Perceptual Interactions of Pitch and Timbre: an Experimental Study on Pitch-Interval Recognition with Analytical Applications
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Unified Music Theories for General Equal-Temperament Systems
Unified Music Theories for General Equal-Temperament Systems Brandon Tingyeh Wu Research Assistant, Research Center for Information Technology Innovation, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ABSTRACT Why are white and black piano keys in an octave arranged as they are today? This article examines the relations between abstract algebra and key signature, scales, degrees, and keyboard configurations in general equal-temperament systems. Without confining the study to the twelve-tone equal-temperament (12-TET) system, we propose a set of basic axioms based on musical observations. The axioms may lead to scales that are reasonable both mathematically and musically in any equal- temperament system. We reexamine the mathematical understandings and interpretations of ideas in classical music theory, such as the circle of fifths, enharmonic equivalent, degrees such as the dominant and the subdominant, and the leading tone, and endow them with meaning outside of the 12-TET system. In the process of deriving scales, we create various kinds of sequences to describe facts in music theory, and we name these sequences systematically and unambiguously with the aim to facilitate future research. - 1 - 1. INTRODUCTION Keyboard configuration and combinatorics The concept of key signatures is based on keyboard-like instruments, such as the piano. If all twelve keys in an octave were white, accidentals and key signatures would be meaningless. Therefore, the arrangement of black and white keys is of crucial importance, and keyboard configuration directly affects scales, degrees, key signatures, and even music theory. To debate the key configuration of the twelve- tone equal-temperament (12-TET) system is of little value because the piano keyboard arrangement is considered the foundation of almost all classical music theories. -
MTO 19.3: Nobile, Interval Permutations
Volume 19, Number 3, September 2013 Copyright © 2013 Society for Music Theory Interval Permutations Drew F. Nobile NOTE: The examples for the (text-only) PDF version of this item are available online at: http://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.13.19.3/mto.13.19.3.nobile.php KEYWORDS: Interval permutations, intervals, post-tonal analysis, mathematical modeling, set-class, space, Schoenberg, The Book of the Hanging Gardens ABSTRACT: This paper presents a framework for analyzing the interval structure of pitch-class segments (ordered pitch-class sets). An “interval permutation” is a reordering of the intervals that arise between adjacent members of these pitch-class segments. Because pitch-class segments related by interval permutation are not necessarily members of the same set-class, this theory has the capability to demonstrate aurally significant relationships between sets that are not related by transposition or inversion. I begin with a theoretical investigation of interval permutations followed by a discussion of the relationship of interval permutations to traditional pitch-class set theory, specifically focusing on how various set-classes may be related by interval permutation. A final section applies these theories to analyses of several songs from Schoenberg’s op. 15 song cycle The Book of the Hanging Gardens. Received May 2013 [1] Example 1 shows the score to the opening measures of “Sprich nicht immer von dem Laub,” the fourteenth song from Schoenberg’s Book of the Hanging Gardens, op. 15. Upon first listen, one is drawn to the relationship between the piano’s gesture in the first measure and the vocal line in the second. -
C Quliyev Bayati 2Cild.Pdf
