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A Historical Sociology Approach to Iranian Nationalism (1921-1979): an Ir Perspective

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A Historical Sociology Approach to Iranian Nationalism (1921-1979): an Ir Perspective A HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY APPROACH TO IRANIAN NATIONALISM (1921-1979): AN IR PERSPECTIVE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ZELAL ÖZDEMİR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE PROGRAMME OF AREA STUDIES JUNE 2016 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Zelal Özdemir Signature : iii ABSTRACT A HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY APPROACH TO IRANIAN NATIONALISM (1921-1979): AN IR PERSPECTIVE Özdemir, Zelal PhD, Programme of Area Studies Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayça Ergun Özbolat Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık June 2016, 232 pages This thesis explores the discourse of Iranian nationalism constructed by the Iranian state between 1921 and 1979. This study unravels the international connections of Iranian nationalism following a framework that sits at the intersection of Historical Sociology, Historical Sociology in International Relations and modernist approaches to nationalism. It argues that the creation and development of the definition of Iranian nationalism is interconnected with the modern state which is itself bound up with the international. In order to understand the nature of the meaning attached to being Iranian/Iranianness/Iraniyat on the part of the state we should look into the specifics of international-domestic interaction, historicise that process and search for multiple causes rather than one single cause. This study shows how the Iranian nationalism has been subject to change alongside the changing dynamics born out of specific interaction between the domestic and international. The elevation of Western-like identity at the beginning of the Reza Shah period, the invention of supposedly racial superiority in the context of rising fascism in Europe, the anti- colonial movement swept through the world and its heavy impact on blossoming iv of Mussaddeq’s non-aligned nationalism, the Cold War and “Neither East Nor West” discourse of Muhammed Reza Shah, all of these turns of Iranian nationalism reflect the importance of incorporating the realm of international to the domestic historiography. Keywords: Iranian nationalism, Historical Sociology in International Relations, Historical Sociology of nationalism, Pahlavi nationalism, Musaddeq’s nationalism. v ÖZ İRAN MİLLİYETÇİLİĞİNE TARİHSEL SOSYOLOJİK BİR YAKLAŞIM (1921-1979): BİR ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER PERSPEKTİFİ Özdemir, Zelal Doktora, Bölge Çalışmaları Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Ayça Ergun Özbolat Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Haziran 2016, 232 sayfa Bu çalışmanın amacı 1921-1979 yılları arasında İran Devleti tarafından inşa edilen İran milliyetçiliği söylemini tahlil etmektir. Tarihsel Sosyoloji ve modernist milliyetçilik teorilerinin kesişim noktasına dayanarak kavramsal çerçevesini oluşturan bu çalışma İran milliyetçiliğinin uluslararası alanla bağlantılarını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Çalışma, İran milliyetçiliğinin yaratılması sürecinin modern devletle, modern devletin ise uluslararası alanla direk bir ilişki içinde olduğunu savunmakta ve bu doğrultuda bu İranlı olmak/İranlılık/Iraniyat kavramlarına devlet tarafından yüklenen anlamı anlamak için iç ve dış arasındaki etkileşime ve ikisi arasındaki kurucu ilişkiye bakılması gerektiğini söylemektedir. Ayrıca bu analizde tarihselleştirme ve çoklu nedenselliğin önemi de vurgulanmaktadır. Çalışma iç ve dış arasındaki etkileşim nedeniyle oluşan değişen dinamiklerin İran milliyetçiliğine yüklenen anlamı nasıl değiştirdiğini göstermektedir. Rıza Şah dönemindeki Batı-benzeri kimliğin yükselişi, Avrupa’da yükselen faşizm bağlamında icat edilen ırksal üstünlük tezi, sömürge karşıtı hareketin dünyayı etkisi altına alması ve bunun Musaddık milliyetçiliği üzerindeki etkisi, Soğuk Savaş ve Muhammed Rıza Şah’ın “Ne Doğu, Ne Batı” söylemi iç-dış ilişkisi ekseninde analiz edilmektedir. vi Anahtar Kelimeler: İran milliyetçiliği, Tarihsel Sosyoloji, milliyetçiliğin Tarihsel Sosyolojisi, Pehlevi milliyetçiliği, Musadddık milliyetçiliği. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of many people, only few of which can be acknowledged here. First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayça Ergun, and to my co-supervisor, Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık, for their guidance, insight, and encouragement at each and every step of my long journey of PhD. Their unwavering support made this dissertation possible. I also would like to thank to the members of the dissertation committee; Prof. Dr. Özlem Tür, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zana Çitak Aytürk, Assist Prof. Dr. İlker Aytürk and Assist Prof. Dr. Bayram Sinkaya for their comments and contributions to the manuscript. It would have been very hard to write this dissertation without the support from Professor Dr. Ayşe Ayata, Chairperson of the Center for Black Sea and Central Asia (KORA). Professor Ayata has given me the opportunity to work in KORA and always encouraged my PhD journey. No proper words can express my gratefulness for the immense support and encouragement that many friends have provided during this journey. Derya Göçer Akder provided me immense academic as well as emotional support during the long days of writing. She has tirelessly read every draft I wrote and shared her rich and refined knowledge on Iran with me. No words would be enough to express my gratitude. I would also like to thank Melike Kara Özberk and Duygu Ertan for their endless encouragement. They have kept my spirit high during the gloomy days of the PhD. My dear colleagues, but more importantly my beloved friends in KORA, Gökten, Yelda and Sezin, have become my comrades in this, sometimes, very painstaking viii process of writing. I would like to thank their unwavering belief in me, especially in those times that I immensely felt lost. I would not have been able to bear sometimes very difficult periods of writing this thesis without the support of Koray Ateş Şatıroğlu. He has provided me the joy that sometimes I forgot in the long days of dissertation blues. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to him. Last but not least, I thank my parents and my sister. They supported me unconditionally. My mother, Nermin Demir, my father, Ali Özdemir, and my sister, Özge Özdemir, have shared my struggle through this journey. They have been always beside me. It is their love and support that rendered this study possible. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM............................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................... iv ÖZ .................................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................ viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Scope of the Study ………………………………....................... 2 1.2 Relevance of the Study to Literature…………...................................................................... 10 1.3 Structure of the Dissertation ………………................................. 14 1.4 Iran in World Politics at the Beginning of 20th Century……….. 17 2. TOWARD A HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO NATIONALISM ……………........................................................................ 30 2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………….. 30 2.2 Modernist School of Nationalism ……………………………… 33 2.1.1 Objectivist Approaches..................................................... 35 2.1.2 Subjectivist Approaches.................................................... 44 2.3 IR and Nationalism ………………….......................................... 45 2.4 Historical Sociology, Historical Sociology in International Relations and Studying Iranian Nationalism…………................................................................... 50 2.5 Conclusion………………………………………........................ 62 3. INTERWOVEN STORIES: NATION AND STATE BUILDING AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF IRANIAN NATIONALISM............................................................................................. 65 x 3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………….. 65 3.2 The Rise of Reza Shah …............................................................. 67 3.3 State and Nation Building: The Construction of Iraniyat............ 77 3.3.1 Reza Khan and His Alternatives....................................... 78 3.3.2 The Prince on White Horse: Reza Khan and the Discourse of Disintegration............................................ 83 3.3.3 Republicanism versus Monarchy...................................... 86 3.3.4 Neither Britain nor Russia: The Politics of Concessions………………………………….................. 90 3.3.5 De-linking Identities: Tribes, Minorities and the New State…………….............................................................. 97 3.3.6 Negotiating for the Past: Modernization, Westernization and Aryanism.................................................................... 101 3.4 Conclusion.................................................................................... 110 4. FROM ARYANISM TO
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