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An Arteriographic Study of Mesenteric Arterial Disease I Large Vessel Changes

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An Arteriographic Study of Mesenteric Arterial Disease I Large Vessel Changes Gut, 1967, 8, 206 Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.8.3.206 on 1 June 1967. Downloaded from An arteriographic study of mesenteric arterial disease I Large vessel changes A. P. DICK, R. GRAFF, D. McC. GREGG, N. PETERS1, AND M. SARNER5 From Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge EDITORIAL COMMENT This is an important study of large vessel changes causing chronic arterial insufficiency of the intestines. Symptoms of intestinal ischaemia have not been seen in this series in patients in whom the cross-sectional area of the arteries was greater than two-thirds of the normal. Arteriography is demonstrated as a valuable procedure in assessing the possibility of intestinal ischaemia as a cause of symptoms. The diagnosis ofarterial insufficiency ofthe intestines describing some of the abnormal findings which may as the cause of abdominal pain can be a matter of be demonstrated on mesenteric arteriography. considerable difficulty. A classical story of cramping, The physiological background of the clinical upper and central abdominal pain, worse after meals, problem of intestinal ischaemia has been well re- particularly if large or if followed by exercise, is by viewed by Hedberg and Kirsner (1965). Practical no means always obtained. Other features recorded importance is lent to the present study by the as occurring in this syndrome, such as chronic numerous reports of the successful treatment of both and of and diarrhoea, a malabsorption syndrome relief acute chronic intestinal ischaemia which have http://gut.bmj.com/ pain by assuming the knee-elbow position, are so appeared in the past 10 years. These include surgical seldom observed as to be of little diagnostic help. relief by embolectomy (Shaw and Rutledge, 1957), Although the quality of ischaemic pain-severe, by thrombendarterectomy (Shaw and Maynard, prolonged, cramp-like, and aching-may be sug- 1958; Mikkelsen and Zaro, 1959), and by reconstruc- gestive, almost always part of the diagnostic pro- tive bypass procedures (Morris and De Bakey, 1961; cedure lies in the exclusion of other possibilities. At Ranger and Spence, 1962; Brolin and Hansson, the present time there is no readily applicable method 1964). Acute infarction of the intestinal tract is of measuring blood flow to any part of the gastro- associated with a high mortality. Dunphy (1936) on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. intestinal tract, except actually at laparotomy. noted the short preceding history of symptoms in Arteriography of the mesenteric vessels is an patients dying from mesenteric infarction, and essential procedure in cases of suspected intestinal Berman and Russo (1950) made a similar observa- ischaemia; first to ascertain whether narrowing is tion. It has recently been pointed out by Mavor, present; secondly to outline the anatomical site and Lyall, Chrystal, and Tsapogas (1962) that some 50% extent of the arterial changes; and thirdly to of patients with acute mesenteric infarction had pre- demonstrate the presence of any anastomoses. As ceding abdominal symptoms. These are usually of regards the first point, little is known about the short duration and, ifmid-gut ischaemia is suspected, extent of narrowing which must be present before diagnosis is clearly a matter of some urgency. symptoms of arterial insufficiency are likely to occur. As far as we can ascertain no systematic study has This investigation is concerned primarily with the been made of the range of abnormalities which may extent of the changes which may be found in the be found on arteriography of mesenteric vessels in large mesenteric arteries in patients without ab- subjects without abdominal symptoms, nor has the dominal symptoms, and in comparing these with the extent of the changes which may be expected in abnormalities found in patients believed to have patients with abdominal angina been defined. intestinal ischaemia. Secondly, it is concerned with Pathological studies bearing more closely on the occurrence of mesenteric atherosclerosis have, how- Present addresses: 'St. George's Hospital, Hyde Park Corner, London, S.W. 1. ever, been carried out. Maljatzkaja (1934), in a patho- 'Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston, Masachusetts, U.S.A. logical investigation of 85 cases at necropsy, found 206 An arteriographic study ofmesenteric arterial disease 207 Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.8.3.206 on 1 June 1967. Downloaded from that atherosclerosis in the vessels of the mesenteric distal to the aortic opening; and (3) at 1.5 cm. distal circuit tended to be progressively less severe towards to the aortic opening where the vessels were usually the periphery, the maximal changes occurring nearest pliable and free of arteriosclerotic changes. Twenty- the aorta. The exception to this rule was the splenic eight of the 75 arteries showed a reduction of the artery, in which atherosclerosis