Bayatı "ATLAS ENSEMBLE" üçün p a r t i t u r a *** Bayaty for "ATLAS ENSEMBLE" s c o r e ORCHESTRA: Flute / Piccolo Dizi / Xun in C Ney in C Suona / Guanzi in C Zurna in C Oboe Balaban in C Sheng 1 in C Sheng 2 in C Clarinetti in B / in A / Basso Clarinetto Pipa / Liugin in C Tar in C Ud in C Mandolin Kanun in C Zheng in C Santur in C Arpa Timpani Piatto sospeso Cinese tom-toms Tam-Tam Soprano Female khanende singer Violino Erhu in C Kamancha in D Kemenche in C Viola Viola da gamba Violoncello Contrabass ATLAS ENSEMBLE-nin (HOLLANDİYA) SİFARİŞİ İLƏ - 2004 COMMISSIONED BY ATLAS ENSEMBLE (NEDERLAND) - 2004 Bayatı Bayaty Cavanşir QULİYEV Javanshir GULIYEV q=135 > Piccolo > œ œ >œ œ œ œ œ >œ bœ œ œ œ #œ œ œ œ bœ œ œ œ Flute/Picc. 4 j œ œ #œ œ œ #œ œ °& 4 Œ ‰ œ J ‰ Dizi f > œ œ œ > œ œ >œ œ œ œ œ >œ bœ œ œ œ #œ œ bœ œ œ Dizi/xun inC 4 j œ œ #œ œ œ #œ œ & 4 Œ ‰ œ J ‰ f > > > #>œ œ œ œ œ œ Ney in C 4 j #œ œ œ œ #œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ & 4 Œ ‰ œ œ œ œ J ‰ ¢ Guanzi f Suona/Guanzi in C 4 °& 4 j ‰ Œ Ó ∑ ∑ f œ > Zurna in C 4 œ & 4 ‰ Œ Ó ∑ ∑ f J > > œ œ >œ œ œ œ œ >œ bœ œ œ œ #œ œ œ œ bœ œ œ œ Oboe 4 j œ œ #œ œ œ #œ œ & 4 Œ ‰ œ J ‰ f > Balaban in C 4 j j œ œ œ & 4 Œ ‰ œ #œ œ œ œ #œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ bœ œ œ œ ‰ #œ œ bœ œ œ ¢ f œ œ > œ > > Sheng in C 1 4 j °& 4 œ ‰ Œ Ó ∑ ∑ f Sheng in C 2 4 & 4 j ‰ Œ Ó ∑ ∑ f œ Cl. -
Size Console Control 26 Ranks Four Months to Than
A BOMBARD£ Technical Report - with somewhat better unification. It had 122 stopkeys when I acquired it as con trasted with a style 260 which had only HOW MY MEDIUM - SIZE CONSOLE 128 stopkeys for 14 or 15 ranks. I ex panded to 212 stopkeys and also added 6 LEARNED TO CONTROL 26 RANKS pistons underneath the lower manual (for IN LESS THAN FOUR MONTHS the pedal) and added 4 more to the solo to make ten. The rebuilding took about three and one-half months, working a We delve into the mysteries of making bigger ones out of already not so little ones - couple of hours every other day or so. consoles, that is, . .. Neal Kissel (he has worked on the Los Angeles Shrine Auditorium Moller) assis ted me tremendously. He made the How In Canoga Park, California, John Led what has become to be known as "proper ard seat replica from a boiler plate, steel won was faced with a problem - an in order." John made the fateful decision - reinforcing rod, a valve wheel and other triguing one to organ lovers. For several plan number 2! miscellaneous parts. The combination years he had been collecting additional The decision was doubly difficult be action relays were remated so as to leave ranks of pipes, chests, regulators, and cause doing things the correct way meant room in the console for the additional trems, with the idea of eventually adding the complete closing down of his instru off/on stop boxes. I purchased a 2-man them to his 3-12 Wurlitzer. -
Conceiving Musical Transdialection
Conceiving Musical Transdialection By Richard Beaudoin, Harvard University and Joseph Moore, Amherst College Abstract: We illuminate the wandering notion of a musical transcription by reflecting on the various ways “transcription” and its cognates have been used in musical discourse, and by examining some notable 20th century transcriptions of J. S. Bach, which became increasingly loose through the decades. At root, musical transcription aims at preservation, but, as we bring out, exactly which musical ingredients are preserved across which transformations varies from transcriptional project to transcriptional project. We defend as intelligible one very interesting such project—we call it “transdialection”—by exploring an analogy with poetic translation, and by directly taking on some natural objections to it. We conclude that certain controversial transcriptions are justifiably and usefully so-called. 1 0. Transcription Traduced While it may not surprise you to learn that the first bit of music above is the opening of a chorale prelude by Baroque master, J. S. Bach, who would guess that the second bit is a so-called transcription of it? But it is—it’s a transcription by the contemporary British composer, Michael Finnissy. The two passages look very different from one another, even to those of us who don’t read music. And hearing the pieces will do little to dispel the shock, for here we have bits of music that seem worlds apart in their melodic makeup, harmonic content and rhythmic complexity. It’s a far cry from Bach’s steady tonality to Finnissy’s floating, tangled lines—a sonic texture in which, as one critic put it, real music is “mostly thrown into a seething undigested, unimagined heap of dyslexic clusters of multiple key- and time-proportions, as intricately enmeshed in the fetishism of the written notation as those 2 with notes derived from number-magic.”1 We’re more sympathetic to Finnissy’s music. -
