutting or blasting. When the latter to ascertain the chemical purity of a given method prevails there is considerable deposit before they place orders. Not waste and it is seldom used unless it is only are buyers meticulous on this point, impossible to use the less severe but more but the character of the discarded sili- efficient saws or channeling machines. ceous valves of the plant must be deter- At Lompoc, California, which is the seat mined by microscopic examination in or- THE MID - PACIFIC 57 der to classify them for certain uses. The Filler Rubs apparent density of the material must also Sinks Rubber Finger nails be known. In general, it may be said Phonograph records Teeth there are no rigid specifications or tests Sealing wax for diatomaceous earth or its products. Match boxes Absorbent Match heads Liquid disinfectant Various users have their own require- Soaps Liquid manure ments for raw materials and they seek a Paint Waste sulphite Paper product which approximates their stand- Oxides of nickel Papier mache (catalyst) ards. Insulating brick must be compact, Oil cloth Extract of vitamins coherent and sawable, whereas ceramic Linoleum from rice polishings Curtain cloth material is required to be low in impuri- Fireproofing Chemical Reagent ties, particularly iron. For filtering, the Calcimine Roofing Sodium silicate shape of the shells has much to do with Drugs Ultramarine its salability as well as the absorptive Batteries Aniline colors Aliziren colors power. The shell forms run true to type Casein glue —the shape and design indicate from Source of pure silica what part of the world they come. In One of the principal and rapidly ex- other words, physical characteristics are panding uses of the earth is in the heat more dominant as a sales feature than industries, where it is considered an ideal chemical properties, a point which is insulation for high temperatures, as in quite marked in the insulating and filter iron and steel manufacturing. It has market, where an earth with dead air been proven that a 4Y2-inch lining of spaces is more desirable than one where diatomaceous earth brick around the the density is greater. In filtration, large bustle pipe of a blast furnace will reduce unbroken valves are highly desirable. the temperature at that point fifty de- The following uses are listed showing grees ; make it more uniform at the possibilities in market development : tuyeres ; and produce a better quality of pig iron. So effective is this material as Filter Insulator an insulator that when hot-metal cars Sugar Steam pipes Oil Water pipes used for carrying the molten iron from Coal tar Boilers blast furnace to mixer or the open Tanning Ovens hearth were lined with a two-inch layer Gas Tanks Acid Cookers of silocel, the hand could be held on the Color Furnaces outside without injury or discomfort. Wine Kilns About 90% of all the diatomaceous Beer Annealing pots Fruit juices Evaporators earth produced is consumed in filtration, Adhesives Dryers insulation, concrete mix, and as a filler. Alcoholic extracts Gas generators The individual cells retain their struc- Dyestuffs Heat treatment Chemicals Flues ture even at as high a temperature as Glycerine Hot-metal cars 1,260° C. Disintegration occurs at Liquid soap Mixers 1,300° C. Metallic solutions Sound Pharmaceuticals Fire With the development of high-pres- Shellac Heat sure steam lines in industry, diatomite Varnish Cold Mould remover Moisture makes a fine insulator and is the princi- Bacteriological Safes pal ingredient of many of the so-called Laboratory Refrigerators asbestos products used to wrap such Serum preparations Electric fuses pipes. So important is it that the larg- Building Materials Abrasive est manufacturer of asbestos heat insu- Plaster Metals lating products acquired control of the Floor coverings Glass business which contributes 85% of the Brick Furniture Tile Enamel domestic supply. 58 THE MID-PACIFIC

The product is greatly in demand as a tant from the principal producing quar- filter in the sugar industry ; also as a de- ries in California. "Only a well-financed colorizer. and well-directed company can hope to As a mixer in concrete, it is found the engage successfully in the diatomite concrete is made more workable and seg- business, for there are numerous deposits regation is largely eliminated. within reasonable distance of large cen- Continued researches within the indus- ters of use." try itself, together with those conducted Attention is directed to the fact that by the various consumers of diatoma- since the product must be packaged suit- ceous earth, have created expanding ably for the trade, the cost of containers markets for the product. It will thus be is an important item in competition and seen that the three largest outlets are in represents approximately $4.00 to $4.50 the building trades for insulation and fil- per ton of sacked material. tration. While new users are constantly com- The material is marketed in crude ing into the field, to indicate the gaining lumps, powder, bricks, blocks and kiln- popularity of diatomite, the supply of burned bricks. If intended for filtration, raw material is still much greater than the powder and aggregates are packed in demand. This represents one of the burlap bags weighing from ninety to one prime problems of the industry. In order hundred pounds each. This should be to stimulate market expansion by direct- equal to about twelve to seventeen pounds ing consumers' attention to new uses, per cubic foot, apparent density. Heat the Celite company at Lompoc, Califor- insulation uses all forms, whereas sound nia, has equipped an expensive labora- deadeners require intermediate quality. tory at the quarry to study the product. Bricks and blocks, because they frac- This stimulating research program indi- ture easily, are packed in cartons and cates the potential expansiveness of the crates which hold 25 9-inch bricks with diatomite market made possible by con- a gross weight running from fifty to tinuing discoveries. In some industries seventy-five pounds each. it is an essential product ; in others, while Due to the character of the product, less important, it adds certain qualities that is, its bulk and light weight, trans- which make it desirable as an ingredient. portation costs play an important part in Constant research has added to market the marketing problem. The high freight knowledge, but complete standardization rate is a deterring factor, according to throughout the industry is an impossibil- one authority, who says that the "best ity, since each deposit has its own pecu- grades only will stand shipment across liar characteristics. This feature does the continent." It is assumed then, that make possible, however, standardization this would hold true for the western pro- of product within a given organization ducers with their high-grade deposits, for various grades of diatomite which who are naturally quite desirous of are mined on the property owned by the reaching the profitable eastern market. corporation. This has caused some producers to con- As far as foreign competition is con- tact only local buyers in preference to cerned, the domestic consumers need shipping farther away. Furthermore, have no fear, since domestic deposits are the product's extreme lightness enforces superior, and, in addition, the earth is not the minimum carload shipment. suited to water transport, on account of Filtration represents the largest mar- its moisture-absorbing qualities and its ket. With the principal sugar refineries light, though bulky nature. Although located on the Atlantic seaboard and a diatomite enters this country duty free, few on the Pacific, the market is split, only 2,911 tons, valued at $23,183, were with the most important section far dis- imported in 1928.

THE MID-PACIFIC 5(1

The Eel in Japan

The Hawaiian idea of spearing fish and eels.

No Japanese is unacquainted with the as a luxury food by professional cooks. "unagi," while the eel is well known in But, in spite of the fact that the eel is the West. In America the eel is not re- so common, it is one of the most myster- garded as anything more than a very com- ious creatures in this world. Its life is mon fish, perhaps like the catfish, and is unknown in all its details and the secrets the plague of fishermen in warm waters of its birth are shrouded in mystery. who find that they have caught one of Hence many strange tales have been told these creatures instead of the fish they of eels, mostly false, while the truth which are after. But in Western Europe, par- biologists are now approaching is stranger ticularly in Denmark, Germany and still than the wildest tales which have Sweden, the eel is as valued as in Japan. been told about this creature. The cause Indeed the eel in Europe has, perhaps, for all this speculation about the eel is found a more useful food function than the fact that no one has seen an eel with in Japan, for in the former continent it mature eggs or discovered the eggs after is a common fish eaten on many occasions, spawning. Hence Aristotle, Pliny, Athe- while in this country the eel is regarded— naeus, and Appian among the ancients, in spite of its abundance—as more or less and Rondelet and Gessner among the a luxury. The reason for the latter fact writers of the middle ages, make no ac- is that Japanese eat the eel only when count of the generation of eels excepting broiled and dipped in a sauce made up of that they have a spontaneous origin from "mirin" or sweet wine, soy, sugar and mud, dew, horsehair, skin of old eels, etc. some other ingredients. Indeed, the sauce Another worthy scholar, Albertus Mag- is more or less of a trade secret and the nus, wrote in the 13th century that "the leading eel shops guard carefully the eel comes out of the water in the night- recipe for their delicious eels. The fact time into the fields, where he can find that "unagi" in Japan are broiled over hot pease, beans, and lentils." Even in this coals, are killed just before cooking, and modern day there are those who state that are difficult creatures for the housewife the eel makes excursions on dry land, to skin and handle, accounts perhaps for while they even climb up Niagara Falls the fact that they have been monopolized and thus gain access to the upper lakes. 60 THE MID-PACIFIC

Consider again the eels of Imbanuma, a know they are destined for the States and swamp in Chiba-ken, where enormous the European fish, for Europe. Since the specimens are caught. The eel catchers currents are against them, when making pole along the surface of the swamp and, their way westward, we can only surmise with a rake, dig deeply into the mud of that the American eels come from a pio- the swamp from whence they extricate neering and hardier stock ! their slimy catch. Now Imbanuma has But what of Japanese eels ? No one no connection with the sea, and how could knows as yet where they breed, excepting eels occur there unless, indeed, they made that it is some spot in the vast Pacific a their way across the dry land from the thousand meters below the surface. Im- salt water ? agine for a moment this place. Here per- This then is the extraordinary thing haps come myriads and myriads of eels about the eels. Although found in lakes, from Japan, China, the Malays, Can- streams and even ditches far from the ada, United States, Mexico, South Amer- sea or in places where they could be pres- ica, Australia, the East Indies and South ent only after wriggling up the rocky face Seas and maybe from the Indian Ocean. of waterfalls, the eel—before it could Consider for a moment all the various have gotten to its new home—has already climes and scenes which this multitude of traveled thousands of miles across the fish have beheld. Arriving at their des- ocean and worked its way up the stream, tination they swim downwards into the or along some hidden connection as at depths and there spawn their eggs. And Imbanuma. Let us then consider the life that duty done, their life has been com- history of an eel. In the fall when eels pleted. Instead of dying of old age, these which have been living in fresh waters eels gradully jellify and thus dissolve into have attained their full growth, bodily the ocean from whence they had their changes take place. Both sexes turn sil- being, as mysteriously as they were born. very and the eyes of the male increase to Naturally such a life is one fraught double their ordinary size. Then they with grave perils, and that inland lakes travel down stream relentlessly towards and streams should literally swarm with the sea. Once in the salt water, Euro- eels, every last one of which made its way pean and eastern coast American eels there after traveling thousands of miles, travel thousands of miles to the Sargasso could only be accounted for by their tre- Sea, in midocean, south of the Azores. mendous prolificacy. Thus of all back- There they descend at least over 3,000 boned creatures the eel is the most pro- feet into the cold depths of the ocean. lific. From immature specimens it has What happens there, no one knows. The been calculated that from five to fifteen next evidence of the creature is the tiny million eggs are deposited. Naturally the larval eel, as thin as a piece of paper, females are the most important of these transparent, and when full grown, about fish, and all eels eaten in Japan are fe- 3 inches long. Gradually the Leptoceph- males, since the males never grow larger alus changes from pancake form to ser- than 16 or 18 inches in size. The males pent form, when it is known as the elver. moreover do not go above tide water ; During this period of a year the creature hence all eels found in fresh waters are takes no food and drifts or swims a thou- the female of the species. Another strange sand miles to the entrance of fresh water thing about eels is that there are certain streams in Europe and America. Now regions where they do not appear. Thus, the extraordinary thing is that American along the West coast of Japan towards and European eels are different, but both the North, there are no eels excepting come from the same breeding ground. those transplanted there from other How then do the American larval eels waters. THE MID-PACIFIC 61

pr L11... ••• Frogs In Hawaii By E. H. BRYAN, JR. Curator, Bishop Museum Before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, May 22, 1931 -Int ICU .T.CM.RAUOI

Because there are no frogs native to possibly make use of an average of 250 the Hawaiian Islands, little has been writ- dozen frogs a week. With this market ten about those that are here. Aside of 500 dozen or 6,000 frogs a week, val- from comments concerning the occasional ued at the present market price of about croak heard in a wayside pond, or the 20 cents apiece, the gross income from sight of frogs' legs on the bill of fare, Honolulu trade alone would amount to until recently little has been said or $60,000 a year. thought about them. There are at present frog raisers on al- But a change has come about. People most all the islands. A "frog farm" are beginning to become "frog-minded." near Hilo is the chief source of supply The agricultural extension service of the for the local markets, where the price is University of Hawaii is even so optimistic quoted at about $2 a dozen. One Waikiki as to think that frog raising may some cafe obtains its supply from Kauai. A day develop into an extensive and profit- few frogs are raised in Kalihi valley. The able industry in Hawaii. taro patches of Upper Manoa valley gen- Speaking over the radio last November, erally supply a few, although this year Y. Baron Goto, county agent for West there appears to be a decided scarcity Hawaii, stated that he could foresee a there, clue perhaps to spring droughts. great commercial possibility in developing There are rumors of frog farms at Ka- this industry as a side project for taro neohe bay, Waialua and Wahaiwa, al- and rice planters. though I have not as yet located them. About September last year, the first 4-H The Hon. Eben P. Low states that Wai- frog club in Hawaii (first, perhaps, any- lau valley, Molokai, is "full of frogs," where in the world) was organized in and that thousands of them could be ex- Kohala, Hawaii, with H. C. Chong as its ported from there, were not the transpor- club leader. Shortly after that another tation by sampan so difficult. frog club was organized on Kauai. In In all, at least six species of frogs and October, 1930, when the first crate of toads are known to have been brought to frogs was sent to Honolulu by the Kohala these islands. How abundant these are Frog Club, a study was made of the mar- at the present time is not known. Ac- ket for this commodity. It was found cording to Bryan's Natural History, a that one large Waikiki cafe could use 40 shipment of frogs was introduced by the dozen a week. The large restaurants, Royal Agricultural Society and liberated high-class hotels and private homes of at Pawaa, Honolulu, in 1867. This may Honolulu, together, could make use of not have been the first introduction. The 250 dozen a week, if frogs were adver- account goes on to say : "Several species tised and methods of preparation popu- of frogs and toads have been introduced larized. in more recent years, from Japan and Besides this local consumption, a possi- America, with the result that they are bility was found to create a market with now common in all the fresh-water the trans-Pacific liners which touch at streams and ponds in the territory. They Honolulu. All the boats together could are of much importance in the ever-pres- 62 THE MID-PACIFIC

ent fight against mosquitoes, since they were said to have been shipped from Hilo are known to feed on their larvae. They at this time in one batch. In the Adver- are also supposed to feed on liver-fluke." tiser of February, 1905, are several ar- The following stories of how frogs ticles indicating that the industry had were brought to Hawaii appear in the flourished. One states that some 300 Advertiser for March 27, 1904: In the dozen frogs' legs had been shipped to San fall of 1857, Dr. William Hillebrand, Francisco by E. Duvauchelle. Another distinguished pioneer botanist, imported quotes the San Francisco Call as report- frogs from California to destroy insects. ing the arrival of thousands of frogs from These were the California variety of Hawaii. A third states that Hawaiian frogs, larger and darker than the New frogs were bringing $4 to $6 a dozen in England kind. He turned them loose in San Francisco markets. a large taro patch, near the (Nuuanu ?) The interest continued and articles on valley road. Here their bell-like voices frog farming appeared during 1907 and so pleased the people of Honolulu that 1908. Then a long spell of quiet, until folks went there of an evening to hear the renewed activities of last year. their song. But after a few months the Of the six kinds of frogs and toads croaking became less and less, until they thought to occur here, one is the Ameri- finally dtisappeared. It is not known can toad ; one is a beautiful golden tree whether they were killed off by rats or the frog from Australia, introduced by E. M. change of climate. Ehrhorn in July, 1929; and the other four The other story tells how Captain are frogs, two from North America and Christiansen, of the schooner Helene, two from the Orient. brought frogs to Hawaii to console his Toads are characterized by having no friend, John Hassinger. It was about teeth in their jaws, but by having a warty 1880 that Hassinger remarked to the cap- swelling on each side of their neck, above tain that he was pining for the sound of a and behind the ears, called the parotid frog's voice. On the next voyage from glands. Frogs have teeth, at least in their California, Captain Christiansen brought upper jaws, and lack the parotid glands. over about four dozen live frogs, and pre- The common frogs are distinguished from sented them to Hassinger. These he kept tree frogs by the absence of adhesive in a large tank at his home on Pensacola disks or "suckers" on their fingers and street. But the frogs refused to breed in toes, which the latter possess. captivity, so after three years he turned Both toads and frogs may be distin- them loose. Thereupon they began to guished from salamanders by the adults multiply, and later became very abundant, having the hind legs much longer than so the story goes. the front legs, and by having no tails. Early in the '90's Albert Koebele was Salamanders were introduced into Hawaii employed as an entomologist by the Ha- in 1899 by Albert Koebele, but none is waiian government to introduce enemies known to have survived and become es- of insect pests. Among the many nat- tablished. ural enemies he introduced were a ship- All these together, which are included ment of toads from California, and a in the class Amphibia, have rather supply of frogs from Japan. They are smooth, soft skins, without either scales said to have reproduced freely and to be or a shell, and have to spend part of their well established here. life in the water. The members of the In 1902 a supply of bullfrogs was class Reptilia have either a bony or leather brought in and let loose in the ponds to shell (turtles), or the skin covered with kill Japanese beetles. scales (lizards and snakes). There are By 1902 frog raising had become al- no snakes in Hawaii, and only about most a minor industry. Some 3,000 frogs eight species of lizards. THE MID-PACIFIC 63

The American toad (Buf o americana Schreber) also called the grass frog, is Holbrook) is a small, warty species, one of the commonest species in the rarely over three inches in length. Its United States, where it frequents swamps color varies greatly from yellow-brown and low meadows, along the borders of to dark-brown. The skin is covered with rivers and ponds. It has been introduced warts, and the large, swollen parotid into Hawaii, but just when, or to what glands are readily seen behind the ears. extent it has become established, the The under side of the male is black, with writer does not know. It is certainly not a vocal sac. The female is larger than common here. the male. This beneficial little animal is The ground-color of this frog varies well known in gardens throughout the from gray to brown, but it may readily be United States. It was introduced by Al- recognized by the prominent glandular bert Koebele in the early '90s (1892 or fold on each side of the back, and the 1893), but is not at all abundant here at two series of rounded, dark-brown, light- the present time. edged spots on the back between the The largest frog in the territory is the folds, and two irregular series of similar bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana Show). Spec- spots on each side below these folds. The imens seven inches long are not infre- under parts are light colored, without quent, and on the mainland some grow to spots of any kind. The legs have cross- be eight inches from the tip of their bars of brown, the hind legs being so long blunt nose to the end of the abdomen, that the heel (end of tibia) reaches, when where the tail which they had in the stretched forward, to or beyond the tip of younger, aquatic days, has been absorbed the nose, which is rather pointed. The until only a little lump remains. The color tympanum is distinct, but smaller than is variable, as in most frogs, but this the eye. The length of the body may huge species, especially the male, may be reach three and a half to four inches. recognized by the absence of stripes and In the States this species is commonly folds of skin on its back, and by its used for fish-bait, and is a lively leaper large ears. The ears are rounded plates and swimmer. Large numbers frequently ("tympana"), on the sides of the head congregate there in a given locality and behind the eyes, and in the case of the sing in chorus, while the bullfrog likes bullfrog they are as large or larger than better to sing his deep-throated song by the latter. himself. This species is widespread in the A large bullfrog, not quite as large as United States, where there are various the American bullfrog, but different from color forms. In many places they have it, and larger than the common little Ori- become quite scarce due to their many ental frog, and differing from the leopard natural enemies, including man. In Ha- frog, is raised locally. It does not agree waii they are raised for local food con- with any North American description, so sumption. it is likely it comes from the Orient, es- This species is thought to have been pecially as shipments of frogs from that first introduced into the Hilo region from direction are recorded. The ground color a "frog farm" in Contra Costa county, on the head of the specimen exhibited is California, about 1899. This introduction light green, shading to olive on the body. at least helped to give rise to the ex- The whole upper surface has purplish tensive frog population which sprung up brown irregular blotches which tend to in the streams and ponds of Hilo region run together into a network. The legs at the beginning of this century, It prob- and arms are also marked. ably now occurs on all the larger islands The smaller species from the Orient of the group. (Rana rugata) is dark greenish in color The leopard frog (Rana pipiens and has a series of short longitudinal 64 THE MID-PACIFIC

ridges on its back and sides. The nose is the destruction of insect pests. Six or fairly pointed and the tympanum is eight of these were liberated by E. L. smaller than the eye. The lower surface Caum at the head of Manoa valley, others is light colored, but the throat is grayish in Moanalua Gardens, and some were and rough. It is not infrequently found kept in private grounds. They apparent- in the upper valleys, such as Upper Manoa, along the streams or in ponds. ly failed to become established, as they On July 19, 1929, E. M. Ehrhorn in- have not been heard of since. They are troduced about 25 golden tree frogs moderately large (for tree frogs), of an (Hyla aurea) from Australia, hoping that almost metallic, golden green color, a they would become established and aid in handsome, as well as beneficial species.

