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Arkæologisk/Kulturhistorisk Bidrag Til ”Zone-Inddeling Af Nationalparken”

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Arkæologisk/Kulturhistorisk Bidrag Til ”Zone-Inddeling Af Nationalparken” Nunatta Katersugaasivia Allagaateqarfialu Greenland National Museum and Archives P.O. Boks 145; 3900 – Nuuk; Grønland/Greenland. Tlf.: +(299) 322611; Fax: (+299) 322622 e-mail: [email protected] ; home page: www.natmus.gl 29. december 2009 Arkæologisk/kulturhistorisk bidrag til ”Zone-inddeling af Nationalparken” Revideret Version, dec 2009. NKA = Nunatta Katersugaasivia Allagaateqarfialu / Grønlands Nationalmuseum og Arkiv. Hermed fremsendes oversigt over de områder, som Grønlands Nationalmuseum og Arkiv anser for særligt beskyttelsesværdige. Arkæologiske lokaliteter i Nord- og Nordøstgrønland Særkendet ved Nationalparken er, at lovgivningen både beskytter hele den synlige forhistorie og de kultur- og naturlandskaber, som er skabt gennem årtusinder. I takt med forbedrede transport- og sikkerhedsteknologier vil interessen for at besøge fjerne, eksotiske områder stige. Det betyder, at der må tages særlige forhold i brug for at beskytte dette unikke, arktiske kulturlandskab. Kulturminder I betragtning af Grønlands størrelse er der kun få kulturminder; den begrænsede mængde er et produkt af en kort historie (4.400 år), de nomadiske livsformer og få personer i hver kulturperiode. I de eskimoiske kulturer er der generelt fokus på de samme ressourcer: sæl, hval, rensdyr, moskusokse og fugle og visse lokalitetstyper som polynia-områder, der ofte rummer særlige bopladser, som skal sikres, fordi de har stort forskningspotentiale, stort formidlingspotentiale og lign. Mange forskellige parametre medgår derfor ved udskillelsen af særligt sårbare områder I Nationalparken stiger mængden af fortidsminder fra Nord til Syd. Det store skift sker omkring 77°N (nordlige Germania Land). Nord for denne bredde-grad er de fleste kulturminder stærkt eksponerede, fordi der næsten ingen jordpålejring har været gennem 4.400 år - udover flyvesand. Syd for breddegradden stiger mængden af kulturminder og specielt yngre kulturminder fra Thule- kulturen er massivt til stede. Disse anlæg er ofte beskyttet af vegetation og tørv. De yngste kulturminder knytter sig til den europæiske aktivitet i det 20. årh. Om kulturminder Kulturminderne kan opdeles i grupper: Forhistoriske kulturminder De forhistoriske kulturminder er skabt af Inuit gennem deres vandringer og færden i terrænet. De omfatter to hovedgrupper 1) palæo-eskimoiske pladser (Independence I og Dorset) fra c. 2.400 – 200 f.Kr. 2) neo-eskimoiske pladser (Thule kultur) pladser fra c. 1300 til c. 1850 e.Kr. Historiske kulturminder De historiske lokaliteter er europæiske hytter og stationer fra opdagelses- og kortlægningsrejser i 1880/1900, fra Fangstmandsperioden ca. 1900 til 1960 og fra Anden Verdenskrig, 1940-45. 3) stående Hytter og stationer er alle behandlet og tildelt en ”fredningsværdi” i en oversigt udarbej- det i samarbejde med Foreningen ”Nanoq”, i alt 4 lister (A, B, C og D). Der er tale om punkter i landskabet, ikke arealer. Arkæologisk/kulturhistorisk bidrag til ”Zone-inddeling af Nationalparken” Revideret dec. 2009 Side 1 af 10 4) på og omkring Clavering Ø og Shannon Ø er der enkelte lokaliteter med særligt markante spor efter bl.a. den tyske indsats i Østgrønland under Anden Verdenskrig. Om topografi og fortidsminder Nationalparken rummer en begrænset masse af kulturminder , hvoraf nogle kulturelt set er unikke i forhold til resten af Grønland, mens andre er væsentlige som udtryk for en særlig tilpasning og/eller indgår i fortællingen om menneskets kolonisation, vandring i og brug af Grønland gennem tiderne. Peary Land er speciel ved at der er vigtige bopladser ved Nedre Midsommersø, langs fjordene samt på yderkysten fra samme kulturperiode (Independence I). I den øvrige Nationalpark vest for Peary Land og syd for Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden er bosætningen primært på yderkysten og på fjordkysterne. Palæoeskimoiske pladser De 2.000 – 4.400 år gamle oldsager og anlæg ligger ofte fuldt eksponerede. Der er højest et tyndt jorddække over dem. Menigmand har svært ved at identificere palæoeskimoiske anlæg, og besøgende kan nemt komme til at slå lejr på ruinerne, vandre rundt på dem og dermed ødelægge dette unikke materiale. De kendes især fra 74°N /Clavering Ø og nordpå. Syd for Clavering Ø / 74°N er de palæoeskimoiske kulturer stort set ukendte p.gr.a. manglende rekognosceringer i de sidste 50 år. Neoeskimoiske pladser Thule-kulturens bopladser er nemme at se på grund af de sten- og tørve-byggede vinterhuse. På pladserne ligger ofte mange genstande af træ, knogle og tand. De fleste besøgende genkender disse genstande, og de udgør således fristende souvenirs. Boliganlæggene er sårbare overfor destruktiv adfærd i form af udgravning, fjernelse af sten og tørv og lign. Thule-pladser