Analyzing Modular Smoothness in Video Game Music
Analyzing Modular Smoothness in Video Game Music Elizabeth Medina-Gray KEYWORDS: video game music, modular music, smoothness, probability, The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, Portal 2 ABSTRACT: This article provides a detailed method for analyzing smoothness in the seams between musical modules in video games. Video game music is comprised of distinct modules that are triggered during gameplay to yield the real-time soundtracks that accompany players’ diverse experiences with a given game. Smoothness —a quality in which two convergent musical modules fit well together—as well as the opposite quality, disjunction, are integral products of modularity, and each quality can significantly contribute to a game. This article first highlights some modular music structures that are common in video games, and outlines the importance of smoothness and disjunction in video game music. Drawing from sources in the music theory, music perception, and video game music literature (including both scholarship and practical composition guides), this article then introduces a method for analyzing smoothness at modular seams through a particular focus on the musical aspects of meter, timbre, pitch, volume, and abruptness. The method allows for a comprehensive examination of smoothness in both sequential and simultaneous situations, and it includes a probabilistic approach so that an analyst can treat all of the many possible seams that might arise from a single modular system. Select analytical examples from The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker and Portal -
Melody on the Threshold in Spectral Music *
Melody on the Threshold in Spectral Music * James Donaldson NOTE: The examples for the (text-only) PDF version of this item are available online at: hps://www.mtosmt.org/issues/mto.21.27.2/mto.21.27.2.donaldson.php KEYWORDS: spectralism, melody, liminal, Bergson, Gérard Grisey, Claude Vivier, Georg Friedrich Haas, Kaija Saariaho ABSTRACT: This article explores the expressive and formal role of melody in spectral and “post- spectral” music. I propose that melody can function within a spectral aesthetic, expanding the project of relating unfamiliar musical parameters to “liquidate frozen categories” (Grisey 2008 [1982], 45). Accordingly, I show how melody can shift in and out of focus relative to other musical elements. I adopt Grisey’s use of the terms differential and liminal to describe relationships between two musical elements: differential refers to the process between distinct elements whereas liminal describes moments of ambiguity between two elements. I apply these principles to Grisey’s Prologue (1976), Vivier’s Zipangu (1977), Haas’s de terrae fine (2001), and Saariaho’s Sept Papillons (2000). Received February 2020 Volume 27, Number 2, June 2021 Copyright © 2021 Society for Music Theory [1.1] In the writings by figures associated with the spectral movement, which emerged in early 1970s Paris, references to melody are rare. As the group focused on the acoustic properties of sound, this is perhaps unsurprising. Nevertheless, the few appearances can be divided into two categories. First—and representative of broadly scientizing motivations in post-war post-tonal music—is the dismissal of melody as an anachronism. Gérard Grisey’s 1984 “La musique, le devenir des sons” is representative: with a rhetoric of founding a new style, he is dismissive of past practices, specifically that there is no “matériau de base” such as “melodic cells” (Grisey 2008 [1978], 27). -
There's an App for That!