Frogs and toads are common in all the ponds and streams of Hawaii. They are considered valuable in the fight against mosquitoes as they are known to feed on their larvae. -

BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION An unofficial organization, the agent of no government, but with the good will of all in bringing the peoples of the Pacific together into better understanding and cooperative effort for the advancement of the interests common to the Pacific area.

CONTENTS

New Series, No. 143, January, 1932

Aims of the Pan-Pacific Union - 2

Youth Calls for Practicality in Pacific Problems 3 By Hon. Wallace R. Farrington

Pan-Pacific Club of Honolulu, Program of Monday, Decem- ber 7, 1931, "Potential Possibilities of Pan-Pacific Union Development in the Orient" - 6

A Radio Message from Tokyo - 10 By Alexander Hume Ford

Pan-Pacific Student Organization in Tokyo - 12

Pacific Islands Association - - - - - - 14

OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION HONORARY PRESIDENTS Herbert Hoover President of the United States S. M. Bruce _Former Prime Minister, Australia The Prime Minister.... New Zealand Chiang Kai Shek President of China Dr. A. C. D. de Graeff Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies The Prime Minister Canada Prince I. Tokugawa President House of Peers, Japan His Majesty, Prachatipok King of Siam P. Ortis Rubio President of Mexico Don Augusto B. Leguia President of Peru Don Carlos Ibanez President of Chile M. Pasquier Governor-General of Indo-China HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENT Dwight F. Davis. Governor-General of the Philippines OFFICERS IN HONOLULU President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington__....._ _... Former Governor of Hawaii Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu HONOLULU Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 1932

i70 AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly unofficial Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and Henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences ; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, fisheries, and, most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is following up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establish- ment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area—land and sea. Added to this, will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who inhabit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the good will of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropriations and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its location at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union: 1. To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advance- ment of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance international justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems, including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and, if possible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peoples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material resources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men together who can under- standingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understanding and coopera- tive effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advance- ment, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific com- munities to better understand each other, and, through them, spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly soirit of interracial cooperation. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3 Youth Calls For Practicality in Pacific Problems By HON. WALLACE R. FARRINGTON "These young people told us that the problems of production have been solved. The problem of the hour is distribution."

(The American Ambassador, W. Cam- commercial has been available under a eron Forbes, Wallace R. Farrington, thorough system that meets all the quali- former governor of Hawaii and presi- fications of mass production. Facts in dent of the Pan-Pacific Union, and J. D. greatest variety supported the delegate Greene of New York were the guests of who followed the agenda. Time to read honor at a dinner given last night by the and absorb it all was the only thing lack- America-Japan society and the Pan-Pa- ing. Many of the papers were summar- cific Association of Japan. ized by the authors or one sympathetic The dinner was well attended by many with the author's point of view. This prominent Americans and Japanese, and was a most helpful feature, well done, Prince Tokugawa welcomed the guests. easily read. I commend this most heart- Addresses were made by the Prince, Mr. ily to any who may have to do with con- Forbes and Mr. Greene. ferences on any subject, where numerous Owing to delay of the steamer, Mr. delegates are attending and interested, Farrington did not arrive in time for the but unable to take the time for reading dinner but met the hosts and guests later up a background. They obtain the most in the evening. His address follows.) of their information at the conference. I come from a conference of the In- They are among the most valuable ones stitute of Pacific Relations in Shanghai. to be reached and perhaps aroused to I am speaking to men and associations what is going on around this Pacific circle. that believe in conferences and more con- Inspiration may be the broad glow that ferences. comes from sitting at the feet of philoso- It is assumed, therefore, that the time phers who can calmly scan and interpret I am to take this evening may well be the ways of men balanced in the unerring devoted to the impressions, the informa- scale of intellectual forces. They seek al- tion, and the inspirations or the disap- ways to discover what has been best for pointments of the two very full and very mankind. If some of them follow too well arranged weeks of round tables and closely to ancient schools of thought; if general conversations made possible they tell us that because history has re- through the Institute of Pacific Relations peated itself in the past, it must repeat meeting at Shanghai. itself in the days to come, happily for all Impressions were new almost every of us there comes along a bold soul, also day. Let no one set himself up a finality a philosopher, who cheers us on by be- expert on things Pacific, more particu- lieving that to repeat the mistakes of the larly the Orient. His finality of today past is foolish and unnecessary. Our busi- may be a joke in the light of events to- ness is to exercise enough intelligence to morrow. One must have a receptive avoid the ancient errors. Without disre- mind, elastic enough to consider calmly spect for the ancients, this is a new day. each day's events and their bearing on We should work and live and study and what we are striving for in this Pacific think and, if placed in a position to do so, area over a period of years. lead, in the spirit of the new day. Information, technical, general, politi- But more practically inspiring, some- cal, economic, religious, industrial, and thing that fills one with new hope and 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN new confidence, is a declaration from the unusual number of rather insignificant, younger delegates, the coming generation pin-pricking incidents that become exag- that must carry forward many of the gerated as the usual routine of diplomatic programs now in the making. When these study and correspondence takes its slow delegates hold their own group discus- course. sions and come forth with a statement Again this year at Shanghai from the that crashes through the cobwebs of the general discussion of the foreign relations past and gets down to the here and now, of the Far East there came forth a sug- when they keynote present day conditions gestion of this piece of international ma- in one phrase, having back of it theoreti- chinery. Again it seemed ideal, also prac- cal analysis and practical thought, then tical for adaptation by two Pacific coun- one feels that all the conferences would tries of the Orient that might use it as be worth while if there were no other pos- successfully as have two Pacific countries itive result than this—that the generation of the North American continent. coming up is not only thinking right ; it So far as known, the subject has not is not picking the easy jobs for itself but been seriously mentioned by anyone in dares to strike out in a field where the two authority in either of the Oriental nations. years last past show present-day leaders Thus one is struck by the ineffective- to have signally failed in foresight. ness of discussion of the obvious with no The disappointments : that is easily cov- ,one reaching out to the public to make it ered. effective or test it in general public forum There were 140 members at the China of exchange of opinions. conference. Ask them individually of One answer is that the Institute of Pa- their disappointments and you will prob- cific Relations is not a medium of propa- ably get 140 different replies, most of ganda ; it has no other mission than con- them completely satisfied. ference and study. This is true. And it I am among the satisfied. Having at- makes the disappointment more keen that tended the institute meetings at Kyoto any organization puts effort, time, thought and Shanghai, I have absorbed some of and money to bring out ideas or obvious the atmosphere of high ambition. I am conclusions that are born, like the desert disappointed, therefore, with the ineffec- rose, to blush unseen. It is just too bad. tiveness of the sale of an idea, obviously The practical man spends time working a good one, to the international public. out a solution. His next move is to go out To illustrate. Take a phase of the and do something about it. At least learn Manchurian problem. Have no fear, I do whether those that might be interested not intend to launch on a discussion of the want to talk about it. Manchurian question. Round table dis- Two years ago one could foresee the cussions at Kyoto brought into the fore- events of today if some machinery were ground the joint high commission that not created to quickly absorb and quickly deals with and settles many small and clarify the border incidents continually vexed problems between Canada and the occurring under pioneer conditions of pio- United States. The commission, made neering people. Such people are not up equally of Americans and Canadians, schooled in the niceties of parlor prac- does its work so well that few know of its tices. Too often they proceed as if every existence, and the small difficulties are man's hand were against his neighbor. never allowed to roll up into diplomatic Unguarded or untaught, no other course incidents. Judicial study and conclusion is open than for each one to look out for settles the case. himself by the best means known to him. An organization of this character is in- This spells more trouble. ternational machinery very well adapted Though there may be one complete to two nations so placed that there is an answer to this two years of apparent PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5 ineffectiveness, and that answer may be to be to assure the continuance of the de- that the joint high commission plan may pendency and super-control for centuries. have been studied and may have been The other method is to accept the so- found impractical, the discussions at called dependents as equals, equip them Kyoto and the discussions at Shanghai to meet modern competition in modern emphasized the deep-seated and sincere ways without any greater destruction of worldwide desire that peace shall reign their basic cultural structure than is suf- and commerce and industry shall thrive fered by all of us in a changing world. in the Pacific countries. One is a way of stagnation, the other Barriers were under discussion. Bar- a way of development and progress. One riers of tariff, barriers of mixed curren- way may be that of Samoa. The other cies, barriers of cultural backgrounds, and that of Hawaii and latterly the Philip- on this last point developed points of view pines. marking sharply the conservative and lib- These, please recall, are my opinions eral, ancient Europe and modern Pacific. and conclusions. No one of the 140 dele- gates presumes to speak for any one or One of my good Japanese friends de- all of the other 139. clared that the latest American tariff was Now to conclude with the inspirational the cause of the world depression. A few feature of the whole session. The younger months previous at an international as- delegates came forth with their contribu- sembly in Washington a speaker made a tion reached after study and conference. convincing argument that Great Britain, It was presented to the general assembly by putting India on a gold exchange basis, by the youngest delegate in years, one of brought on the world depression. our Japanese friends. A tariff holiday was suggested. At the These young people told us that the present time a tariff holiday means that problems of production have been solved. all other nations should lower their rates, The problem of the• hour is distribution. while the tariff of the one speaking or Here we have today and tomorrow key- spoken for, remains the same. The ten- noted by those who must play the most dency of the discussions shows that we important part, finding the way through shall all come to reciprocal adjustments the maze of shattered economic idols that after careful study of trade trends and have crashed into the highways of the mutually beneficial exchange of products. world in the two years last past. Many were surprised to learn from a I would not suggest that this idea was most enlightening discussion of silver, new born, springing from the youth of that China is not dissatisfied with silver. the Institute. The cheering and hearten- It seeks a universal national medium of ing fact is that these young people cut exchange fully stabilized and uniform through the fog of endless, expert refine- throughout the country. ments that lead nowhere, swept away the Cultural backgrounds formed an inter- rice chaff and hayseed of learned and in- esting phase in the analysis of the admin- terminable essays on why we are where istration of dependent peoples in the Pa- we are ; they cut through to the work that cific. must be done now. One method is to emphasize the impor- They are out to learn the chief source tance of ancient customs or cultures so of difficulty and, presumably, being that each racial group is set apart as if a young, with initiative and energy, do fence were built around it, while the rep- something about it. resentatives of the superior governing na- The Thomas Edison, the Henry Ford, tions direct what they decide to be the the Marconi of today will be the man or more important and vital affairs of these men who, by putting an idea in action, dependent peoples. The net result seems will point the way so that we shall cease 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

to be responsible in the name of civiliza- been worshipped in the Atlantic. More tion for an abundance of food and cloth- complete equality, more freedom from ing piled up, unmarketed, on one side and caste, is one sound base for a preliminary on the other, right next door, thousands distribution of good will. if not millions of human beings, suffering The next conference that I may take for want of food, starving, lacking the this occasion to call to your attention is barest necessities of life. the National Foreign Trade conference in The older ones have looked at situa- Honolulu, next May 4, 5, 6. We want tions of this general character for centur- leaders in trade distribution of the Orient ies past. They have said, "Isn't it awful?" to meet with those of the North American —and gone forward, repeating the same continent and of Australia and New Zea- old cycle. land. Youth, at least youth at the Institute of Following that, next July, is the re- Pacific Relations, decided that here is a gional meeting in Honolulu of the World foe to be conquered. Federation of Educational Associations. What they program is a war on pov- Here is the opportunity for exchange and erty, and war on poverty is the only war broader distribution of the best from each worth while, the only war to which may country for a war on ignorance. This is a be summoned all the peoples of the Pa- side campaign, for ignorance is a chief cific, and the world, without a shadow of supporter of poverty. apology. It must be incessant. It must be The assembly tonight is an expression supported by the most intense national of a belief in the value of conferences. and international loyalties. It must be The names, Japan-America and Pan-Pa- planned. Its forces must be made up of cific, bespeak worthy purposes in coopera- volunteers. It must aim for intelligence tion. of leadership, for team work. It must be We gain strength, we gain power, we free from dictatorships. gain enthusiasm in just the proportion I have given you a sketch of what one that we increase the volume and the ra- delegate has gained from a Pacific confer- dius of our distribution. ence. Mass production is old stuff. An idea I believe in conferences between the in motion that will broadcast the product, nations and races of the Pacific. I believe that will successfully assault the ancient we should make of our future a new strongholds of poverty; this is what we world. In doing that we must abandon seek today. As we gain in this field, we some of the household gods that have automatically bring in the era of peace.

