PRA on Apriona Species
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EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE ET MEDITERRANEENNE POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES 16-22171 (13-18692) Only the yellow note is new compared to document 13-18692 Pest Risk Analysis for Apriona germari, A. japonica, A. cinerea Note: This PRA started 2011; as a result, three species of Apriona were added to the EPPO A1 List: Apriona germari, A. japonica and A. cinerea. However recent taxonomic changes have occurred with significant consequences on their geographical distributions. A. rugicollis is no longer considered as a synonym of A. germari but as a distinct species. A. japonica, which was previously considered to be a distinct species, has been synonymized with A. rugicollis. Finally, A. cinerea remains a separate species. Most of the interceptions reported in the EU as A. germari are in fact A. rugicollis. The outcomes of the PRA for these pests do not change. However A. germari has a more limited and a more tropical distribution than originally assessed, but it is considered that it could establish in Southern EPPO countries. The Panel on Phytosanitary Measures agreed with the addition of Apriona rugicollis to the A1 list. September 2013 EPPO 21 Boulevard Richard Lenoir 75011 Paris www.eppo.int [email protected] This risk assessment follows the EPPO Standard PM PM 5/3(5) Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests (available at http://archives.eppo.int/EPPOStandards/pra.htm) and uses the terminology defined in ISPM 5 Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms (available at https://www.ippc.int/index.php). This document was first elaborated by an Expert Working Group and then reviewed by the Panel on Phytosanitary Measures and if relevant other EPPO bodies. It was finally approved by the Council in September 2013. Cite this document as: EPPO (2013) Pest risk analysis for Apriona germari, A. japonica, A. cinerea. EPPO, Paris. Available at http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Pest_Risk_Analysis/PRA_intro.htm 13-18692 (13-18460, 12-18119, 12-17610) Pest Risk Analysis for Apriona germari, A. japonica, A. cinerea This PRA follows the EPPO Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests PM 5/3 (5). A preliminary draft has been prepared by the EPPO Secretariat and served as a basis for the work of an Expert Working Group that met in the EPPO Headquarters in Paris on 2011-12-06/09. This EWG was composed of: Dr Arun SINGH, Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, India Dr Nigel STRAW, Forestry Commission, Farnham, UK Dr Sylvie AUGUSTIN, INRA, Orléans, France Dr Gritta SCHRADER Julius Kühn Institut, Braunschweig, Germany (core member) Dr Nursen USTUN - Plant Protection Research Institute, Izmir, Turkey (core member) In addition, important input was received from Dr Kojiro ESAKI (Ishikawa Forest Experiment Station, Ishikawa, Japan) and Dr Youquing LUO (Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China). Secretariat Ms Muriel Suffert – EPPO Secretariat Ms Fabienne Grousset – Consultant for EPPO who has prepared the draft PRA. Core members (Jose Maria GUITIAN CASTRILLON, Pietr KAPITOLA, Alan MACLEOD, Françoise PETTER, Robert STEFFEK, Dirk Jan VAN DER GAAG) reviewed the draft PRA between March and May 2012. The risk management part was reviewed by the Panel on Phytosanitary Measures on 2012-10-04 and 2013-03-06. Content (click to reach the section selected) Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 1-Initiation .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Pest categorization ............................................................................................................................................ 5 2-Probability of entry of a pest ........................................................................................................................... 7 Pathway 1: Host plants for planting (except seeds) from areas where A. germari, A. japonica or A. cinerea occur ............................................................................................................................................................ 10 Pathway 2: Wood (round or sawn, with or without bark) of host plants from areas where A. germari, A. japonica or A. cinerea occur ........................................................................................................................ 13 Overall probability of entry. .......................................................................................................................... 15 3-Probability of establishment ......................................................................................................................... 16 Overall probability of establishment ............................................................................................................. 25 Conclusion of introduction ............................................................................................................................... 26 4-Probability of spread .................................................................................................................................... 27 5-Eradication, containment of the pest and transient populations .................................................................. 28 6-Assessment of potential economic consequences ...................................................................................... 29 Degree of uncertainty and Conclusion of the pest risk assessment ............................................................... 36 7-Pest Risk Management ................................................................................................................................ 37 Pathway 1: Host plants for planting (except seeds) of A. germari, A. japonica or A. cinerea ..................... 37 Pathway 2: Wood (round or sawn, with or without bark) of host plants of A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica . 42 Pathway 3: Wood chips and wood waste of host plants of A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica .............. 46 Conclusions of the Pest Risk Management stage. ...................................................................................... 51 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 52 Annex 1 - List of host plants of A. germari, A. japonica and A. cinerea and their presence in the PRA area . 65 Annex 2 - Areas (ha) grown in some countries of the PRA area for poplar, willow and various fruit crops .... 68 Annex 3 – Maps of distribution of host species/genus and some related species in the PRA area ............... 73 Annex 4 – Maps of distribution of A. germari in China and of A. japonica in Japan ....................................... 75 Annex 5 –Control of Apriona species .............................................................................................................. 76 Annex 6 - Import of non-fruit trees from countries where A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica occur ........... 77 Annex 7 – Import of fruit trees from countries where A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica occur ................. 80 Annex 8 – Imports of wood from countries where A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica occur ...................... 82 Annex 9 –Phytosanitary requirements in EPPO countries for the pathways .................................................. 85 1 Initiation Introduction The genus Apriona contains 35 species of medium to large longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) occurring in the East Asian and Indo-Pacific geographic regions (Huang et al. 2009; Ibáñez Justicia et al., 2010). Three of these species, Apriona germari, A. japonica and A. cinerea are important pests of broadleaved trees in their native areas and are reported to cause significant economic damage (Singh & Prasad, 1985; Esaki, 1995; Huang, 1996). They have a wide host range and many of their host species, or related species in the same genera, are important commercial, ornamental or forest trees in the EPPO region. Pathways exist for the transport and introduction of these Apriona spp. into the PRA area, and there are a few examples of larvae or adult beetles being intercepted in association with plants for planting and wood packaging material (Ibáñez Justicia et al., 2010; this PRA). The interception of two Apriona larvae and an adult in the Netherlands in 2008 and 2009 prompted a review and the publication of a short Pest Risk Assement for A. germari, A. japonica and A. cinerea (Ibáñez Justicia et al., 2010, referred to below as the Dutch PRA, 2010). This short PRA focussed on the probability of establishment of Apriona spp. in the Netherlands and concluded that the establishment of sustainable populations was highly unlikely and the economic impact would be at most incidental and local, because the climate of the Netherlands is much cooler than the climate of the native areas of the beetles, and this would hinder the beetles’ development and survival. The Dutch PRA indicated however that A. germari, A. japonica and A. cinerea would be able to establish permanent populations in the Mediterranean region, and that in this region the expected damage and impact could be significant. The current PRA has been conducted therefore, to assess the likelihood of introduction and establishment, and the potential impact and management of Apriona spp. for the whole of the EPPO