med tørvebyggede vinterboliger kendes primært fra Germania Land/Dove Bugt, dvs. c. 77°N og sydover. Der er dog en meget vigtig gruppe tidlige hvalfangerpladser fra Thule-kulturen i åbentvands-området på ca. 80°N på Henrik Krøyer Holme, Amdrup Land og Holm Land (Nordøstvandet). Europæiske pladser: Hytter, Stationer, Udforskningsminder og Krigsminder Inuit forsvandt fra Nord- og Nordøstgrønland op mod midten af 1800-tallet. Kort efter kom europæerne, der efterlod hytter og stationer fra den europæiske Fangstmandsperiode (c. 1900 – 1960), fra den tidlige polarforskning og fra Anden Verdenskrig. Med undtagelse af Danmark-Ekspeditionens hytte i Pustervig , Ejnar Mikkelsen’s Alabama-hytte, den tyske vejrstation Kap Sussi og den bombede station Eskimonæs er der ingen restriktioner på besøg i hytter og stationer. Ud fra aktuel viden har NKA ikke mulighed for at angive størrelsen af en beskyttelseszone ved hver enkelt hytte. I den generelle Fredningslov er der en beskyttelseszone på 20 meter rundt om ethvert automatisk fredet anlæg. Som udgangspunkt anbefales, at der rundt om alle kulturminder opretholdes en beskyttelseszone på minimum 250 meter. Såfremt der opstår uundgåelige konflikter i forholdet til fortidsminder, hytter, stationer etc. vil vilkårene i Landstingslov nr. 18 af 19. november 2007 om fredning af kulturminder automatisk træde i kraft, dvs. at den, der forstyrrer et fredet minde betaler alle omkostninger ved at sikre de truede områder gennem udgravning, nedtagning af objektet eller på anden måde at sikre de kulturhistoriske informationer i og omkring objektet. ZONERING Ud fra en kulturhistorisk og videnskabelig vurdering er nogle områder generelt mere sårbare overfor forstyrrelser end andre. Jo længere mod nord: jo færre kulturminder og jo vigtigere bliver det derfor at beskytte dem. Grønlands Nationalmuseum opererer i dag med 5 zoner, med hver sin Arkæologisk/kulturhistorisk bidrag til ”Zone-inddeling af Nationalparken” Revideret dec. 2009 Side 2 af 10 kulturhistoriske profil. Der er ikke knyttet reguleringer til denne opdeling, som alene er knyttet til museets generelle vurdering af Nationalparken. Zone 1: Nordgrønland fra Hall Land til Germania Land = < 77 oN Få, men væsentlige forhistoriske bopladser, specielt fra den palæoeskimoiske periode. Pladserne er generelt meget sårbare. Zone 2: Dove Bugt inkl. Kap Alf Trolle på Store Koldewey = 77 oN til 76 oN Rig på palæo- og neoeskimoiske bopladser, der ofte er forholdsvis små og sårbare. Zone 3: Bessel Fjord til Clavering Ø, inkl. Shannon = 76 oN til 74 oN Kærneområde for den nordøstgrønlandske bosætning i forhistorisk tid. Rummer væsentlige kulturminder fra europæisk tilstedeværelse. Generelt kan lokaliteterne tåle besøg. Enkelte unikke lokaliteter. Zone 4 : Kejser Frantz Joseph Fjord - Kong Oscar Fjord = 74oN til 72oN Mange neoeskimoiske og europæiske kulturminder; ukendt mht palæoeskimoer. Zone 5 : Kangertittivaq (Scoresby Sund) = 72oN til 69 oN Sydkap-området udgør en særlig kulturhistorisk lokalitet med bosætning fra de ældste tider til det 20. årh. Særligt værdifulde områder Alle kulturminder er fredede; nogle områder tildeles imidlertid status af særligt værdifuldt område . Det afgørende har været områdernes kvaliteter og muligheder for forskningen. Oplevelseskvalitet kan spille ind. Enestående områder Blandt de udpegede områder er en lille gruppe enestående områder . Afgrænsningsmoduler Afgrænsningen af de særligt værdifulde områder og de enestående lokaliteter sker typisk: 1) ud fra kulturmindet og en halvcirkel på land med en radius på 0,5 km, 1,0 km, 1,5 km etc. 2) ved afgrænsninger mellem punkter på en kyst og en linje 250 m, 500 m, 750 m, etc. inde i land. 3) ved en linje tværs over en halvø, en tange, en odde eller lignende. 4) ved at følge topografiske elementer: elv, kyst, højdekurve etc. De fleste afgrænsninger er vejledende, da der ikke foreligger et detaljeret kendskab til hvert enkelt lokalitet/kulturminde og dets umiddelbare omgivelser. Adgangsregel For at beskytte kulturminderne og/eller samtidig sikre adgang til væsentlige dele af kulturarven, er der udarbejdet tre (3) sæt Adgangsregel, som knyttes til de udpegede områder: Regel 1: ingen offentlig adgang Rule 1: No public access. Regel 2: kun adgang med godkendt guide, hvis kvalifikationer til at kunne identificere arktiske kulturminder er godkendt af NKA. Rule 2: Only access when accompanied by a guide approved by NKA. The guide must be able to recognize high arctic cultural remains. NKA udarbejder en liste over godkendte guider. Selskaber kan søge om at få godkendt en guide, der typisk vil være en arkæolog med høj-arktisk erfaring. A list of guides will be available at NKA. Companies can apply for recognition of a guide who typical will be an archaeologist with high-arctic experience. Arkæologisk/kulturhistorisk bidrag til ”Zone-inddeling af Nationalparken” Revideret dec. 2009 Side 3 af 10 Regel
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