Pan-Pacific Club of Honolulu Program of Monday, December 7, 1931

Chairman: Hon. Raymond C. Brown, of this parent and it is a very lusty child, Acting Governor of Hawaii. leading an active aggressive life. Similar Speakers: Dr. William Axling, Tokyo; groups have been organized in Kobe, Dr. Helen K. Kim, Dean of Ewha Col- Nara and Osaka and these clubs are all lege, Seoul, Korea; Hon. Wallace R. working together for the same ideals for Farrington, President of the Pan-Pa- which your club exists. We have as our cific Union, and former governor of president, Prince Tokugawa, President Hawaii. of the House of Peers, whose leadership Dr. Wm. Axling: The Tokyo Pan-Pa- and views on peace will rank him with cific Club is one of the first children born any great man anywhere throughout the PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7 world. We are very proud of our presi- that humanity will come out victorious in dent and we feel we have a right to be. realizing human ideals. The odds that All these organizations in Japan are try- can be put into economic, social and edu- ing to do their bit towards building up a cational life sometimes are very distress- better world. The last century has made ing. Just how and why we got into them this world a great neighborhood and now is a long story, too long to tell here, but the big task remains to make it a great we still believe in the goodness of human brotherhood and the Pan-Pacific Club of people. Tokyo and its sister organizations are all We are all interested in another thing doing their bit towards helping to make which I have found and that is the ignor- this world a brotherhood. I would like to ance around the world about Korea and add that we are reaching the students in the Korean people. Today I want to Japan, too. make a plea to you to take the trouble to Chairman: That is what the Pan-Pa- know more of the facts about the Korean cific Club here has been attempting to do people. We have 20 million people and for many years since its inception and four million school children. I know that while you are meeting with flattering the people here are intelligent and this success, that is what we are having, too, is a cosmopolitan city and different from in our little community and while it may other places but still the real facts about be little we are accomplishing big things the Korean people are not in front of and one of them is the brotherhood of the world at large as yet. Help us to man ; we are all brothers and sisters in present them to you and interpret them this community. It gives me great pleas- to you and the rest of the world, as they ure to present Dr. Helen Kim, Dean of affect Korean life. This is such a cos- Ewha College, Seoul, Korea. mopolitan interracial city where people of Dr. Kim: I am very glad to be back in different races are living together har- Honolulu where I had the pleasure of at- moniously with understanding and sym- tending the Institute of Pacific Relations pathy—why cannot this condition be ex- meeting in 1927. At that time I met many tended to other parts of the world with of you and enjoyed your hospitality. greater rapidity than in the years past? When I go through here I always feel at With all my advantages, I have overcome home. This morning when I was trying the racial handicap ; I just act natural and to think of a speech I thought of a tree, am natural. Sometimes I find that people such as you have here — one of those expect me to be inferior or act inferior, beautiful trees that bear fruit all the year as if that were a compliment to me, be- round—and it seemed to me that the Pan- cause I am of a different race, or because Pacific Union is like that, a wonderful I come from a rather backward nation. tree planted in Honolulu and bearing But when I come to Honolulu, that has rich fruit throughout the world. all vanished, and I meet the Governor In Korea we have some organizations and we are on the same level. (Ap- which are trying to get together the dif- plause.) ferent groups of different races in order This is true not only during conference to get better understanding, but I do not time in Honolulu but it is a genuine feel- have the facts right at hand to tell you. ing at all times. I have one more request If this idea has succeeded in other places, to make, and that is to have some system- it is safe to say that it is on its way to atic plan to extend this naturalness be- success in Korea. Although I am travel- tween races to other parts of the world. ing from America now, I want to say Send some of your good people to us and that the Korean people in my homeland send some of our people back to you to still believe in the goodness of humanity live in your community so that this feel- in spite of all odds and ends. Somehow ing may be extended to other parts of these people go on persisting in believing the world with greater rapidity and we 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN may all realize that peace for which we represented in the Institute of Pacific cry so much of the time. Relations. These activities now have Chairman: I can't for the life of me been taken over by the community or in- think of any intelligent reason why Dr. dependent organizations. As Dr. Axling Kim should feel or act inferior. (Ap- has said (and that is the one thing I plause.) It seems to me that the senti- thought would be new for me to say, but ments she has expressed are identified he has already said it), the Pan-Pacific with the aims of this organization. We Club in Tokyo is reaching out to students are spreading around the Pacific area in the Pacific area, especially in Japan. those elements she has spoken of. I do It is getting together groups of students, not need to introduce the next speaker, of leaders, of statesmen who are inter- I shall only present him, the Hon. Wal- ested in these students, and making from lace R. Farrington, who has returned these groups new centers for assembling from attending the Institute of Pacific the youth of the land. Relations in Shanghai. From Tokyo I went on to China, Hon. Wallace R. Farrington: The which is in a chaotic condition. That is, subject of my, remarks today was out- it seems chaotic to us, but the Chinese lined by Mr. Ford in Tokyo. It was the go on about their everyday affairs most "Potential Possibilities of the Pan-Pa- calmly. In Shanghai, I attended a meet- cific Union Development in the Orient," ing of the Pan-Pacific Club. A previous but the secretary told me that potential meeting attended by Mr. Ford touched and possibilities meant the same thing so the keynote of what is one of China's I told her to cut out "potential" and save most serious problems — the road-build- "possibilities." The Pan-Pacific Union ing program. Many wise men believe has been dealing in possibilities and im- that China's political problems will dis- possibilities throughout its career. appear with the construction of more I hesitate to speak for the Pan-Pacific good roads. Union although I am its official president, So the Pan-Pacific Clubs in the Orient because the real head of the organization are moving to bring about not only in- is Alexander Hume Ford. ternational friendship but also to aid the When I attended a meeting of the development in the community of those Pan-Pacific Club and the Japan-America activities that are of assistance in bring- Society in Tokyo on November 21, I was ing together the citizens of that commu- late because my boat was late (the trains nity and broadening their aims. That is are never late in Japan). I was too late the secret of the future success of the to give my address, but Mr. Sheba, edi- Pan-Pacific Union and it is a legitimate tor of the Japan Times & Mail, asked to field. There is no good reason for main- publish it. I emphasized in this talk the taining an organization if there is noth- Institute of Pacific Relations because I ing worth-while for it to do. That field hesitate to speak for the Pan-Pacific of good will and wider contacts through Union when Mr. Ford is present, as he conference is the legitimate field for this is the dynamo that carries things for- organization. The Pan-Pacific Union is ward. more generally known than any other or- You will be interested to know some- ganization throughout the Pacific area. thing of the work Mr. Ford is doing in I was impressed by what Dr. Helen the Orient. He is doing just exactly what K. Kim, Dean of Ewha College, Seoul, he did in Hawaii about fifteen years ago Korea, has just said about the state of in connection with the Pan-Pacific Union. mind of people here and of people who Here he has been the prime mover in come here. There has been a discussion forming groups of scientists, commercial as to whether Honolulu is the proper men, women, surgeons, and that combi- place to hold conferences. Some say the nation of the idealists and the politicians conditions here are too ideal, that it is PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9 not the place to come for stirring intel- That seems like an absolute impossi- lectual energy to face the problems that bility but the Pan-Pacific Union has been need to be adjusted in this Padific area. doing impossibilities all its life. What It is easy to see the European idea Director Ford proposes may be a method reaching out its hand to grip the Pacific. whereby the Pacific program can be Sometimes Europe seems to have hypno- worked out; it is not based on the in- tized the Atlantic and New York to per- feriority complex, that is not the natural petuate the mistakes and faults and er- atmosphere of the people around the Pa- rors of old Europe. People who are of cific. The aloha spirit is a very real that state of mind say of us, first, that thing and represents something that is what we have here, what we attempt, is different from any other part of the too ideal, it can't be done, and then when world. If the Atlantic politicians capture they see it, they say "How remarkable !" an organization like the Institute of Pa- Here is a comment I heard as I moved cific Relations—which I doubt, but it is among people in Shanghai. An Ameri- ,among the possibilities — then the Pan- can who has spent all of his life in Pacific Union will be the only organi- China said, "The Chinese think of Hono- zation free to work out the problems of lulu as theirs, the Japanese think of it as the Pacific on a Pacific, friendly basis. theirs, and we that Hawaii is ours." That The Institute had a very successful was further emphasized by a leader from and most interesting session in Shanghai, New Zealand who said, "Of course, the but bear in mind that the Pan-Pacific American flag flies over Hawaii but we Union has a mission in perpetuating the feel that it is neutral territory and that conditions that have been so well repre- we can go there and feel at home." sented by the speakers who have pre- So it seems to me that an organization ceded me. We cannot make it a Pan- of this kind, perpetuating that kind of Pacific Union of the Orient. It must homelike feeling and creating an atmos- bring in America and Canada and Aus- phere in which people can come and meet tralasia on an even broader basis, and and get a true picture of things that are the islands of Polynesia must come in as worth while in their own respective coun- factors in this great Pacific program. The tries and in this great area, is a positive Pan-Pacific Union has proved that it can way in which to make this world a better bring organizations together and it is do- place in which to live. The Pan-Pacific ing a great service to this territory, to Union has "potential possibilities" in the the Pacific area and to the world. It Orient in carrying on the work which should continue in this way. Mr. Ford and his associates have so suc- Chairman: You have all indicated by cessfully carried on here. your enthusiasm and interest today and And here is another thing that Mr. this large attendance that you endorse the Ford has in mind: I do not know what activities of this organization. I am sure will come of it. But I think of it as I that Mr. Ford is very much interested in did when he said that he was going to what we are doing here today and that get the University Club building for the he will be extremely gratified to know Pan-Pacific Clubhouse and I said, "It's that we have subscribed to what he is impossible, but go ahead." Mr. Ford doing in the Orient. So let us take a now says, "It is time for the Pan-Pacific Union to be taken over by the various vote and instead of raising the right governments in the Pacific and create a hand, all those in favor of sending Mr. Pan-Pacific Union worked out on a plan Ford a cable say "Aye." (Voting.) It similar to the Pan-American Union, is unanimous and I will ask Miss Satter- with a center in Honolulu, and financed thwaite to prepare this message and send by the various governments." it to Mr. Ford. 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN A Radio Message from Tokyo By ALEXANDER HUME FORD

• I am asked from Tokyo by Mr. Ford, vehicle of the Pacific governments. Then Director of the Pan-Pacific Union, to give it is but a step to combine the three into you a message by radio so I may say, this that Parliament of the world that Tenny- is Tokyo talking, Alexander Hume Ford son dreamed of. Another world war at the Imperial Hotel. would compel such a step. If we hope Friends in Hawaii, Aloha! I hope you to escape annihilation I know of no better all belong to the Pan-Pacific Club in Ho- site for a world capitol than Honolulu— nolulu and use the Clubhouse, for some and why not ? day this will be the cornerstone of a great Here in the Orient they give us castles Pan-Pacific palace, that will cover the en- and palaces as Pan-Pacific clubhouses. tire block facing Palace Square. This is That is right and proper, and I ask each one of the dreams that will come true. one of you to support your own Pan-Pa- Already the Pan-Pacific organizations cific clubhouse in Honolulu, for the eyes of China and Japan have voiced their ap- of the whole Pacific are watching the proval of a great conference in Honolulu most remarkable racial and social experi- of the presidents and premiers of Pacific ment ; its success depends on you. I will lands to discuss the taking over officially try to do my part around the Pacific and by the governments of the Pacific of the leave it to you to carry on in Honolulu. work of the Pan-Pacific Union and On the day in Honolulu that a repre- financing it. Two presidents of the United sentative of the H. S. P. A. informed me States have placed themselves on record that the great interests in Hawaii could as desiring to attend such a meeting in not support the Agricultural Congress if our crossroads city, and the late Senator held in Honolulu next year, I knew the Henry Cabot Lodge once secured an ap- opportunity I had waited for for many propriation from Congress with the ex- years had come. I was soon to voyage pressed hope on the floor of the Senate around our ocean placing before each Pa- that these appropriations would grow cific government the claims of our Pan larger and larger with each session of Congress until the Pan-Pacific Union had PacificUnion to become an official organ- grown into a Pan-World Union, and this ization, and to offer it to them intact with he predicted as its destiny, declaring that a glorious record behind, and a more po- a world parliament of nations must have tential, glorious record of service before its beginning in the Pacific, where men of it, and that is what I am doing. If you all races were at peace, and had great are going to do a thing, do it now ; so the common interests that bound them to- next steamer westward-bound found me gether. on my way to the Orient with well-deter- mined plans. For a time I am free for So what is more natural, when the gov- the real great work of the Union. In Ha- ernments of the Pacific lands look over waii next summer you have the World our Union born in Hawaii, that here at Educational Congress. Ten years ago this the ocean's crossroads in the very center was in fact the First Pan-Pacific Educa- of the Pacific world they will erect the tional Congress, held in Honolulu. The great palace that must house the executive second was held in San Francisco, jointly farces. Already the Pan-American Union with the National Education Association is an official government-owned organiza- Convention, and out of the two grew the tion. The old world is talking of a Pan- World Federation of Education Associa- European Union, and our own Pan-Pa- tions. cific Union will be reborn as an official The president of the Pan-Pacific Union PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11

has told you over the radio that it was stopping for a day in Honolulu. We hope the work of the Pan-Pacific Union first in Japan to receive in return the hibiscus sending him to the Charleston meet of the plants in all their glory from Hawaii. Foreign Trade Council to invite it to Ha- Every week or so exhibits from Japan waii that has finally resulted in the great go to the Pan-Pacific Clubhouse in Hono- commercial meet here next year, so you lulu. Soon the Chinese and Filipino ex- see I in a way earned my right to spend hibits will begin to arrive and before long a year or so away from Hawaii working, we are to exchange between the Pan-Pa- in the countries bordering our ocean, for cific Clubs of Osaka and Honolulu full a Pan-Pacific palace that shall be our Japanese and Hawaiian dinners. They glory, if you stand by the Pan-Pacific will be shipped in the raw by refrigerator Clubhouse in our midst—for that must be and cooked on arrival. the nucleus of the greater establishment. There is an effort in this to create a Throughout the Orient in the universi- desire for an exchange of foods between ties Pan-Pacific Student Clubs are organ- Japan and Hawaii, and each has a surplus izing These have invited a baseball team of certain delicacies. It is better for both from the University of Hawaii to visit of us to know more, besides it will give Japan next summer at the time of the jobs to a certain number of young people Pan-Pacific Student Congress in Tokyo. both in Japan and in Hawaii. It seems very like the old days in Hono- The members of the Pan-Pacific clubs lulu, for here I am helping to organize an in Japan and China wish to welcome some Ad Club in Tokyo and it will have a home of their fellow members from Hawaii and in our Pan-Pacific Clubhouse. Then, with are making extensive plans that will be the Pan-Pacific Lions in Hawaii cooper- disclosed in the future. In the meantime, ating, there will be a sister club in Japan may I ask all my friends in Hawaii to and one in China. The Rotary Clubs are give me support in the voyage around our giving good cheer to our plan for a great ocean to secure from the governments of Pan-Pacific clubhouse in the Japanese the Pacific assurance of a great interna- capital, in fact I find the Rotarians tional palace in our city, by getting in be- throughout the Orient responsive and hind the workers at the Pan-Pacific Club helpful. A Pan-Pacific athletic organiza- in Honolulu to help build up the great in- tion here to cooperate in future plans for terracial organization there, so that more the Pan-Pacific Olympic games in Hawaii and more we can point to it with pride as is being discussed. In every way the an example worth while for our brothers Orient wishes to work shoulder to shoul- (and sisters) everywhere about the ocean der with the Occident to create a real pa- to follow. triotism of the Pacific based on common Do that and I will try to do the rest. interests. I thank you, The work of the Pan-Pacific Science A. H. FORD Students of Hawaii in paving the way As Secretary of the Pan-Pacific Union for making still films for visual education I extend a cordial invitation to all our is being used as a basis here for making friends- to attend the Pan-Pacific Club films that will be shown in all the schools noon luncheon on Monday at which time and colleges. Hawaii for many years has Hon. Wallace R. Farrington, President of been the social and racial experiment sta- the Union, will speak on "The Possibili- tion of the Pacific. Many of the experi- ties of Pan-Pacific Union Development in ments tried on a small scale in Hawaii the Orient," featuring the work Mr. Ford are being carried out on a vast scale here is doing in organizing student and adult in the Orient. Soon the plants and flow- Pan-Pacific clubs and also establishing in- ers common to Japan, but rare to Hawaii, ternational clubhouses in the principal will be seen on the Japanese steamers cities, using as a model ours in Honolulu. 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Just a word as to the activities we carry everybody is invited to attend the Filipino on. Tonight our science group is meeting nationality dinner given at our clubhouse with Mr. Riley H. Allen, Editor of the kitchen. There will be beautiful, graceful Honolulu Star-Bulletin, leading discus- dances of the Philippines, and an exhibit sion on School Agriculture, and at 7:45 a of Manila hat manufacture. talk by Mr. Charles F. Loomis, Acting Two weeks ago we had a successful General Secretary of the Institute of Pa- Korean dinner and entertainment with cific Relations, on the recent meeting of 400 people present. In February our Sa- the Institute in China. In another room moan friends are planning to give a Sa- tonight is being held a large card party moan feast and entertainment. under the auspices of the Honolulu Glee And so we continue our activities as a Club, Hawaiian girls. truly international clubhouse which you On Saturday night, December 12, are all invited to visit.

Pan-Pacific Student Organization in Tokyo (From the Japan Times November 21)

Viscount Tadashiro Inouye, president lar interest in some one project outlined of the advisory committee, will install the for accomplishment in the charter of the officers of the Pan-Pacific students' body Pan-Pacific student body. The chapter at the Imperial Hotel Saturday after- at Rikkyo will take the lead in calling noon. At 3 o'clock English-speaking stu- and conducting the Pan-Pacific Students' dents from all the universities of the city Congress to meet here next year. It is will gather to prepare for the election of expected that more than 500 students their first directorate and officially to or- from every part of the Pacific area will ganize their club. attend this congress of students in Tokyo Viscount Inouye's first announcement next July. Saturday afternoon will be that a good The Pan-Pacific chapter of the Ameri- friend from America will make possible can school will devote itself to the pro- the annual presentation of a medal on motion of making visual education films. Christmas day, awarded to the student It will take over an extensive manufac- writer of the best essay during the year turing plant for the production of still on the subject of Showa, or Enlightening films, and with the Nautical College chap- Peace. As this is the Era name of the ter assisting in the collection of pictures Emperor and in meaning also a watch- and photos from every Pacific land, it word of Christianity, it allows of a wide hopes to turn out still films with captions latitude in composition of the essays. to each picture thrown on the screen in It is probable that the students will put both English and Japanese. These films two tickets in the field Saturday after- will not only depict scenes from college noon and that there will be some lively life in Pacific lands, but will illustrate voting. The women's universities are also all kinds of life in each of the countries organizing Pan-Pacific student chapters, about that ocean. and the question will come up for discus- The Keio University chapter is partic- sion of whether there shall be a mixed ularly interested in music and social en- directorate of men and women students, tertainments. It will probably work in or two separate bodies that shall meet close cooperation with the chapters of together on occasions. the women's colleges, preparing much of Each of the Pan-Pacific chapters in the the social entertainment for the Pan-Pa- different universities is taking a particu- cific student body. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13

"That the Pan-Pacific Students' Club of At Waseda the Pan-Pacific Student Tokyo places itself on record as being in Chapter will house the visiting baseball favor of a Junior Pan-Pacific Student series team from Hawaii next summer, and of chapters in the middle schools. with the Imperial and Meiji Universities "That the non-English-speaking students take a particular interest in athletics in in our universities be urged to organize their own Pan-Pacific student groups, and the Pan-Pacific student area. that we offer these from time to time trans- Aoyama Gakuin, having organized the lations of outstanding addresses in English first Pan-Pacific Student chapter some delivered before our club members. five years ago, will be given the position "That the women students be authorized to form an auxiliary with their own officers. of honor in entertaining the English- "That one student of each Pacific race speaking students from all the universi- attending a university in Tokyo be selected ties. On Saturday afternon, November by the directors as a member of a cooper- 28, the Pan-Pacific students at Aoyama ating foreign board, and that these mem- Gakuin will hold a tea at which the bers have the right and privilege of sitting with the directors at their meetings. American Ambassador and, it is hoped, "That this club heartily approves the the Foreign Minister, will speak. Later leadership of the Pan-Pacific Students' chap- the universities of Tokyo will in turn be ter at Rikkyo University in the calling of supper hosts to the Pan-Pacific Students' a Pan-Pacific Students' Congress to convene in Tokyo next July, and that this club Association. hereby pledges itself to give every assist- During the year, Saturday afternoon ance. educational receptions by some of the "That the Pan-Pacific Students' Club of foreign ambassadors representing Pacific Tokyo extends its hearty and sincere con- lands will be tendered to the Pan-Pacific gratulations to the Pan-Pacific Student Body of Hanshin, and expresses its admira- student bodies. A number of the out- tion of the ability of that organization to standing Japanese leaders will also en- publish its own monthly Pan-Pacific maga- tertain. In every way these English- zine. speaking students of Tokyo will be "Whereas Mr. Alfred C. Elkington of Cal- ifornia, a lifetime friend of Japan, brother- brought into personal contact with the in-law to our own Dr. Nitobe, and an officer English-speaking leaders of the commu- of the Pan-Pacific Union, has offered our nity, and of Japan. club an annual medal award to the student The students at the meeting Saturday composer of the best essay during the year afternoon will elect a committee of 100 on the subject word Showa, or Enlightening Peace: advisers, fifty Japanese leaders who "Be it resolved by the Pan-Pacific Stu- speak English and fifty foreigners. They dents' Club of Tokyo that we heartily thank will be expected to give one address each Mr. Alfred C. Elkington and accept the trust to the students annually, either as a stu- with the plan in view that, as Sliowa Day and Christmas Day are observed throughout dent body or before the students of one the Japanese Empire on the same date, of the University chapters. both celebrations in observance of En- The interest taken by the Pan-Pacific lightening Peace, this award, the Showa students in the election and organization Medal, be made each year to the winner on meeting Saturday afternoon may be December 25." judged by the wording of some of the Each of the universities will nominate resolutions they have prepared : two of its Pan-Pacific chapter members "That the Pan-Pacific Students' Club of for election Saturday as directors of the Tokyo urge the members of its organization, club, one to act as a director and the as soon as they graduate from their several other as an alternate. The directors will universities, to organize themselves and elect their own officers. Under the char- meet with us in friendly advice and corn ter of the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo, panionship. "That the Pan-Pacific Students' Club of one or more of the advisory committee Tokyo request each of the universities, must be present at the directors' meet- men's and women's, to organize a Pan-Pa- ings. A cooperating directorate made cific Students' chapter to cooperate with up of one student from each Pacific this club. 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