occurred throughout lumen varying from 12% to 86% of the cross- its whole length without showing the usual diminish- sectional area. They note that the arteriosclerotic ing trend. This author noted that severe mesenteric narrowing persistently occurred just distal to the atherosclerotic disease was not found without severe aortic opening of the superior mesenteric artery. In aortic disease but the reverse did occur. the study by Derrick et al. (1959) 110 cases were Reiner, Jimenez, and Rodriguez (1963), in post- examined in the same way and also by tying off the mortem examination of 88 adults of all age groups, aorta and main branches and studying the specimen found that 68 were affected with mesenteric athero- by radiography after distension with air. The coeliac sclerosis. In 49 of these there was actual stenosis and axis was also examined and they note that in these 15 had had occlusions of one or more main arteries. cases 44% of the coeliac arteries showed some The presence of mesenteric atherosclerosis showed narrowing and 21 % were found to have, at some considerable variability in the different age groups point within 1.5 cm. of the aortic orifice, a reduction and was not closely correlated with age, nor with of 50% or more in the calculated cross-sectional hypertension or diabetes. In the cases with severe area. They make the point that the geometric detail mesenteric atherosclerosis, however, there was a high of stenosis makes calculation of the cross-sectional incidence of diabetes. These authors note the fre- area very difficult. quency of stenosis at the aortic ostia and that plaques tend to be concentrated in the first 9 to 12 cm. PRESENT INVESTIGATION of the superior mesenteric artery. Stenosing lesions The object of the present investigation has been to were particularly common in the main stems. They study the types and extent of abnormality found in found a close correlation, both ways, between aortic the large mesenteric arteries in a variety of patients and coronary atherosclerosis. They note, as did the presenting for aortography. An attempt has been previous author, that severe mesenteric artery disease made to analyse their frequency and grade their was associated with severe aortic disease, but that severity in different groups of patients of varying the converse was not necessarily the case, a number ages. At the same time, by comparing the findings in http://gut.bmj.com/ of patients having severe changes in the aorta with- these patients without abdominal symptoms with out any abnormality in the mesenteric arteries. those in a group of patients suspected of having There was a substantial rise in the number of ischaemic gut disease, it is hoped to ascertain the patients who had had myocardial infarction in those extent of arterial narrowing which may be expected with more severe grades of mesenteric disease, but to result in ischaemic symptoms. The findings have the reverse correlation was not found. There was been analysed and the types of abnormality found also a similar, one-way, but less marked, correlation are described. In addition, details are given of the on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. with peripheral vascular disease. cases in which ischaemic gut disease was finally Johnson and Baggenstoss (1949) studied at believed to be present. necropsy 60 patients who had had occlusion of a This study is confined to changes in the large mesenteric artery. The causes were listed as throm- vessels. Many patients with symptoms due to in- bosis in 26, emboli in 19, and arteriosclerosis alone testinal ischaemia may have distal arterial narrowing in four, periarteritis nodosa in three, and in two and it is not known in what proportion narrowing septic arteritis. In nine the cause was uncertain. They of the large vessels is the important factor. The distal stress the association of heart disease, often with collateral circulation is generally very adequate, but auricular fibrillation, in these patients, as did Klein critical areas are said to exist at the region of the (1921) in providing the precipitating factor for the splenic flexure of the colon, where the superior and occurrence of infarction, apart from the question of inferior mesenteric circulations anastomose, and in embolization. the rectosigmoid region (Griffiths, 1961). Relevant to the present investigation are the papers of Derrick and Logan (1958) and Derrick, CLINICAL MATERIAL All patients, presenting for Pollard, and Moore (1959). In the former study the aortography, whatever the indication, and in whom cross-sectional area of the superior mesenteric artery lateral lumbar aortography appeared to carry no was calculated, in 75 unselected post-mortem speci- additional risk, have been included, as well as those mens, from diameter measurements made in three in whom lateral lumbar aortograms had been per- places: (1) at the aortic opening; (2) at the narrowest formed because of a suspected diagnosis of intestinal segment, which they state was invariably 0.25-1 0 cm. ischaemia. 2 Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.8.3.206 on 1 June 1967. Downloaded from 208 A.
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