country will be selected, these to serve Obata, R. Asano, S. Horiuchi, T. Naruse, with the directors. It is proposed to ap- Juji Kasai, S. Suga, Viscount T. Inouye. point committees immediately after the The nominations for foreign mem- election of officers to be placed in bers of the advisory committee are as charge of the various projects of the follows : club. The American Ambassador, Mr. W. Cam- The following nominations have been eron Forbes; The British Ambassador, Sir made for the advisory committee of the Francis Lindley; the French Ambassador, Pan-Pacific Students' Club : Count Damien de Martel; the Ambassador of the U. S. S. R., Mr. Alexander Troyan- Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, president of ovsky; the Canadian Minister, the Hon. the Pan-Pacific Association; Mr. Ryuzo Herbert Marler; the Chilean Minister, Mr. Tanaka, the Minister of Education; Mr. Enrique G. Nieto; the Mexican Minister, Kenzo Adachi, the Minister of Home Af- Dr. Miguel Alonzo-Romero; the Peruvian fairs; Baron Kijuro Shidehara, the Minister Minister; the Netherlands Minister; the of Foreign Affairs; Mr. Junnosuke Inouye, Portuguese Minister, Mr. Justino de Mon- the Minister of Finance; Mr. Hidejiro Na- gato, the Mayor of Tokyo; Count Hirotoro talvao; the Siamese Minister; the Chinese Hayashi, Baron Y. Sakatani, Viscount K. Minister, Mr. Chiang Tso-ping; Bishop C. S. Reifsnider, Dr. R. B. Teusler, Messrs. H. E. Keneko, Marquis Masaaki Hachisuga, Count A. Kabayama, Baron Takuma Dan, Count Palmer, E. W. Frazar, B. W. Fleisher, G. S. Futaa, Marquis Y. Tokugawa, Baron Y. Phelps, E. L. Neville, G. R. Patterson, G. R. Togo; Baron C. Shiba, Dr. M. Anizaki, Vis- Durgin, A. Jorgenson, C. A. Mitchell, A. T. Iglehart, A. Preussman, W. K. Fowler, C. count Imada, Dr. I. Nitobe, Dr. K. Takaya- C. Smith, H. M. Benninghoff, E. C. Henni- nagi, Dr. K. Nakamura, T. Tanaka, M.P., ger, F. W. Heckelman, Hiram Bingham, Jr., Dr. C. Ichikawa, M. Zumoto, S. Sheba, K. George Cherkoff, Charles Bryan, Gilbert Mikimoto, Jr., S. Saito, R. Nagai, I. Ta- Bowels, T. Baty, Eugene Peppin, Wm. Ax- mama, C. Yada, R. Masujima, S. Kawasaki, ling, H. V. Redman, A. W. Medley, C. Ha- Y. Akamatsu, Y. Takeda, Kingo Goto, M.D., guenauer, Glenn Babb, J. R. Geary, H. L. J. Takaku, I. Negishi, Prof. C. Fujisawa, K. Keenleyside, W. S. Dowd, T. D. Walser, Omiya, I. Hatta, B. M. Matsuzawa, T. Cabot Coville, Darley Downes, C. S. Bavier, Matsumoto, S. Kishi, T. Yamamoto, K. B. E. Chamberlin, F. S. Thomas.

Pacific Islands Association (In the Pacific Islands Monthly, August 22, 1931)

Preliminary steps to form a Pacific 2. To promote, if possible, periodical con- Islands Association were taken at a ventions, at which there may be an inter- meeting .held in Sydney on Wednesday, change of views on numerous matters July 29. About 30 persons attended and affecting Pacific Islands, administrative, trading, industrial and social conditions, a provisional committee was set up to by representatives of the various Islands get into touch with Islands residents, groups and Territories. draw up a practicable scheme and a con- 3. To provide club-room facilities and a stitution, and submit same to a general central address in Sydney for members, meeting early in the new year, when, it and particularly members from the Islands who are visiting Australia. is hoped, many Islands people will be in 4. To provide facilities by which ex-resi- Australia on leave. dents of the Pacific (and particularly The circular calling the meeting stated retired Public Servants from New that the objects and purpose of the pro- Guinea, Papua and other Australian ter- posed Association were briefly as fol- ritories) may meet together socially. lows : Mr. R. W. Robson (editor of the Pa- 1. To provide an organization which will, cific Islands Monthly) was elected chair- if and when occasion demands, present man for the meeting; and Mr. Jas. W. the views of Pacific Islands residents Baldie (formerly of the Papuan civil and ex-residents. service) acted as secretary. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15

Apologies for inability to attend were Within the South and Central Pacific received from a large number of people, there are between 15 and 20 separate and more or less independent administrations, all of whom expressed their approval directed respectively from London, Paris, of the proposed Association and willing- Washington, Tokio, Canberra and Welling- ness to support it. ton. There is some communication between The chairman, on behalf of the con- them; but, for the most part, they function quite independently of each other. There venors, submitted the following state- are only a few hundred miles between Suva ment of the objects and purpose of the and Noumea and Rabaul; yet, if there is to proposed Association : be consultation between the respective ad- Within a comparatively short distance of ministrators of Fiji, New Caledonia and New Australia and New Zealand lie the follow- Guinea, the channel of communication is via ing important Pacific Island groups and London, Paris, London and Canberra, and territories: probably back to London and Paris again. As is quite well known to you, conditions The Crown Colony of Fiji. of life in these various Islands territories Mandated Territory of New Guinea. are very similar—each administration has Australian Territory of Papua. to deal with the same, or very similar, prob- Mandated Territory of Samoa. lems affecting trade, production, settlement, British Protectorate of Tonga. education, health, labor, currency, communi- French Colony of New Caledonia. cations, transport, and above all, with mat- British Protectorate of Solomon Islands. ters affecting the welfare and protection of The Condominium of New Hebrides. the native races. As development proceeds Australian Territory of Norfolk Island. rapidly—and it certainly will in the future— New Zealand Territory of Cook Islands. such problems will arise more frequently In addition to various smaller groups and and acutely, and the need for consultation more distant, large territories, such as the will become more marked. Society and Marquesas Islands, the Mar- It is hoped that the Pacific Islands Asso- shalls and Carolines, Philippines, Hawaii, ciation will provide machinery for holding etc. periodical conferences, for the interchange Within the groups and territories close to of opinions and experiences and the general New Zealand and Australia there is a land discussion of the many subjects connected area larger than the two smallest Australian with present conditions and future develop- States; a white population of 40,000; an ment, affecting Pacific Islands •interests in Asiatic population of over 100,000; and a common. Such conferences might be held native population of about 1,250,000. They at suitable central points—Sydney, Auck- are, for the most part, territories of vast land and Suva are three which suggest undeveloped natural wealth, and the value themselves. Some very wise, broad-visioned of their export and import trade, in a nor- men have been connected with the Pacific mal year, is about Z12,000,000 sterling. Islands territories in the past—some as ad- For many decades, the Pacific Islands ministrators, some as missionaries, some as were comparatively unknown — a happy merchants. Except for books they may have hunting-ground for descriptive writers and written, the fruits of their wisdom, experi- storytellers, who pictured it as a region of ence and knowledge have been partly lost. beauty, romance and mystery. Today, with There are men of outstanding ability in the the rapid development of the internal com- Pacific today — administrators, merchants bustion engine, wireless and aviation, the and missionary-educationists — and the Pa- Pacific Islands territories a r e coming cific Islands Association would, in our opin- quickly into prominence, as lands where cap- ion, be justifying its existence if it did no ital may be profitably invested and Euro- more than bring these gentlemen together peans comfortably settled. When the pres- under conditions which would enable their ent depression passes, development will be opinions—the result of their experience and very rapid. Because it is essentially a re- knowledge—to be expressed and placed on gion of primary production it provides a permanent record for the benefit of future vast potential market for manufactured development in the Pacific. goods—and particularly for the secondary One could speak for hours on the political products of Australia and New Zealand. importance of the Pacific Islands territories, Every native who abandons primitive life in relation to world affairs, but time forbids. and carries a lavalava and a knife, and Quite recently, I have read the opinions (in craves canned beef, adds to that great and speeches, articles and books) of three men growing market. —Sir Hubert Murray, Administrator of Pa- 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

pua, Sir Henry Scott, of Suva; and Mr. C. is wanted is simply a genuine, cooperative Brunsdon Fletcher, editor of The Sydney effort to advance the interests of the Pacific Morning Herald—concerning the future of Islands, make the attractions of these beau- the Pacific; and the thought occurred to tiful lands far more widely known, and do me that it would be a fine thing if we could everything possible to protect and assist the get men of this type together, to discuss, various native races. in a broad way, the future of the Pacific The following motion was moved by Islands in relation to the future of the great nations—some of European and some of Mr. H. A. Ross (formerly of Papua) : Asiatic culture—which lie around the Pa- That, in the opinion of this meeting, it is cific. desirable that an organization, to be called That is the bigger idea behind the plan to the Pacific Islands Association, be formed; form such an Association. But there are that its objects be generally those outlined smaller, though very important, purposes to in the circular calling this meeting; and be served. There is a great demand for in- that a provisional committee be appointed formation about the Pacific Islands—not to seek support for such a movement, ar- only in connection with trade development range the details of the organization, pre- and settlement opportunities, but also as a region of growing attractiveness to tourists. pare a draft constitution, and embody all We have a plan, for submission to the ex- such proposals in a general plan, to be sub- ecutive of the Association in due course, by mitted to a general meeting early in the which it may be possible, by catering for new year, such provisional committee to this demand for information, to provide hold office only until the appointment of headquarters and club-room facilities free of office-bearers and executive by the first cost to the Association. general meeting. There is a definite demand for some sort Mrs. Elizabeth Mahony (formerly a of central office or club-room, preferably in Sydney, for the use of residents and ex- well-known trader and planter at Sud- residents of the Pacific Islands — a place est, in the Louisade Archipelago) sec- where they may meet and attend to corre- onded the motion, and it was carried spondence when in Sydney; where they may see the various Islands newspapers and unanimously. • magazines; where the numerous reports, Mr. W. Bruce Rainsford said that, bluebooks, records, etc., relating to the Pa- cific territories, may be filed—a place which while he was not an Islands resident, he will be, in short, a focussing point for all was a very frequent visitor to New Cale- Pacific Islands interests, from Tahiti in the donia, where he had various interests. East, to Papua in the West; and from Nor- He laid particular stress on the impor- folk Island in the South, to Hawaii in the North. It will be a place where groups of tance of better communications. men and women from the different terri- Mrs. Hamilton Lewis (formerly of tories may meet together socially. Why not Papua) urged the importance of the pro- a New Guinea section, a Papuan section, a Fiji section, and so on? There might be posed organization from the point of more than one branch of the Association: view of the women residents of the Pa- if there were a branch office, or room, in cific. A women's committee could do Auckland, it might be more suitable for members in the Eastern and Central groups. valuable work by looking after the chil- That is the general idea, presented for dren of Pacific residents, when they were your consideration. coming to school in Australia and New The convenors wish to emphasize that Zealand, or departing therefrom. They there is no thought of making the Pacific Islands Association serve any interest or could perform such functions as arrang- section. The plan is wide open for the re- ing hotel or flat accommodation, or pri- ception of any suggestion or idea you may vate hospital accommodation, or making put forward. It is hoped that membership may be sought primarily among Islands resi- purchases for members coming down dents; but there is no thought of limiting from the Islands. it to any particular people. Membership should be available to anyone of good stand- The hon. secretary, pro tem., is Mr. ing, who is sufficiently interested in Pacific Jas. W. Baldie, P.O. Box 3408R, General Islands affairs to desire membership. What Post Office, Sydney.

VOLUME VII JANUARY-MARCH, 1932 No. 1

JOURNAL

OF THE Pan-Pacific Research Institution

A Periodical Record of Investigations Bearing on Problems of Food Production, Distribution, Conservation and Consumption, as well as on Public Health, and Race and Population Problems as Related to the Countries Bordering on the Pacific.

INDEX

A MEMORIAL TO DR. DAVID STARR JORDAN - 2

A CHECK LIST OF FISHES RECORDED FROM TAHITI 2 By Dr. Albert W. Herre

A LIST OF THE PENTATOMIDAE, PLATASPIDAE, AND COREIDAE OF CHINA, KOREA, AND INDO-CHINA 6 By Professor William E. Hoffman

A MARINE BIOLOGICAL GARDEN FOR HAWAII - - 11

AT PRESENT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT HONOLULU, HAWAII BY THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION More frequent publication as acceptable material is contributed. 2 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION In Memory of Dr. David Starr Jordan

It is with deepest sorrow that we, the inspired others to take hold where he members of the Pan-Pacific Research left off. Institution, learn of the death at Palo While honorable chairman of the Pan- Alto, on Sept. 19, 1931, of our beloved Pacific Research Institution to the time friend and coworker, David Starr Jor- of his death, he assumed active chair- dan, Ex-President and Chancellor-Emer- manship of the Council on Aquatic Re- itus of Stanford University. sources when he gave invaluable service Dr. Jordan was one of the founders of to the Council and its workers during the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, and the Pan-Pacific Fisheries Conference, the its first president as well as the most beneficial results of which compass the earnest supporter of its aims and ideals. whole Pacific Region. He, with the members of the Pan-Pacific In the death of David Starr Jordan Science Council, in 1925 drew up the out- our Institution, as well as the entire line of purpose of the Institution and American Commonwealth, sustains one aided greatly in getting the work well of its greatest losses. Dr. Jordan was under way. He believed that here in the one of the foremost educators and sci- Mid-Pacific might be developed a great entists, as well as publicists, that America democracy of scientists whose influence has claimed in the past generation. A in every field of human welfare, includ- leader who mingled with all the people ing both science and statecraft, as they and gave the best he had to give for affected not only the Pacific, but world more than half a century. relations, could be founded. Many of the Honolulu, T. H., Oct. 2, 1931. notable inter-Pacific, if not international, conferences that have been held in Hawaii Theo. C. Zschokke, in recent years are the outgrowth of Dr. E. H. Bryan, Jr., Jordan's genius and vision, by which he F. G. Krauss..

A Check List of Fishes Recorded from Tahiti By ALBERT W. HERRE Stanford University, California. (Those collected by the author are marked with an *.)

Family Carcharhinidae. Family Clupeidae. 1.—*Carcharias melanopterus Quoy and Gai- 8.—*Stolephorus japonicus (Houttuyn). mard. 9.—Sardinella gibbosa Sleeker. Family Galeorhinidae. 10.—Sardinella melanura (Cuvier). 2.—Triaenodon obesus (Riippell). 11.—Clupeoides lile (Cuvier and Valenci- Family Sphyrnidae. ennes). 3.—Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus). Family Dorosomidae. Family Myliobatidae. 12.—Clupanodon punctatus (Schlegel). 4.—*Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen). Family Engraulidae. Family Megalopidae. 13.—Engraulis indica Van Hasselt. 5.—*M egalops cyprinoides (Broussonet) ; Family Anguillidae. fresh water. 14.*—Anguilla mauritiana (Bennett) ; fresh Family Albulidae. water. 6.—Albula vulpes (Linnaeus). 15.—Anguilla celebesensis (Kaup) ; fresh wa- Family Chanidae. ter. 7.—Chanos chanos (Forsk51). 16.—Anguilla pacifica Schmidt; fresh water. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 3

Family Leptocephalidae. 67.-Holocentrus erythraeus Gunther. 17.-Poeciloconger fasciatus Gunther. 68.-Holocentrus tiere Cuv. and Val. Family Ophichthyidae. 69.-*Holocentrus tiereoides Bleeker. 18.-Myrichthys maculosus (Cuvier). 70.-Holocentrus lacteoguttatus Cuv. and Val. 19.-Chlevastes colubrinus (Boddaert). 71.-*Holocentrus laevis Gunther. 20.-Callechelys marmoratus (Bleeker). 72.-Holocentrus violaceus Bleeker. 21.-Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay and Bennett). 22.-Brachysomophis crocodilinus (Bennett). 73.-*Holocentrus diadems. Lacepede. 23.-Brachysomophis henshawi Jordan and 74.-Holocentrus microstomus Gunther. Snyder. 75.-*Holocentrus sammara (Forskal). 24.-(See footnote.) 76.-*Holocentrus opercularis Cuv. and Val. 25.-*Achirophichthys kampeni (Weber and 77.-*Holotrachys lima Cuv. and Val. Beaufort) ; fresh water. • 78.-Myripristis murdjan (Forskal). 26.-Caecula catostomus (Bloch and Schneid- 79.-Myripristis adustus Bleeker. er). 80.-*Myripristis intermedius Gunther. 27.-Caecula polyophthalma (Bleeker). 81.-*Myripristis microphthalmus Bleeker. 28.-Caecula macrodon (Bleeker). 82.-*Myripristis pralinius Cuv. and Val. Family Moringuidae. Family Syngnathidae. 29.-Aphthalmichthys abbreviatus Bleeker. 83.-Microphis brachyurus Bleeker. Family Muraenidae. 84.-*Corythoichthys conspicillatus (Jenyns). 30.-Echidna zebra (Shaw). 85.-Hippocampus histrix Kaup. 31.-Echidna polyzona (Richardson). Family Aulostomidae. 32.-*Echidna nebulosa (Ahl). 86.-*Aulostoma valentini (Bleeker). 33.-Muraena pardalis (Schlegel). Family Fistulariidae. 34.-*Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl). 87.-*Fistularia petimba (Lacepede). 35.-Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw). Family Mugilidae. 36.-Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepede). 88.-*Mugil engeli Bleeker ; fresh water. 37.-Gymnothorax zonipectus Seale. 89.-Mugil cephalus Linnaeus. 38.-Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker. 90.-Mugil kelaartii Gunther. 39.-*Gymnothorax richardsoni (Bleeker). 91.-Mugil crenilabris Forskal. 40.-Gymnothorax monostigma (Regan). 92.-Liza borneensis (Bleeker). 41.-Enchelynassa canina (Quoy and Gai- 93.-*Liza melinoptera (Cuv. and Val.). mard). 94.-*Liza seheli (Forskal). 42.-Uropterygius tigrinus (Lesson). 95.-*Liza troscheli (Bleeker). 43.-Uropterygius polyspilus (Regan). 96.-*Liza vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard). 44.-*Uropterygius concolor Riippell. 97.-Myxus leuciscus Gunther. 45.-Uropterygius supraforatus (Regan). 98.-*Chaenomugil chaptali (Eydoux and Sou- Family Synodontidae. leyet). 46.-Trachinocephalus myops (B loch and Family Sphyraenidae. Schneider). 99.-Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum). 47.-Synodus varius Lacepede. 100.-Sphyraena forsteri Cuv. and Val. 48.-Saurida gracilis (Quoy and Gaimard). Family Polynemidae. Family Belonidae. 101.-*Polynemus indicus Shaw. 49.-Strongylura tahitiensis Fowler and Bean. 102.-Polynemus plebeius (Bonnaterre). 50.-Tylosurus choram (Riippell). 103.-Polynemus sexfilis Cuv. and Val. 51.-*Tylosurus melanotus (Bleeker). Family (Scombridae) Thynnidae Family Hemiramphidae. 104.-Euthynnus pelamis (Linnaeus). 52.-Hemiramphus dussumieri Cuv. and Val. 105.-Euthynnus alleteratus (Rafinesque). 53.-Hemiramphus far (Forskal). 106.-Neothunnus macropterus (Schlegel). Family Exocoetidae. Family Cybiidae. 54.-Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson). 107.-Acanthocybium solandri (Cuv. and Val.). 55.-Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus. Family Gempylidae. 56.-Cypselurus furcatus (Mitchill). 108.-Gempylus serpens Cuvier. 57.-Cypselurus poecilopterus (Cuv. and Val.). 109.-Promethichthys prometheus (Cuv. and 58.-*Cypselurus spilopterus (Cuv. and Val.). Val.). 59.-Cypselurus oligolepis (Bleeker). 110.-*Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco. 60.-Cypselurus tahitiensis Seale. Family Istiophoridae. 61.-Cypsclurus simus (Cuv. and Val.). 111.-Jstiophorus sp. Family Pleuronectidae. 112.-Tetrapterus sp. 62.-Platophrys mancus (Broussonet). Family Xiphiidae. 63.-Platophrys pantherinus (Riippell). 113.-Xiphias gladius Linnaeus. 64.-Pseudorhombus triocellatus (Bloch and Family Coryphaenidae. Schneider). 114.-Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus. Family Holocentridae. 115.-Coryphaena equisetis Linnaeus. 65.-Holocentrus rubellio Seale. Family Bramidae. 66.-*Holocentrus caudimaculatus Riippell. 116.-Collybus drachme Snyder. Family Carangidae. Owing to error in Ms. No. 24 was omitted 117.-*Scomberoides sancti-petri (Cuv. and and No. 375 duplicated. The total Val.). number remains the same. 118.-Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus). 4 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

119.-*Elegatis bipinnulatus (Quoy and Gai- Family Lutianidae. mard). 173.-Lutianus bohar (Forskal). 120.-*Decapterus sanctae-helenae (Cuv. and 174.-Lutianus fulviflamma (Forskal). Val.). 175.-Lutianus fulvus (B1. and Schn.). 121.-*Trachurops macrophthalmus (Riippell). 176.-Lutianus gibbus (Forskal). 122.-Trachurops crumenophthalmus (Bloch). 177.-Lutianus johnii (Bloch). 123.-Caranx affinis Riippell. 178.-Lutianus kasmira (Forskal). 124.-Caranx elacate Jordan and Evermann. 179.-*Lutianus marginatus (Cuv. and Val.). 125.-Caranx helvolus (Bloch and Schneider). 180.-*Lutianus monostigma (Cuv: and Val.). 126.-*Caranx sansun (Forskal) ; fresh water. 181.-Pristipomoides sieboldi (Bleeker). 127.-*Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard; 182.-Etelis evurus Jordan and Evermann. 183.-Etelis marshi (Jenkins). fresh water. Family Pomadasidae. 128.-*Caranx stellatus Eydoux and Souleyet. 184.-Plectorhinchus orientalis (Bloch). 129.-Caranx melampygus Cuv. and Val. Family Sparidae. 130.-Caranx ignobilis (Forskal). 185.-*Lethrinus miniatus (Forster). 131.-Caranx forsteri Cuv. and Val. 186.-*Lethrinus variegatus Ehrenberg. 132.-Caranx ferdau (Forsk51). 187.-Gnathodentex aureo-lineatus (Lacepede). 133.-Caranx ajax (Snyder). 188.-*Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal). 134.-Gnathanodon speciosus (Forskal). Family Kyphosidae. 135.-Alectis ciliaris (Bloch). 189.-Kyphosus fuscus (Lacepede). Family Leiognathidae. 190.-Kyphosus waigiensis (Quoy and Gai- 136.-Leiognathus equula (Vorsk5.1). mard). 137.-Leiognathus dussumieri (Cuv. and Val.). Family Mullidae. 138.-Leiognathus fasciatus (Lacepede). 191.-Upeneoides arge (Jordan and Evermann). 139.-Secutor insidiator (Bloch). 192.-Upeneoides vittatus (Forskal). 140.-Gazza minuta (Bloch). 193.-*Upeneus barberinus (Lacepede). Family Apogonidae. 194.-*Upeneus bifasciatus (Lacepede). 141.-*Apogon apogonides (Bleeker). 195.-Upeneus luteus Cuv. and Val. 142.-*Apogon aroubiensis Hombron and Jacq. 196.-Upeneus macronemus (Lacepede). 143.-*Apogon bandanensis Bleeker. 197.-*Upeneus moana (Jordan and Seale). 144.-Apogon crassiceps Garman. 198.-Upeneus pleurostigma Bennett. 145.-*Apogon exostigma (Jordan and Seale). 199.-Upeneus chryserydros (Lacepede). 146.-*Apogon frenatus Valenciennes. 200.-Mulloides auriflamma (Forskal). 147.-Apogon novemfasciatus Cuv. and Val. 201.-Mulloides erythrinus Klunzinger. 148.-Apogonichthys auritus (Cuv. and Val.). 202.-*Mulloides samoensis Gunther. 149.-*Apogonichthys perdix Bleeker. Family Malacanthidae. 150.-*Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuv. and 203.-Malacanthus hoedti Bleeker. Val. Family Cirrhitidae. Family Kuhliidae. 204.-Cirrhitus pinnulatus (BI. and Schneider). 151.-*Kuhlia marginata (Cuv. and Val) ; fresh 205.-Paracirrhites polystictus (Gunther). water. 206.-Paracirrhites forsteri (B loch and 152.-Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepede) ; fresh wa- Schneider). ter. 207.-Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuv. and Val.). 153.-*Kuhlia taeniura (Cuv. and Val.). Family Scatophagidae. 154.-Kuhlia malo (Cuv. and Val.). 208.-Scatophagus argus (L.). 155.-Kuhlia boninensis (Fowler). Family Chaetodontidae. 156.-Kuhlia sandvicensis (Steindachner). 209.-Porcipiger longirostris (Broussonet). Family Serranidae. 210.-Chaetodon auriga Forskal. 157.-*Cephalopholis argus Bl. and Schn. 211.-*Chaetodon citrinellus Cuv. and Val. 158.-Cephalopholis aurantius (Cuv. and Val.). 212.-Chaetodon ephippium Cuv. and Val. 159.-Cephalopholis leopardus (Lacepede). 213.-*Chaetodon fasciatus (Forsk5.1). 160.-*Cephalopholis miniatus Forskal. 214.-Chaetodon ornatissimus (Solander). 161.-Cephalopholis urodelus (BI. and Schn.). 215.-Chaetodon reticulatus Cuv. and Val. 162.-Cephalopholis sexmaculatus (Riippell). 216.-Chaetodon strigangulus (Solander). 163.-Epinephelus corallicola (Kuhl and Van 217.-Chaetodon trichrous Gunther. Hass.). 218.-*Chaetodon trifasciatus Park. 164.-Epinephelus fasciatus (Forskal). 219.-*Chaetodon ulietensis Cuv. and Val. 165.-*Epinephelus merra Bloch. 220.-*Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch. 166.-*Epinephelus ongus (Bloch). 221.-*Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus. 167.-Epinephelus quernus Seale. 222.-Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus). 168.-Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg). 223.-*Heniochus permutatus Cuv. and Val. Family Pseudochromidae. 224.-Heniochus monoceros Cuv. and Bloch. 169.-*Pseudogramma polyacanthus Bleeker. 225.-Holacanthus bispinosus Gunther. Family Priacanthidae. 226.-*Holacanthus flavissimus Cuv. and Val. 170.-*Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepede). 227.-Holacanthus imperator (Bloch). 171.-Priacanthus hamrur (Forskal). Family Zanclidae. Family Pempheridae. 228.-*Zanclus canescens (Linnaeus). 172.-Pempheris otaitensis Lesson. 229.-*Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus). JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 5

Family Acanthuridae. 287.-Labroides dimidiatus (Cuv. and Val.). 230.-Acanthurus achilles (Shaw). 288.-Anampses caeruleo-punctatus Riippell. 231.-*Acanthurus aliala Lesson. 289.-Halichoeres centiquadrus (Lacepede). 232.-Acanthurus celebicus Bleeker. 290.-*Halichoeres daedalma Jordan and Seale. 233.-Acanthurus dussumieri Cuv. and Val. 291.-*Halichoeres trimaculatus (Quoy and 234.-Acanthurus elongatus (Lacepede). Gaimard). 235.-Acanthurus guttatus Bl. and Schn. 292.-*Coris aygula (Lacepede). 236.-Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus). 293.-Coris gaimard (Quoy and Gaimard). 237.-*Acanthurus matoides Cuv. and Val. 294.-Cons heteroptera (Bleeker). 238.-Acanthurus olivaceus Bl. and Schn. 295.-Hologymnosus semidiscus (Lacepede). 239.-*Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus). 296.-*Thalassoma harwicke (Bennett). 240.-*Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett). 297.-Thalassoma lunare (Linnaeus). 241.-*Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett). 298.-*Thalassoma lutescens (Lay and Ben- 242.-Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch). nett). 243.-Naso brevirostris (Cuv. and Val.). 299.-Thalassoma schwanenfeldi (Bleeker). 244.-Naso annulatus (Quoy and Gaimard). 300.-*Thalassoma umbrostigma (Riippell). 245.-Naso lituratus (Bloch and Schn.). 301.-Thalassoma purpureum (Forskal). 246.-Naso unicornis (Forskal). 302.-Thalassoma trilobata (Lacepede). 247.-Naso vlamingi (Cuv. and Val.). 303.-Thalassoma aneitensis (Gunther). Family Siganidae. 248.-Teuthis javus (Linnaeus). 304.-Gomphosus varius Lacepede. 249.-Teuthis marmorata (Quoy and Gaimard). 305.-Gomphosus tricolor Quoy and Gaimard. 250.-Teuthis rostrata (Cuv. and Val.). 306.-Cheilio inermis (Forskal). 251.-*Teuthis striolata Gunther. 307.-*Pseudocheilinus hexataenia (Bleeker). Family Scorpaenidae. 308.-Cheilinus chlorurus Bloch. 252.-Scorpaenopsis cirrhosus (Thunberg). 309.-*Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepede. 253.-Scorpaenopsis cacopsis Jenkins. 310.-Cheilinus undulatus Riippell. 254.-Scorpaenopsis gibbosus (BI. and Schn.). 311.-Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacepede). 255.-*Sebastapistes bynoensis (Richardson). 312.-Novaculichthys kallosoma (Bleeker). 256.-*Scorpaenodes guamensis (Quoy and Gai- 313.-Iniistius pavo (Cuv. and Val.). mard). 314.-Xyrichthys virens Cuv. and Val. 257.-*Scorpaenodes scabra (Ramsay and Ogil- Family Scaridae. by). 315.-Leptoscarus snyderi (Jenkins). 258.-Pterois antennata (Bloch). 316.-Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy and Gai 259.-*Pterois radiata Cuv. and Val. mard). 260.-Synanceia verrucosa Bl. and Schn. 317.-Callyodon bataviensis (Bleeker). Family Caracanthidae. 318.-Callyodon blochii (Cuv. and Val.). 261.-Caracanthus maculatus (Gray). 319.-Callyodon dubius (Bennett). 262.-Caracanthus unipinna (Gray). 320.-Callyodon erythrodon (Cuv. and Val). Family Platycephalidae. 321.-Callyodon formosus (Cuv. and Val.). 263.-Platycephalus fuscus Cuv. and Val. 322.-Callyodon forsteri (Cuv. and Val.). Family Cephalacanthidae. 323.-Callyodon ghobban (Forskfil). 264.-Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuv. and Val.). 324.-*Callyodon globiceps (Cuv. and Val.). Family Pomacentridae. 325.-Callyodon lepidus (Jenyns). 265.-Amphiprion frenatus Brevoort. 326.-Callyodon moensi (Bleeker). 266.-Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus). 327.-Callyodon oviceps (Cuv. and Val.). 267.-Chromis dimidiatus (Klunzinger). 328.-Callyodon strongylocephalus (Bleeker). 268.-*Chromis caeruleus (Cuv. and Val.). 329.-*Callyodon troscheli (Bleeker). 269.-*Pomacentrus lividus (Forster). Family Echeneidae. 270.-*Pomacentrus nigricans (Lacepede). 330.-Echeneis remora Linnaeus. 271.-*Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch). Family Eleotridae. 272.-Pomacentrus taeniurus Sleeker. 331.-*Asterropteryx semipunctatus Riippell. 273.-Abudefduf amabilis (De Vis). 332.-*Eleotris fusca (Bl. and Schn.) ; in fresh 274.-*Abudefduf brownriggi (Bennett). water. 275.-*Abudefduf coelestinus (Cuv. and Val.). 333.-*Eviota afelei Jordan and Seale. 276.-Abudefduf glaucus (Cuv. and Val.). 334.-*Eviota distigma Jordan and Seale. 277.-Abudefduf imparipennis (Vaillant and 335.-Valenciennea strigata (Broussonet). Sauvage). Family Gobiidae. 278.-Abudefduf lacrymatus (Quoy and Gai 336.-*Bathygobius fuscus ( Riippell ) . mard). 337.-*Rhinogobius neophytus (Gunther). 279.-Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus). 338.-Vailima stevensoni Jordan and Seale. 280.-Abudefduf sordidus (Forskal). 339.-Oplopomus oplopomus (Cuv. and Val.). 281.-*Abudefduf uniocellatus (Quoy and Gai- 340.-Glossobogius giurus (Buch.-Hamilton). mard). 341.-Gobiodon quinquestrigatus (Cuv. and 282.-Abudefduf xanthozona (Bleeker). Val.). Family Labridae. 342.-*Paragobiodon echinocephalus (Riippell). 283.-Choerodon anchorago (Bloch). 343.-*Zonogobius semidoliatus (Cuv. a n d 284.-Choerodon cyanodus (Richardson). Val.). 285.-Lepidaplois axillaris (Bennett). 344.-*Chonophorus genivittatus (Cuv. a n d 286.-*Epibulus insidiator (Pallas). Val.) ; fresh water. 6 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

345.-*Chonophorus ocellaris (Broussonet) ; 368.-Balistes fuscus Bl. and Schn. fresh water. 369.-Balistes chrysopterus Bl. and Schn. 346.-*Papenua pugnans (Grant) ; fresh water. 370.-*Balistes vidua (Solander) Richardson. 347.-Sicyopterus taeniurus (Gunther). Family Monacanthidae. 348.-Apocryptes lanceolatus (131. and Schn.). 371.-Cantherines sandwichiensis (Quoy and Family Parapercidae. Gaimard). 349.-Parapercis tetracanthus (Bleeker). 372.-Cantherines howensis (Ogilby). Family Blenniidae. 373.-Osbeckia scripta (Osbeck). 350.-Petroscirtes quadrimaculatus Kendall and Family Ostraciidae. Goldsborough. 374.-*Ostracion cornutus Linnaeus. 351.-Salarias biseriatus Cuv. and Val. 375.-Ostracion sebae Bleeker. 352.-Salarias caesius Seale. 375.-*Ostracion tuberculatus Linnaeus. 353.-Salarias caudolineatus Gunther. Family Canthigasteridae. (See footnote.) 354.-Salarias edentulus (B1. and Schn.). 376.-Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker). 355.-Salarias lineatus Cuv. and Val. 377.-Canthigaster cinctus (Richardson). 356.-Salarias marmoratus (Bennett). 378.-Canthigaster solandri (Richardson). 357.-Salarias periophthalmus (Cuv. and Val.). Family Tetraodontklae. 358.-Salarias satiens (Forster). 379.-Spheroides hamiltoni (Richardson). 359.-*Enchelyurus ater (Gunther). 380.-5pheroides lagocephalus (Linnaeus). Family Lycodapodiidae. 381.-Tetraodon hispidus Linnaeus. 360.-Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides Bleeker. 382.-Tetraodon meleagris BI. and Schn. Family Brotulidae. 383.-Tetraodon stellatus Bl. and Schn. 361.-Brotula mulleri Gunther. Family Diodontidae. Family Carapidae. 384.-*Diodon hystrix Linnaeus. 362.-*Carapus homei (Richardson). 385.-Diodon holacanthus Linnaeus. 363.-Jordanicus parvipinnis (Kaup). Family Antennariidae. 364.-Encheliophis vermicularis 386.-Antennarius bigibbus Lacepede. Family Balistidae. 387.-Antennarius commersonii (Shaw). 365.-*Balistapus aculeatus (Linnaeus). 388.-Antennarius hispidus (BI. and Schn.). 366.-*Balistapus undulatus (Park). Addendum-Family Labridae. 367.-Balistes bursa Bl. and Schn. 389.-*Coris puicherrima Gunther.

A List of the Pentatomidae, Plataspidae, and Coreidae (order Hemiptera) of China, Korea, and Indo-China.* By WILLIAM E. HOFMANN Professor and Head of Department of Biology, Lingnan University, Canton, China.

During the First Pan-Pacific Food in part on a study of material in the Conservation Conference, held in Hono- United States National Museum, the Nat- lulu during the summer of 1924, ento- ural History Museum, London, and a col- mologists throughout the Pacific area lection of Chinese insects made by the were urged to prepare lists of insects, es- writer. Species (and genera) preceded pecially in groups containing species of by an asterisk (*) have not been hitherto considerable economic importance, for reported from China proper so far as their particular regions. Upon arrival in known to the writer. South China the writer soon observed that the Pentatomidae (including the Family PLATASPIDAE Plataspidae) and Coreidae were of con- Tarichea siderable economic importance although 1.chinensis Dallas Calacta practically nothing had been written on 2. lugubris Stal the bionomics of these families as they Oncylaspis pertain to China Accordingly these fam- 3. ruficeps Dallas ilies were selected first of all when the (= On ruficeps Stal) preparation of a list was undertaken. The Brachyplatys 4. carolinae Atkinson present list has been compiled for the 5. deplanatus Stal most part from the literature but is based (= Scutellera deplanata Eschscholz) JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 7

6. punctipes Montandon Zicrona 7. liturifrons Walker 57. caerulea Saunders (= Cimex silphoides Fabricius) Martinia 8. subaeneus Breddin 58. inexpectata Schouteden (= Plataspis subaenea (Westwood) ) Dinorhynchus 9. vahlii Fabricius 59. opulentus Distant Coptosoma Cazira 10.aciculata Montandon Subgenus Teratocazira 11.amplexa Montandon 60. horvathi Breddin * Contribution from the Department of Biol- Subgenus Metacazira ogy. 61. bergrothi Breddin 12. bifaria Montandon 62. bhoutanica Schouteden 13. biguttula Motshoulsky 63. montandoni Breddin 14. bilineata Montandon 64. reuteri Breddin 15. bisoculata Montandon 65. tibetensis Schouteden 16. bituminata Montandon 66. vegata Kirkaldy 17. breviceps Horvath OF DOUBTFUL POSITION 18. brevicula Montandon 19. cribraria Fabr. 67. Glypsus luridus Dallas 20. davidi Montandon Subfamily Pentatominae 21. distanti Montandon Tribe PENTATOMINI 22. excoffieri Montandon 23. fimbriata Distant Drinostia 24. horvathi Montandon 68. fissiceps Stal (= C. howathi Montandon) 69. planiceps Stal 25. lasciva Bergroth Euaenaria 26. lobata Walker 70. jucunda Breddin 27. munda Bergroth Brachymna 28. notabilis Montandon 71. tenuis Stal 29. parviceps Montandon Paterculus 30. parvipicta Montandon 72. affinis Distant 31. perplexa Montandon • 73. aberrans Distant 32. prolaticeps Montandon Neoniphe 33. pulchella Montandon 74. armata Distant 34. var. (b) discincta Mont. Holcostethus 35. var. (c) omnimoda Mont. 75. pallescens Jakovlev 36. var. (d) impedita Mont. Cappaea 37. punctatissima Montandon 76. *taprobanensis Dallas 38. rabieri Montandon Halyomorpha 39. semiflava Jakovlev 77. picus Fabricius 40. siamica Walker Tolurnnia 41. sordidula Montandon 78. basalis Dallas 42. tigrina Stal 79. ferruginescens Breddin 43. variegata Montandon 80. letipes Dallas Thyreocoris variegatus, H-S.) Massocephalus 44. verrucosa Montandon 81. maculatus Dallas 45. vollenhoveni Montandon Palomena 82. amplificata Distant Family PENTATOMIDAE 83. limbata Jakovlev 84. rubricornis J. Scott Subfamily ASOPINAF, 85. unicolorella Kirkaldy Picromerus (= Pentatoma unicolor Westwood) 46. lewisi Scott Carpocoris 47. vicinus Signoret 86. pudicus Poda Jalla 87. var. fuscispina (Saunders) 48. subcalcarata Jakovlev 88. var. coreana Distant Cantheconidea (= C. coreanus Distant) 49. concinna Walker 89. baccarum Linnaeus 50. thomsoni Distant Dolycoris 90. indicus Stal Pinthaeus Aelia 51. humeralis Horvath 91. sibirica Reuter Auriga Eysarcoris 52. chinensis Fallon 92. breviusculus Jakovlev 53. custos Fabricius 93. gibbosus Jakovlev 54. discors Jakovlev 94. guttiger Thunberg Rhacognathus 95. megaspilus Walker 55. distinctus Schouteden 96. potanini Jakovlev 56. punctatus Linnaeus 97. schmidti Jakovlev 8 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

98. ventralis (Westwood) 142. vitalisana Distant Eusarcocoris ventralis Distant) Piezodorus Rubiconia 143. hybneri (Gmelin) 99. intermedia Fieber (=Cimex rubrofasciatus Fabr.) 100.peltata Jakovlev Dabessus Carbula 101.crassiventris Distant 144. *malayanus Distant 102.eoa Bergroth Udonga 103.obtusangula Reuter 145. spinidens Distant Cellobius Rhaphigaster 104.gentilis Jakovlev 146. nebulosa Poda Agonoscelis Neojurtina 105.nubilis Fabricius 147. typica Distant Eurydema Rhynchocoris 106.festiva Linnaeus 148. *humeralis (Thunberg) 107.gebleri Gmelin 149. nigridens Stal 108.lituriferum var. yunnanensis China Iphiarusa 109.pulchra (Westwood) 150. aratrix Breddin 110. rugosa Motshulsky Priassus Capnoda 151. excofferi J. Martin 111.batesoni Jakovlev 112.nigroaenea Jakovlev Pentatoma Alcimocoris 152. armandi G. Fallou 113.potanini Horvath 153. davidi Signoret Sacontala 154. illuminata Distant 114.rugulosa Distant Amyntor Hoplistodera 155. obscurus Distant 115. fergussoni Distant (=--- Halys obscura Dallas) 116.scutellomaculata Distant Homalogonia 117.tonkinensis Distant 156. obtusa Distant 118.virescens Dallas (= Pentatoma obtusa Walker) Catacanthus Exithemus 119.aurantius Sulzer 157. mausonicus Breddin 120. incarnatus Drury Placosternum Nezara 158. dama Stal 121.antennata Scott 122.viridula Linnaeus Cimex dama Fabricius) Subgen. 159. taurus Amyot & Serville Acrosternum (=- Cimex taurus Fabricius) 123. rubripennis Jakovlev 160. urus Stal Sabaeus 124.humeralis Dallas Tribe AEPTINI Anaca Halyabbas 125.punctiventris Breddin 161. unicolor Distant Plautia Dorpius 126.fimbriatus (Fabricius) 162. kershawi Kirkaldy (-= P. crossota (Dallas) ) Tribe HALYINI Glaucias 127.beryllus var. crassa (Westwood) Tachengia Axiagastus 163. asora China 128.mitescens Distant Dalpada Critheus 164.cinctipes Walker 129.*lineatifrons Stal 165.concinna Westwood Eurysaspis Cimex clavatus Fabricius) 130.flavescens Distant 166.obscura (Westwood) Antestia (= Halys obscura (Westwood) ) 131.anchora Thunberg 167.oculata Fabricius Otantestia 168.perelegans Breddin 132.heterospila (Walker) 169.varia Dallas Menida Dendrites 133.bengalensis (Westwood) 170. kershawi Kirkaldy Cimex histrio Fabricius) Ouscha 134. formosa (Westwood) 171.viridissima Distant 135.laosana Distant Erthesina 136. ?megaspila Walker 172. fullo Stal 137.ornata Kirkaldy (= Cimex fullo Thunberg) 138.quadrimaculata Horvath 173.ilia China 139.raja Distant Halys 140.salvazana Distant 174.sulcata (Thunberg) 141.scotti Puton Cimex dentatus Fabricius) JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 9

Tribe MYROCHEINI 204. rugosa Distant Laprius 205. *siccifolia (Westw.) 175.gastricus (Thunberg) Aspongopus Cimex gastricus Thunberg) 206. chinensis Dallas 176.varicornis Distant 207. *sanguinolentus ? Westwood (= Sciocoris varicornis Dallas) Megarhamphus Ochrorrhaca 208. mekongum Distant 177.truncaticornis Breddin 209. pratti Distant Aednus 210. subpurpurascens Westwood 178.ventralis Dallas subgen. Pissistes 211. gracilicorne Dallas Tribe SCIOCORINI subgen. Pseudaradus Timuria 212. brevicornis (Fabricius) 179.melanocera Dallas 213. inermis (H-S.) Sclocoris (-= Amaurus inermis H-S.) 180.microphthalmus Flor. (= Megymenum inerme Dist.) Subfamily GRAPHOSOMATINAE 214. parallelum Vollenhoven Graphosoma Subfamily SCUTELLERINAE 181. rubrolineata (Westwood) Tribe ODONTOTARSINI (= Scutellera rubrolineata (Westwood) ) Irochrotus ' (= G. rubrolineatum Horvath) 215. lanatus (Pallas) Brachycercoris 216. mongolicus Jakovlev 182.camelus A. Costa Phimodera Scotinophara 217. argillacea Jakovlev 183.lurida (Burmeister) 218. carinata Reuter (= Tetyra lurida Burmeister) (= P. galgulina Kolenati) (= Podops lurida Distant) 219. var. callosa Reuter 184.obscura (Dallas) 220. var. reticulata Reuter (= Podops obscurus Dallas) 221. mongolica Reuter Dybowskyia 222. testudo Jakovlev 185.reticulata Dallas Eurygaster LIST OF SPECIES OF PENTATOMINAE 223. maurus (Linnaeus) OF DOUBTFUL POSITION: (= Cimex maurus Linnaeus) 224. sinica Walker 186.Cimex cylpeatus Linnaeus Tribe TETYRINI 187. C. nigrispinus Fabricius Hotea 188.Rhaphigaster disjectus Uhler subgen. Tylonca Subfamily PRYLLOCtPHALINAE 225. curculionoides (H-S.) Metonymia Tribe SCUTELLERI A /I 189.glandulosa (Wolff) Chrysocoris Edessa glandulosa Wolff ) subgen. Typic Salvianus 226. abdominalis (Westwood) 190.vitalisanus Distant 227. eques (Fabricius) Gonopsis subgen. Fitha 191. ?affinis (Uhler) 228. indigoferus Distant Dichelops affinis Uhler) 229. ornata (Dallas) 192.salvazana Distant (= Callidea ornata Dallas) 193.tonkinensis Breddin 230. puella (Vollenhoven) Diplorhinus (= Callidea puella Vollenhoven) 194.coloratus Distant 231. purpureus Stal 195. furcatus (Westwood) (= Cimex stockerus Fabr.) Tetroda 232. stollii (Wolff) 196.denticulifera Bergroth subgen. Cosmocoris 197.1atula Distant 233. coxalis (Stal) Megarhamphus subgen. Eucorysses 198.fuscus (Vollenhoven) 234. grandis (Thunberg) (= Megarhynchus fuscus Vollenhoven) OF UNCERTAIN SUBGENERIC POSITION 199.intermedius (Vollenhoven) (DESCRIBED UNDER CH RYSOCORIS) (= Megarhypchus intermedium 235. praetextatus Breddin Vollenhoven) Calliphara 200. hastatus (Fabricius) (= Aelia rostrata Fabr.) subgen. Chrysophara 201. truncatus (Westwood) 236. excellens (Burmeister) 237. munda Stal Subfamily DINIDORINAE 238. nobilis (Linnaeus) Cyclopelta Brachyaulax 202. obscura Lep. & Serv. 239. oblonga (Westwood) 203. parva Distant (= Tectocoris oblonga (Westwood) ) 10 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Scutellera Subfamily ACANTHOSOMINAE 240. amethystina (Germar) Microdeuterus 241. perplexa (Fabricius) 275. *megacephalus (H-S.) (= Cimex nobilis Fabr.) Acanthosoma (= T. perplexa (Westwood) ) 276. korolkovi Jakovlev Tetrarthria Sastragala 242. variegata Dallas 277. edessoides Distant Poecilocoris 278. firmata (Walker) subgen. typic. Anaxandra 243. dissimilis J. Martin 279. taurina Kirkaldy 244. druraei (Linnaeus) Elasmucha 245. latus Dallas 280. dorsalis (Jakovlev) 246. nepalensis (-= Elasmostethus dorsalis Jakovlev) (= Pachycoris nepalensis H-S.) 281. fasciator (Fabricius) 247. var. affinis (Westwood) (= Cimex fasciator Fab.) 248. nigricollis Horvath 282. nubila (Dallas) 249. ?plenisignatus Walker 283. rufescens (Jakovlev) Tectocoris Elasmostethus 250. diophthalmus (Thunberg) 284. interstinctus Linnaeus (= Cimex diophthalmus Thunberg) Cyphostethus Cantao subgen. typic. 285. sinensis Schumacher 251. ocellatus (Thunberg) SPECIES OF DOUBTFUL AFFINITY Tribe SPHAEROCORINI 286. Acanthosoma vicinum Uhler Hyperoncus Family COREIDAE 252. lateritius Distant Tribe ELVISURINI Subfamily COREINAE Solenosthedium Derepteryx 253. chinense Stal 287. laticornis Breddin 254. rubropunctatum Vollenhoven 288. obscurata Stal (= Scutellera rubropunctata Guerin) Prionolomia 289. mandarina Distant Subfamily TEssARATomiNAE Molipteryx Tribe ONCOMERINI 290. fuliginosa (Uhler) Neosalica 291. lunata (Distant) 255. nigrovittata Distant M ict is 292. camelina Kiritshenko Tribe TESSARATOMINI 293. falloui Reuter Embolosterna 294. fasciata Westwood 256. taurus (Westwood) 295. potanini Kiritshenko (= Tessaratoma taurus (Westwood) ) 296. serina Dallas Tessaratoma 297. tenebrosa Fabricius 257. nigroscutellata Distant Anoplocnem is 258. papillosa (Drury) 298. bicolor Westwood (= Cimex papillosa Drury) 299. 'dallasi Kiritshenko Tribe EUSTHENINI 300. lata Dallas Vitruvius 301. *phasiana Fabricius 259. *insignis Distant Peti II ia Eusthenes 302. lobipes Westwood 260. diomedes Breddin 303. tragus Fabricius 261. humeralis Distant Homoeocerus 262. pratti Distant 304. albiguttulus Stal 263. robustus Distant 305. chinensis Dallas (= Tessaratoma robusta Lep. et Serv.) 306. dilatatus Horvath 264. saevus Stal 307. distinctus Signoret 265. touchei G. Fallou 308. immaculipennis Stal 267. ulixes Breddin 309. inornatus Stal Eurostus 310. marginellus H-S. 268. heros Breddin 311. punctipennis (Uhler) 269. moutoni Montandon 312. singalensis Stal 270. ochraceus Montandon 313. sinicus Walker 271. validus Dallas 314. unipunctatus Thunberg Mattiphus 315. *walkeri Kirby 272. splendidus Distant 316. walkerianus Lethierry & Severin Xiongia (= plagiatus Walker) 273. elongata Distant 1 The author raises the question whether this Dalcantha should be a new species or only a new sub- 274. alata Breddin species, A. phasianus dallasi. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 11

Anacanthocoris Haploprocta 317. concoloratus Uhler 348. pustulif era (Stal) 318. striicornis Scott 349. semenovi Jakovlev Sinotagus Eohydara 319. nasutus Kiritshenko 350. fulviclava Bergroth Colpura Centrocoris 320. obscura (Dallas) 351. volxemi (Puton) 321. lativentris (Motschulski) Notobitus Subfamily PSEUDOPHLOEINAE 322. longipes Dallas Clavigralla 323. meleagris Fabricius 352. acantharis Fabricius 324. sexguttattus Westwood 353. *horrens Dohrn Cloresmus 354. *scutellaris Westwood 325. modestus Distant 355. tuberculata Dallas 326. similis Dallas Hygia Subfamily ALYDINAE 327.*opacus Uhler Stenocephalus 328. touchei Distant 356. femoralis Reuter Physomerus 357. horvathi Reuter 329. *grossipes (Fabricius) Mutusca Acanthocoris 358. prolixa Stal 330. clavipes Fabricius Leptocorisa 331. scaber Linnaeus 359. acuta Thunberg 332. *scabrator.Fabricius 360. nitidula Breddin Gonocerus 361. varicornis Fabricius 333. lictor Horvath Megalotomus 334. *sp. near basalis Westwood 362. castaneus Reuter * Plinachtus Alydus 335. *bicoloropes Scott 363. zichy Horvath Cletus Riptortus 336. *bipunctatus Westwood. 364. linearis Fabricius 337. punctiger Dallas 365. pedestris Fabricius 338. *feanus Distant * Daclera 339. rusticus Stal 366. *sp. (probably new) 340. schmidti Kiritshenko OF UNCERTAIN GENERIC POSITION 341. tennis Kiritshenko * Cletomorpha 367. Acestra sinica Dallas 342. *sp. near raja Distant Coreus Subfamily CORIZINAE 343. eversmanni ( Jakovlev) Corizus 344. sibiricus ( Jakovlev) 368. angularis Reuter Mesocerus 369. chinensis Dallas Serinetha 345. marginatus orientalis Kiritshenko 346. omoxys Kiritshenko 370. abdominalis (Fabricius) 347. potanini (Jakovlev) 371. augur Fabricius

A Marine Biological Garden for Hawaii

(Discussions at a Pan-Pacific Science the Friday evening programs have been Supper, May 8, 1931. Chairman, well up to their past standard, and, in Dr. Frederick Krauss, Director of some cases, beyond. Tonight we are to be Agricultural Extension, University favored with a very unusual talk by Dr. of Hawaii.) R. N. Chapman on "Scientific Problems of the Pineapple Industry"-something The hour for our discus- Chairman: in which we are all interested. I have a sion has arrived. It is extremely gratify- number of announcements, one of which ing to see how these gatherings continue is that Dr. L. 0. Howard, chief of the to carry on in full force. I can well un- derstand how thoroughly pleased Mr. Entomological Division of the Depart- Ford would be if he knew how this work ment of Agriculture for many years, is is being conducted. It seems to me that almost certain to be here in June or July 12 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION to spend some time with us. All old- "What was said by Dr. Galtsoff regarding timers will remember his great service to the expense and the needs of the Institu- the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Con- tion should be kept in mind most carefully. ference in 1924, from which was carried I can support emphatically all that was said. After experience of nearly forty years em- out the original plan for the Agricultural bracing European laboratories, those of the Conference in August of this year, at east coast and also of the west coast, I which he would doubtless have been the feel that the opportunities at Hawaii are so honorary chairman. We shall probably unusual that the move ought to be promoted have Dr. Howard with us for some with vigor." months preceding his visit and probable residence in Paris, France, from then on. With reference to Dr. David Starr Jor- Another distinguished come-backer is dan, most of you know that his condition to be Joseph Rock, whom many of you is extremely serious. We do not know how remember personally and others through much longer he may live. Let us hope reputation. I think it is quite definite that that his 80th birthday may have several Dr. Rock will be back with us in the more added. In a recent notice from fall and is to be here for all time. the New York Aquarium, contributions Here is a letter from Dr. Henry B. were asked for a bust to be made of Ward, head of the Department of bronze, said to be the finest likeness ever Zoology of the University of Illinois, made of Dr. Jordan. Contributions of which I should like to read. It has ref- $1.00 or $5.00 up to any amount one erence to the suggestion for an Interna- might care to contribute will be very wel- tional Marine Biological Station which come if sent to the New York Aquarium. appears in the April-May Journal of the I saw an illustration of this bust and it Pan-Pacific Research Institution, which I seems to me to be a remarkable likeness, think most of you have received. I will such as I should always like to remember read the first paragraph of this that you when thinking of Dr. Jordan. may know what the letter refers to : I shall ask Mr. Ehrhorn to tell us a little more of this Biological Laboratory, "It has been suggested recently at the Friday night science suppers that an Inter- and we want free discussions. One of national Marine Biological Laboratory be the important parts of these informal Fri- established on the grounds of the Pan-Pacific day evenings is the informal discussion. Research Institution, a laboratory entirely Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn, entomologist : independent of any one government of the Years ago, when I was Superintendent Pacific." of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, I should commend to all of you the I had the pleasure of meeting Dr. Morten- reading of this article. It is too long to son, a Dane and one of the leading marine read here in full. biologists of the world. I came in direct Most of you who have followed this contact with him because at the time of work will remember that Dr. David Starr his arrival the Danish Consul was absent Jordan was father of the thought that from the territory. Fortunately, at that this apparently refers to. Dr. Ward's time I had several laboratories scattered letter is as follows : about the wharves, and I told him that "I am always interested in the Journal I would take care of him and turn over of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution. The one of my laboratories to him for his recent number, however, has a discussion work. Mr. Wm. Alanson Bryan was here concerning an international marine biolog- at the time, but is now in Los Angeles, ical station, which has proved of more than as director of the Los Angeles Museum. ordinary interest. I trust that this project He was very much interested, and Mr. may be pushed vigorously. It is important Langford, my assistant, also a great and the location is unique. collector of shells, made the time very JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 13 pleasant for Dr. Mortenson, who told me what is being done to further this plan? that in all his travels over the world he Miss Satterthwaite: Nothing at pres- had never found a place more suitable ent, I believe, is being done toward estab- for his work than the Hawaiian Islands. lishing a station here, but I believe Mr. He thought if it were possible to do Ford's work in getting Mr. K. Mikimoto, anything toward establishing a marine the "Pearl King" of Japan, interested in biological station that it would be a great establishing pearl fisheries here, could thing for all the scientists of the world. well be considered part of the program of When Dr. Jordan stayed at the Pan- a Marine Biological Station. Governor Pacific Research Institute, I had a talk Lawrence M. Judd, at Mr. Ford's sugges- with him about this matter, and my sug- tion, has written Mr. Mikimoto a cordial gestion was that if we could get all the invitation to come and survey the waters universities and scientific institutions around Hawaii, this, however, to be done about the Pacific to contribute annually at Mr. Mikimoto's expense, the Territory toward a station in these islands they having no appropriation for this purpose. could have the benefit of sending their Mr. Burhans: I suggest we communi- representatives here to work, and, at the cate with Delegate Houston and ask him same time, all the material gathered to advise us further with regard to an could be divided and given to the scien- appropriation of $200,000 by the Govern- tific institutions. ment to see if we could not get the mat- Dr. Jordan thought we would have to ter in a more concrete form. make a start first, get a building and shel- Dr. Krauss: I think Dr. Hugh Smith, ter for the instruments. I repeated to of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, and Dr. Jordan that because of the cold now with the Ministry of Fisheries in waters around Oregon, Washington and Siam, is coming through here. Perhaps California, the scientists up there would we can write Mr. Ford that there has be willing, I thought, to have their repre- been great interest manifested by this sentatives work in the nice warm waters group. This letter from Dr. Ward will here. He thought it might be a splendid be referred to him, and all that will help. idea, if we were going to build a labora- I think this is important enough to spend tory in Hawaii to build it similar to the part of our hour on. Are there any fish- one at Woods Hole. ermen here? The difficulty seems to be So that is where the matter now stands. that the American institutions, especially I am very glad to hear this letter from universities along the Pacific, have ma- Dr. Ward, and I am sure Honolulu would rine stations of their own. Nothing can be a very centrally, located place. beat Puget Sound as a collection ground, Dr. Krauss: Is there any further dis- and I have heard that the University of cussion on this important subject? The Oregon is building a station somewhere. Journal says that the estimated cost for a The University of California certainly small laboratory would be around $150,- maintains her own station. Stanford has 000 to $200,000. The buildings would be Pacific Grove. It is hard to expect these leased and the instruments would be institutions to support something new bought. when they already have their own sta- Mr. Harry Burhans: What action is tions. being taken on this correspondence? Mr. Burhans: You refer to the Uni- Dr. Krauss: I am sorry to say that I versity of California and the University do not know more than this. The idea is of Oregon. We now have the University to make this a feature at the Agricultural of Hawaii. Why couldn't that be in- Conference. Mr. Ford is now active in cluded in the list? this matter in the Orient, I am sure. Miss Dr. Krauss: We have a small Marine Satterthwaite, do you happen to know Laboratory, and I have a feeling that if 14 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

the University of Hawaii were ap- it is now with university students. We proached through President Crawford could have students in chemistry, physi- that is one way of starting this movement. ology, biology, psychology, and they could What do you think, Mr. Westgate ? pay their fee at the institution. We could Mr. J. M. Westgate: Well, it seems to locate for them facilities in the Bishop me that we already have our start at the Museum, the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Aquarium. We have an office and build- Association, the University of Hawaii, ings and the Aquarium is part of the and the Pineapple Experiment Station, university. There are people working out and all they would want is space in there every day. I can't see why that which to make their experiments. There isn't a start. There is a station near San would be certain work to do out on the Diego, California, and it seems to me ocean, and for this there would have to that we have pretty near as good a start be a boat of some kind. The first thing here, as far as equipment is concerned. is to have some one who wants to do the Practical agriculture might well, I think, work. The best institutions are produced be included, and as for anybody wanting by slow growth. I am not sure that to come down from the Mainland, we buildings are the first things needed. would have no difficulty in establishing Dr. Waterman: What marine problems the necessary contacts for them. are there here ? Dr. B. F. Hulse: I was sent by the Dr. Krauss: I am glad you brought U. S. Government to Naples, also to that up. I am not an expert on those Berlin, to study biology. My heart is things. I am going to ask Dr. Hulse to sold to the islands and I am very much speak of the kelp proposition in Califor- interested in this subject and would use nia. What are the kelp resources in Ha- my influence with other governments in waiian waters ? Dr. Hulse, tell them what that respect. you told me. Dr. Krauss: Yes, it does seem to me Dr. Hulse: I am slated to give this that the nucleus is here. Dr. Waterman, talk at a later date. The principal may we hear from you? thought that I have in mind is that we Dr. Waterman: Everything I was have been exploiting the land for a great going to say has been said. I might add, many years. We have more water than perhaps, that very few people know the land. If there is anything in the water Honolulu Aquarium is part of the univer- which would benefit millions, we may be sity. They don't know that scientific or neglecting a prolific field. The mineral laboratory work is being done there. This elements from the soil have been washed plant is much better than the Stanford to sea for a great many years. Sea laboratory when I first saw it. It was water is rich in that in which our bodies very small, indeed. are more or less deficient—mineral salts Dr. Krauss: I would like to call on and the food which we are producing. I Dr. Chapman, who is the Dean of the have done considerable research work in School of Tropical Agriculture, to tell Southern California, and there have been us how he believes we might help. many experiments made in trying to util- Dr. R. N. Chapman: I worked in 1924 ize these minerals from the ocean. We for six weeks in this laboratory at Wai- get kelp, for instance, 20 to 40 feet under kiki. I have visited a number of biolog- the surface of the sea, brought in by ical laboratories, in Naples, Prance, Ger- barges. When you divide anything that many, England and on the Mainland, and nature provides, an unbalanced ration re- as we mention other institutions, I do sults. We thought there was nothing of not think there is the correlation between value in kelp excepting iodine. Then achievement and buildings which is usu- agar-agar was separated and proved to be ally assumed. I don't know how crowded of value in the arts, but contained little JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 15 or no food value. Further research, trac- ago if it would grow; therefore I think ing back over hundreds of years, reveals you would have trouble to find lagoons that sea weed has been used to a consid- that would be deep enough. The Jap- erable extent as human food, and recent anese go to outlying islands to fish, which experiments have proved its value as is excellent proof that there is a lack of stock food. There is a plant operating in kelp to provide food for fish, so, it seems Southern California which is drying over me, there is a poor outlook for a kelp 200 tons a day of sea weed for stock industry. food. I have never seen a line advertis- Dr. Hulse: Isn't there a great bank ing this product in the columns of any off the coast north of the Pali, extending paper, yet all of this material is being readily marketed for stock food. It must out into the sea 100 to 200 feet deep ? I have produced results in order to have think one of the maps shows that there is. been in such demand. It became quite an Dr. Stearns: Yes, there is one. industry. Later we discovered that many Dr. Hulse: Well, that is the one I had people had been putting this dried kelp in mind, as the best kelp is obtained at on the market as medicine, claiming very 100 to 150 feet. The kelp we mention is beneficial reaction. We found they were called tree kelp and in one instance I charging $5.00 a box for a few capsules measured one branch which was 181 feet and were getting away with it. long. It grows practically straight up. I have been wondering if in the warm Dr. Krauss: All of this is very inter- waters about your islands there might not esting, even if it does bring us back to the be sufficient growth of kelp to maintain a point where we started. From an analysis great stock food industry. I understand that the pineapple by-product, pineapple on this particular subject, we do think bran, had turned out to be rather an un- there is danger of laymen talking on sub- balanced ration and that the dairies are jects that are foreign to them. There- not using it as freely as they would like. fore I feel that whatever may apply What they need is something to balance in California to marine life may have ab- that ration. In analyzing we find that solutely no application here. We need the protein and minerals in the kelp would marine laboratories in Hawaii. My reac- apparently furnish a more balanced ration tion is a challenge to build this laboratory, in connection with the pineapple bran. to establish even a small institution such The present bran dehydrators are idle a as Dr. Chapman says is already here. portion of the season and would be ad- Here is a problem that may bring an an- mirably suited to dry the kelp if it can be swer. If it does it is important. I am found in sufficient quantity. What we going to ask Dr. Hance, on behalf of the want to know is if any of you wise men Chemical Division of the Hawaiian Plant- know of any large kelp beds in these ers' Association, to tell us something waters? along this line. It seems we have just I have made fishing trips Dr. Stearns: had a lead. My observations have been around these islands, and one of the things that impressed me is the fact that that while we have no great streams we we live on the peak of some of the great- have tremendous erosions, making banks est submarine mountains of the Pacific. along the coast. I am just enthusiastic There is a lack of extensive shallow enough to see in imagination one-half benches on which to grow kelp, as near dozen or a dozen or twenty species of California. When you get to the edge of this kelp planted successfully. Ford says the reefs here, the ocean floor deepens we are going to have pearl fisheries here. rapidly to 20,000 feet. It seems true that Another man says we are going to have kelp would have been brought here years all eastern shell fish. I believe that all of 16 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

this discussion is going to lead us to try Mr. Ehrhorn: If we are talking about out the things that others say may be oysters, why not about pearl oysters ? done. Dr. Hance, can you say some- Dr. Stearns: There were pearl oysters, thing about soil conditions and erosion in because on the banks there have been Hawaii ? shells stacked by Hawaiians, showing Ha- Dr. Hance: I cannot tell you any- waii has had oysters. I don't know what thing about soil that is washed into the kind they were, but they are not the kind sea. that occur in fossil beds. We may never Dr. Krauss: Mr. Westgate, what have raise oysters there with all the conditions you to say on the subject? that now exist, but probably at one time Mr. Westgate: Near the laboratory Pearl Harbor wasn't as turbulent as it is there are thick beds of oyster shells that most of the time now. That condition existed here some ten or fifteen thousand probably killed oysters in that particular years ago—two or three varieties of large harbor. I was examining a log this morn- oysters that have become extinct. Why ing and found that after drilling through can't we introduce them again and have 180 feet of mud there showed a 25-foot a new additional food supply ? Around coral deposit. The upper layer would in- Pearl Harbor there are numerous oyster dicate that at one time the water was cool beds, but the oysters are certainly not on enough for coral to grow to a distance of the market. 25 feet. Dr. Krauss: Might not these questions Dr. Krauss: All of this is being re- be fruitful work for a marine laboratory ? corded and passes through the best chan- The question that Dr. Waterman asked, nels. Dr. Henry Ward can be written, "What would the function be—what or anybody else you mention. Dr. Chap- would they have to do ?" could then be man feels that Dr. Ward would be a good answered. If we can show our industrials man to make familiar with these things. that there is a financial return I have a Dr. Galtsoff would be one of the best feeling that this $200,000 might be gotten authorities and would be glad to pass on together. And then again, we respond any problem. Dr. Hugh Smith, whom we to the thought expressed by Dr. Chap- loaned to the Siamese Government, is man that the best industries are produced one of the authorities. Dr. Chapman has by slow growth. just told me of a number of men who Mr. Westgate: I have another thought. are marine biologists, and suggests that I will start a subscription by giving we invite these men to give us their enough to buy a pair of oysters. Mama ideas. Oyster lays one billion eggs and in time Mr. Burhans: A suggestion as to a will fill Pearl Harbor. Why not try it ? Marine Biological Laboratory. Couldn't Mr. Hance: I believe this was done, the chairman be empowered to get in but storms filled Pearl Harbor so full touch, possibly with the Agricultural De- of sand that they died out. Many partment here, as to the proper way to migrated, apparently. Is it feasible to go about this and to confer with authori- put them in Pearl Harbor where they ties in the Bishop Museum—follow up used to flourish so well ? the suggestions, and have a paper on the Mr. Moe: You can't put an oyster problem prepared ? just anywhere. You have to have regular Dr. Krauss: A record will be sent to beds for them. I would like to state that Mr. Ford, to Dr. Ward and others. I four years ago there were living oysters believe it well to propose now that all in Pearl Harbor. Whether there are the material be gotten together and then living ones there now I don't know. They placed in the hands of some responsible are probably there yet. person. ADVERTISING SECTION 1

THE MID-PACIFIC

Fiji Island fishing canoe

RUPERT BROOKE IN THE PACIFIC loveliness. You lie on a mat in a cool Samoan hut, and look out on a white I shall go out and wander through sand under the high palms, and a gentle the forest paths by the grey moonlight. sea, and the black line of the reef a Fiji in moonlight is like nothing else in mile out, and moonlight over everything, this world or the next. It's all dim floods and floods of it . . . And then colors and all scents. And here where among it all are the liveliest people in it's high up, the most fantastically- the world, moving and dancing like gods and goddesses, very quietly and shaped mountains in the world tower mysteriously, and utterly content. It is up all around, and little silver clouds sheer beauty, so pure that it's difficult and wisps of mist run bleating up and to breathe in it—like living in a Keats down the valleys and hillsides like lambs world, only it's less syrupy—Endymion looking for their mother. There's only without sugar. Completely unconnected one thing on earth as beautiful ; and with this world. that's Samoa by moonlight. That's ut- From "The Collected Poems of terly different, merely Heaven, sheer Rupert Brooke, with a Memoir."

• Suva, Fiji, is on the route of the steamer Tofua. A grand tour of the Canadian-Australasian Line, Ltd., from Pacific taking in all these places, and Vancouver to Honolulu, Suva, Auckland also Wellington (N. Z.), Rarotonga and Sydney. Samoa is included in the (Cook Is.), Tahiti, and San Francisco, Fiji-Tonga-Samoa round cruise of the can he arranged. Theo. H. Davies & Co. Union S. S. Co.'s 4500-ton passenger are the Honolulu agents.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC

Tice Royal Hawaiian and the Moana Hotels at Waikiki

The Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd., those who go to the city in the morn- own and operate the Royal Hawaiian ing and to the beach or golfing in the Hotel, Moana Hotel, Seaside Hotel and afternoon. The grounds are spacious Bungalows, and the Waialae Golf Club. and the rates reasonable. This hotel has The Royal Hawaiian has been voted the been under the same management for a world's finest hotel by ten World Cruise score of years, which speaks for itself. Steamers. Rates upon application. Cable Both transient tourists and permanent address Royalhotel. guests are welcomed.

At Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restau- rant, at Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, Child's Hotels and Apartment Service accommodations are masters at getting you settled in real homelike style. If you wish to live in town, there is the Child's Blaisdell Hotel in the very heart of the city, with the palm garden restaurant where everything is served from a sand- Famous Hau Tree Lanai wich to an elegant six-course dinner. If we haven't the accommodation you de- The Halekulani Hotel and Bunga- sire, we will help you to get located. lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach at Waikiki." Includes Jack London's Lanai The City Transfer Company, at Pier 11, and House Without a Key. Rates from has its motor trucks meet all incoming $5.00 per day to $140.00 per month and steamers and it gathers baggage from up. American plan. Clifford Kimball, every part of the city for delivery to owner and manager. the outgoing steamers. This company Vida Villa Hotel and cottages are on receives, and puts in storage until needed, the King street car line above Thomas excess baggage of visitors to Honolulu Square. This is the ideal location for and finds many ways to serve its patrons. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 3

One of the Lewers & Cooke, Ltd., Lumber Yards

Lewers & Cooke, Ltd., have, since They are also agents for Celotex cane- 1852, been headquarters for all varieties fibre products, Blue Diamond Stucco, of building material, lumber, hollow tile, cement colors, corrugated steel sheets, cement, brick, glass, hardwoods and oak Lupton's metal windows, Gladding Mc- flooring; as well as tools of the leading Bean's brick, roof and floor tile, and Pabco prepared roofings. A Home Build- manufacturers, wall papers, Armstrong ing Department is maintained to help linoleums, domestic and oriental rugs, small home builders, and a Home Service W. P. Fuller & Company's superior Department to assist home owners in re- paints and Sargent Hardware. decorating and modernizing. OAHU RAILWAY AND LAND COMPANY

Leaving Honolulu daily at 9 :15 A. M. given you three hours for luncheon and our modern gasoline motor cars take sightseeing at this most beautiful spot. you on a beautiful trip around the lee- You arrive at Honolulu at 5 :27 P. M. ward side of Oahu to Haleiwa. The train leaves Haleiwa, returning to No single trip could offer more, and Honolulu at 2:52 P. M., after having the round trip fare is only $2.45. SEE OAHU BY RAIL ADVT. 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

THE WORLD'S MOST DELICIOUS PINEAPPLE Canned Hawaiian Pineapple is con- cooking. It is identical with the sliced sidered by epicures to possess the finest in quality and is canned by the same flavor in the world. Because of exceed- careful sanitary methods. ingly favorable conditions in soil and Many tasty recipes for serving Ha- climate, and remarkable facilities for waiian Pineapple in delicious desserts, canning immediately the sun-ripened salads and refreshing drinks are sug- fruit, the Hawaiian product has attained gested in a recipe book obtainable with- a superiority enjoyed by no other canned out cost at the Association of Hawaiian fruit. Pineapple Canners, P. 0. Box 3166, Crushed Hawaiian Pineapple is meet- Honolulu. Readers are urged to write, ing favor because of its convenience in asking for this free book.

FERTILIZING THE SOIL Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the isl- ands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 5

MODERN BANKING IN HONOLULU

,.! Ill.-1.11111110 ,52,' 10111 IMOD

S. M. DAMON BLDG., HOME OF BISHOP FIRST NATIONAL BANK

The S. M. Damon Building pictured above is occupied by the Bishop First National Bank of Honolulu, successor to The Bank of Bishop & Co., Ltd., (established 1858,) The First National Bank of Hawaii at Honolulu (established 1900,) the First American Savings Bank, and the Army National Bank of Scho- field Barracks, which were consolidated on July 8, 1929. "Old Bishop," as the bank is still called, is one of the oldest west of the Rocky Mountains, and has capital funds in excess of $5,500,000, and deposits in excess of $30,000,000. Mr. A. W. T. Bottomley is chairman of the Board, and President.

The Bank of Hawaii, Limited, incor- to its other banking facilities. Its home porated in 1897, has reflected the solid, business office is at the corner of Bishop substantial growth of the islands since and King streets, and it maintains the period of annexation to the United branches on the islands of Hawaii, States. Over this period its resources Kauai, Maui, and Oahu, enabling it to have grown to be the largest of any give to the public an extremely efficient financial institution in the islands. In 1899 a savings department was added Banking Service.

ADVT. 6 THE MID—PACIFIC

i

ear. 1r •.-

- -„- .1 The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants

Tasseled sugar cane almost ready for the cutting and crushing at the mills. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC

Home of Alexander & Baldwin, Lid.

Anyone who has ever visited the Ha- Ltd. ; Baldwin Packers, Ltd. ; The Mat- waiian Islands can testify to the useful- son Navigation Co. at Port Allen, Ka- ness of the "A & B Steamer Calendars" hului, Seattle and Portland ; and the fol- which are to be seen on the walls of prac- lowing-named and well-known insurance tically every office and home in Hawaii. companies : Union Insurance Society of The issuing of and the free distribution Canton, Ltd. ; The Home Insurance of these calendars is a distinct public Company, New York ; Springfield Fire service rendered for some 3o years by & Narine Insurance Co. ; New Zealand Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., who are Insu ranee Company, Limited ; The Corn- staunch supporters of all movements mom wealth Insurance Company ; Newark that work for the good of Hawaii. Fire Insurance Company ; American Al- The beautiful new office building pic- liance Insurance Association ; Queensland tured above was erected recently as a Insurance Co., Ltd. ; Globe Indemnity monument to the memory of H. P. Bald- Company of New York ; Switzerland win and S. Alexander, the founders of the General Insurance Co., Ltd. ; St. Paul firm and pioneers in the sugar business. Fire and Marine Ins. Co. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents The officers of Alexander & Baldwin, for some of the largest sugar plantations Ltd., are : W. M. Alexander, Chairman on the Islands ; namely, Hawaiian Com- Board of Directors ; J. Waterhouse, mercial & Sugar Co., Ltd. ; Hawaiian President ; H. A. Baldwin, Vice-Presi- Sugar Co. ; Kahuku Plantation Company ; dent ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice-President ; Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd. ; Mc- J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; D. L. Oleson, Bryde Sugar Company, Ltd. ; Laie Plan- Secretary ; J. F. Morgan, Asst. Treas- tation ; and also Kauai Pineapple Co., urer; J. W. Speyer, Asst. Treasurer. ADVT. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC CASTLE & COOKE MEMEN., MALOLO BERLIN °K MANHATTAN Wherever you travel . . . whichever route you prefer Castle & Cooke's Travel Bureau will arrange your reserva- tions or accommodations and relieve you of all annoying detail. Information, rates, or suggestions are offered with- out obligation and you are invited to use the travel files and service of the bureau. Castle & Cooke Travel Bureau, Merchant St., at Bishop. Branches in Royal Hawaiian and Moana Hotels.

C. BREWER AND COMPANY, LIMITED

C. Brewer and Company, Limited. Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,ogo, was established in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Planta- tion Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 9

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., Bishop and Halekauwila Sts., Phone 4981, dealers in crushed stone, cement, cement pipe, brick, stone tile, and explosives, have the largest and best equipped draying and storage company in the Islands, and are prepared to handle anything from the smallest package to pieces weighing up to forty tons.

The Waterhouse Co., Ltd., in the terred in your own plot on the mainland, Alexander Young Building, on Bishop Williams will embalm you ; or he will ar- street, make office equipment their spe- range all details for interment in Hono- cialty, being the sole distributor for the lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the National Cash Register Co., the Bur- Pacific for any other, but if you must, let roughs Adding Machine, the Art Metal your friends talk it over with Williams. Construction Co., the York Safe and Lock Company and the Underwood Bergstrom Music Company, the lead- Typewriter Co. They carry in stock ing music store in Hawaii, is located at all kinds of steel desks and other equip- 1140 Fort Street. No home is complete ment for the office, so that one might in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano at a day's notice furnish his office, safe and a Victor talking machine. The against fire and all kinds of insects. Bergstrom Music Company, with its big store on Fort Street, will provide you Honolulu is so healthy that people with these; a WEBER or a Steck piano don't usually die there, but when they do for your mansion, or a tiny upright they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- Boudoir for your cottage; and if you liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number are a transient it will rent you a piano. 1408, and he arranges the after-details. The Bergstrom Music Company, Phone If you are a tourist and wish to be in- 2294. ADVT. 10 THE MID-PACIFIC Honolulu as Advertised

The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 18$0; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in the matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency. The Mellen Associates, Successors to The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- The Charles R. Frazier Company, old- tion supplies the pure milk used for est and most important advertising children and adults in Honolulu. It agency in the Pacific field, provide Ho- also supplies the city with ice cream nolulu and the entire Territory of Ha- for desserts. Its main office is in the waii with an advertising and publicity Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku service of a very high order. The or- ganization, under the personal direction streets. The milk of the Honolulu of George Mellen, maintains a staff of Dairymen's Association is pure, it is writers and artists of experience and rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- exceptional ability, and departments for ciation has had the experience of more handling all routine work connected than a generation, and it has called with placing of advertising locally, na- upon science in perfecting its plant and tionally or internationally. The organi- its methods of handling milk and de- zation is distinguished especially for livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- originality in the creation and presenta- tomers. tion of merchandising ideas. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 125 Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended Merchant Street, prints in its job depart- to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and ment the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and that Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen speaks for itself. The Honolulu Star- Street. Bulletin, Ltd., conducts a complete com- Men of almost every Pacific race are mercial printing plant, where all the de- employed by this firm, and the men of tails of printing manufacture are per- each race seem fitted for some particular formed. It issues Hawaii's leading even- part of the work, so that quick and effi- ing newspaper and publishes many elab- cient is the loading and unloading of orate editions of books. vessels in Honolulu. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

On Hawaii and Maui

Twice a week the Inter-Island Steam The First Trust Company of Hilo oc- Navigation Company dispatches its pala- cupies the modern up-to-date building tial steamers, "Waialeale" and "Hualalai," adjoining the Bank of Hawaii on Keawe to Hilo, leaving Honolulu at 4 P.M. on Street. This is Hilo's financial institu- Tuesdays and Fridays, arriving at Hilo tion. It acts as trustees, executors, audit- ors, realty dealers, guardians, account- at 8 A.M. the next morning. From Hono- ants, administrators, insurance agents lulu, the Inter-Island Company dispatches and as- your stock and bond brokers. almost daily excellent passenger vessels You will need the services of the First to the island of Maui and twice a week to Trust Company in Hilo whether you are the island of Kauai. There is no finer a visitor, or whether you are to erect cruise in all the world than a visit to all a home or a business block. of the Hawaiian Islands on the steamers of the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Hawaii Consolidated Railway, Ltd., Hilo, Hawaii, the Scenic Railway of Company. The head offices in Honolulu Hawaii, one of the most spectacular are on Fort at Merchant Street, where trips in the world, thirty-four miles, every information is available, or books costing nearly $4,000,000; it crosses 10 on the different islands are sent on re- sugar plantations, 150 streams, 44 quest. Tours of all the islands are ar- bridges, 14 of which are steel from 98 ranged. to 230 feet high and from 400 to 1,006 feet long, and many precipitous gorges Connected with the Inter-Island Steam lined with tropical trees, and with wa- Navigation Company is the world-famous terfalls galore ; sugar cane fields, vil- Volcano House overlooking the everlast- lages, hundreds of breadfruit and co- ing house of fire, as the crater of Hale- conut trees and palms along the way, maumau is justly named. A night's ride and miles of precipices. W. H. Huss- from Honolulu and an hour by auto- man, general freight and passenger mobile, and you are at the Volcano agent. House in the Hawaii National Park on the Island of Hawaii, the only truly his- The Haleakala Ranch Company, with toric caravansary of the Hawaiian Islands. head offices at Makawao, on the Island of Maui, is as its name indicates, a There are other excellent hotels on the cattle ranch on the slopes of the great Island of Hawaii, the largest of the mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 group, including the recently constructed feet above the sea. This ranch breeds Kona Inn, located at Kailua on the Kona pure Hereford cattle and is looking to Coast—the most primitive and historic a future when it will supply fine bred cattle to the markets and breeders in district in Hawaii. Hawaii. Building on the Island of Hawaii.— The Hawaiian Contracting Company The Paia Store, which is conducted maintains working offices at the great by the Maui Agricultural Co., Ltd., is Hilo pier, where all steamers discharge managed by Fred P. Rosecrans. This their freight for Hilo and the big island. is one of the very big plantation de- This concern, with branches throughout partment stores in Hawaii. Every con- the Territory, has for its aim building ceivable need of the housekeeper or for permanency. It contracts for build- homemaker is kept in stock. The store ings and highway construction, having a covers an area of more than a city corps of construction experts at its com- block in a metropolitan city, and is the mand. In Hilo, Frank H. West is in department store adapted to the needs charge of the company's affairs. of modern sugar plantation life. ADVT. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC Business in Honolulu

service embracing the following : Trusts, Wills, Real Estate, Property Manage- ment, Home Rental Service, Stocks and Bonds and the Largest Safe Deposit Vaults in Hawaii. The Pacific Engineering Company, Ltd., construction engineers and general contractors, is splendidly equipped to handle all types of building construc- tion, and execute building projects in minimum time and to the utmost satis- faction of the owner. The main offices are in the Yokohama Specie Bank Building, with its mill and factory at South Street. Many of the leading busi- Youngsters on Surfboards at Waikiki. ness buildings in Honolulu have been constructed under the direction of the The International Trust Company, Pacific Engineering Company. with offices on Smith street, is, as its name indicates, a really Pan-Pacific Wright, Harvey & Wright, engineers financial organization, with leading in the Damon Building, have a branch American and Oriental business men office and blue print shop at 855 Kaahu- conducting its affairs. Its capital stock manu Street. This firm does a general is $200,000 with resources of over surveying and engineering business, and $500,000. It is the general agent for has information pertaining to practical- the John Hancock Mutual Life Insur- ly all lands in the group, as this firm ance Company of Boston, and other in- has done an immense amount of work surance companies. throughout the islands. The blue print department turns out more than fifty per cent of the blueprinting done in Honolulu.

The von Hamm-Young Co., Ltd., Im- porters, Machinery Merchants, and lead- ing automobile dealers, have their offices and store in the Alexander Young Building, at the corner of King and Bishop streets, and their magnificent automobile salesroom and garage just in the rear, facing on Alakea Street. Here one may find almost anything. Phone No. 6141. Interior View of Bishop Trust Co. The Chrysler Four and Six-Cylinder The Bishop Trust Co., Limited, larg- Cars, the culmination of all past ex- est Trust Company in Hawaii, is located periences in building automobiles, is at the corner of Bishop and King Streets. represented in Hawaii by the Honolulu It offers Honolulu residents as well as Motors, Ltd., 850 S. Beretania street. mainland visitors the most complete The prices of Four-Cylinder Cars range trust service obtainable in the islands from $1200 to $1445 and those of the today. The Company owns the Guardian Six from $1745 to $2500. The Chryslers Trust Co., Pacific Trust, Waterhouse are meeting with remarkable sales rec- Trust, and the Bishop Insurance Agency, ords as a distinct departure in motor and is thus able to offer an all-inclusive cars. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 13

The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with Ishii Drug Co., Ltd., on the corner of a power station generating capacity of Beretania and Nuuanu Streets, is the 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and oldest Japanese drug store in Honolulu. "Ideal" is the trademark, and it seems to power service to Honolulu and to the have been reached in their I. D. (Ishii entire island of Oahu. It also maintains Drug) Beauty Cream made in their own its cold storage and ice-making plant, laboratories and especially adapted to supplying the city with ice for home Hawaii's climate. The drug store is consumption. The firm acts as electrical equipped with a full line of drugs, sta- contractors, cold storage, warehousemen tionery, books, candy, and a soda foun- and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- tain. T. Iwanaga is the president, Y. plies, completely wiring and equipping Ishii, vice-president, and T. Tobari, sec- buildings and private residences. Its retary-treasurer and manager. splendid new offices facing the civic center are now completed and form one The Royal Hawaiian Sales Co., of the architectural ornaments to the city. with agencies in Honolulu, Hilo and Wailuku, has its spacious headquarters Bailey's Groceteria is the big success on Hotel and Alakea streets, Honolulu. of recent years in Honolulu business. This Company is Territorial Distributors The parent store at the corner of Queen for Star and Auburn passenger cars. and Richards Streets has added both a They are Territorial Distributors also meat market and a bakery, while the for International Motor Trucks, Delco- newly constructed branch building at Remy service and Goodyear Tires. Beretania and Piikoi is equally well with equipped and supplied, so that the The Universal Motor Co., Ltd., housekeeper can select all that is needed spacious new buildings at 444 S. Bere- in the home, or, in fact, phone her tania street, Phone 2397, is agent for order to either house. the Ford car. All spare parts are kept in stock and statements of cost of re- The Rycroft Arctic Soda Company, pairs and replacements are given in ad- on Sheridan Street, furnishes the high vance so that you know just what the grade soft drinks for Honolulu and amount will be. The Ford is in a class Hawaii. It manufactures the highest by itself. The most economical and grade ginger ale—Hawaiian Dry—from least expensive motor car in the world. the fresh roots of the native ginger. It uses clear water from its own artesian well, makes its carbonated gas from Hawaiian pineapples at the most up-to- date soda works in the Territory of Hawaii.

A monument to the pluck and energy of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the City Mill Company, of which he is treasurer and manager. This plant at Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a flourishing lumber and mill business.

ADVT. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC

Wonderful New Zealand

Scenically New Zealand is the world's wonderland. There is no other place in the world that offers such an aggrega- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are in every way more magnificent and awe- inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. New Zealand was the first country to perfect the government tourist bureau. She has built hotels and rest houses throughout the Dominion for the bene- fit of the tourist. New Zealand is splen- didly served by the Government Rail- ways, which sell the tourist for a very low rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel on any of the railways for from one to two months. Direct information may be secured by writing to the New Zealand Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, Wellington, New Zealand. A Maori Mother and Child

\\There the Nippu Jiji is published— view of the building from Nuuanu Street. The Nippu Jiji is today the leading Jap- anese daily newspaper in Hawaii. It is printed in both Japanese and English, and is issued every afternoon and Sunday morning.

AD VT. THE MID- PACIFIC 15

The Matson-Lassco Steamship Com- Alawai Inn is most delightfully sit- pany maintains a regular, fasl, reliable uated on Kalakaua Avenue, Honolulu, passenger and freight service between just ewa of the new Alawai bridge, the Honolulu and San Francisco, Los lawn on the makai side of the premises Angeles, South Seas, Australia and Hilo. Castle & Cooke, Ltd. are local agents sloping gently down to the water's edge. for the line, whose comfort, service and The surroundings are distinctly Japan- cuisine are noted among world travelers. ese in character. Here all varieties of American dishes, as well as wonderful suki-yaki dinners are served in the spa- cious and airy dining room overlooking the water, and in which some two hun- dred guests can be accommodated. There are a number of cottages on the grounds with private rooms for small parties, and a large dancing pavilion, in which, when required, upwards of four hundred can be seated. It is therefore admirably adapted for dinner dances, The Hinode Macaroni. Company, Ltd., and for large and small functions ; while manufacture here in Honolulu a product of the very highest grade of excellence. the individual will find it a most charm- Gold medals have been awarded them ing and restful spot. by expert judges of food in three Inter- Mrs. K. Harada is the proprietor of national Exhibitions : The Colonization Exhibition, Japan, 1912; Pan-Pacific In- the Inn, which is ably managed by Mr. ternational Exhibition, San Francisco, Kimura. 1915 ; Panama-California Exhibition, San Diego, 1915. Their high standards are constantly maintained, and appreciation of this fact by the public is shown by their steadily expanding business. Jitsugyo-no-Hawaii Sha congratulates the Mid-Pacific Magazine on its Tokyo Honolulu Paper Company, Honolulu's Pan-Pacific Club issue. Tetsuo Toyama leading book and stationery store, is lo- is proprietor, publisher, and editor of cated on the ground floor of the Young this monthly, which is the largest Jap- Hotel Building in the heart of Hono- anese magazine in the Territory of Ha- lulu's business district. The company waii and has been published for twenty has a complete stock of all the latest years. Jitsugyo is a commercial, indus- fiction, travel, biography and books re- lating to Hawaii. It is also distributor trial and civic publication setting forth for Royal Typewriters, Adding Ma- the interests of Japanese in all lands. It chines, Calculators and steel office fur- has a large circulation in Japan and in niture. the United States.

ADVT. 16 VHF. MID-PACIFIC

The Sunrise Soda Water Works Co., tures the highest grade of soft drinks as Ltd., located at 967 Robello Lane, start- High Life Ginger Ale, Lime Rickey, ed business in 1903 with a capital of $4,000. It has expanded to a corporation Peerless Mist, and Orange Dry, and soda with a capital of $30,000 and is the old- water of all kinds of flavors. Pure, est Japanese manufacturer of soda water sparkling distilled water is also made in the Territory of Hawaii. It manufac- there.

The Shioyu Tea House, 1811 Ala Mo- ana, Honolulu, is a bit of Japan trans- planted to Hawaii. Here the guest slips off his shoes, dons sandals and kimono, and, seated on comfortable cushions, in full view of the ocean, enjoys a delicious suki-yaki dinner, or perhaps tori or niku, and dainty geisha girls are there for his The Hawaiian Cotton Factory, sit- entertainment. By arranging the parti- uated at 1636 Kahai St., Honolulu, is the tion screens, parties of any size up to oldest establishment of its kind in the three hundred and fifty can be accom- Islands, having commenced business in 1919, and is the only one handling Ha- modated. Mrs. T. Takata is the pro- waiian-grown cotton. prietor. The annual output of raw cotton from the fields controlled by this company is Discriminating buyers, and tourists upwards of 300,000 pounds, which is seeking the best in genuine silk goods, converted into 130,000 pounds of fin- will find a rare and beautiful line of ki- ished product. monos at Ohmi Shoten, 230 No. Bere- This is disposed of altogether in the Islands, being used in the manufacture tania St., Honolulu. A bewildering vari- of bed quilts, cushions and similar ar- ety of colors, patterns and designs are ticles. S. Sugita and Sons are the pro- shown, all of which are made in their prietors. own factory at Kyoto, Japan. ADVT. Rice fields in Hawaii.