There’s an App for That! FPSResources.com Business Bob Class An all-in-one productivity app for instructors. Clavier Companion Clavier Companion has gone digital. Now read your favorite magazine from your digital device. Educreations Annotate, animate and narrate on interactive whiteboard. Evernote Organizational app. Take notes, photos, lists, scan, record… Explain Everything Interactive whiteboard- create, rotate, record and more! FileApp This is my favorite app to send zip files to when downloading from my iPad. Reads PDF, Office, plays multi-media contents. Invoice2go Over 20 built in invoice styles. Send as PDF’s from your device; can add PayPal buttons. (Lite version is free but only lets you work with three invoices at a time.) Keynote Macs version of PowerPoint. Moosic Studio Studio manager app. Student logs, calendar, invoicing and more! Music Teachers Helper If you subscribe to MTH you can now log in and do your business via your iPhone or iPad! Notability Write in PDF’s and more! Pages Word Processing App PayPal Here OR Square Card reader app. Reader is free, need a PayPal account. Ranging from 2.70 (PayPal) - 2.75% (Square) per swipe Piano Bench Magazine An awesome piano teacher magazine you can read from your iPad and iPhone! PDF Expert Reads, annotates, mark up and edits PDF documents. Remind Formerly known as Remind 101, offers teachers a free, safe and easy to use way to instantly text students and parents. Skitch Mark up, annotate, share and capture TurboScan or TinyScan Pro or Scanner Pro Scan and email jpg or pdf files. Easy! Week Calendar Let’s you color code events. -
The American Stravinsky
0/-*/&4637&: *ODPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUI6OHMVFJU XFIBWFTFUVQBTVSWFZ POMZUFORVFTUJPOT UP MFBSONPSFBCPVUIPXPQFOBDDFTTFCPPLTBSFEJTDPWFSFEBOEVTFE 8FSFBMMZWBMVFZPVSQBSUJDJQBUJPOQMFBTFUBLFQBSU $-*$,)&3& "OFMFDUSPOJDWFSTJPOPGUIJTCPPLJTGSFFMZBWBJMBCMF UIBOLTUP UIFTVQQPSUPGMJCSBSJFTXPSLJOHXJUI,OPXMFEHF6OMBUDIFE ,6JTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFJOJUJBUJWFEFTJHOFEUPNBLFIJHIRVBMJUZ CPPLT0QFO"DDFTTGPSUIFQVCMJDHPPE THE AMERICAN STRAVINSKY THE AMERICAN STRAVINSKY The Style and Aesthetics of Copland’s New American Music, the Early Works, 1921–1938 Gayle Murchison THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS :: ANN ARBOR TO THE MEMORY OF MY MOTHERS :: Beulah McQueen Murchison and Earnestine Arnette Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2012 All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America ϱ Printed on acid-free paper 2015 2014 2013 2012 4321 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-472-09984-9 Publication of this book was supported by a grant from the H. Earle Johnson Fund of the Society for American Music. “Excellence in all endeavors” “Smile in the face of adversity . and never give up!” Acknowledgments Hoc opus, hic labor est. I stand on the shoulders of those who have come before. Over the past forty years family, friends, professors, teachers, colleagues, eminent scholars, students, and just plain folk have taught me much of what you read in these pages. And the Creator has given me the wherewithal to ex- ecute what is now before you. First, I could not have completed research without the assistance of the staff at various libraries. -
Varying Degrees of Difficulty in Melodic Dictation Examples According to Intervallic Content
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2012 Varying Degrees of Difficulty in Melodic Dictation Examples According to Intervallic Content Michael Hines Robinson University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Cognition and Perception Commons, Music Pedagogy Commons, Music Theory Commons, and the Other Music Commons Recommended Citation Robinson, Michael Hines, "Varying Degrees of Difficulty in Melodic Dictation Examples According to Intervallic Content. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2012. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1260 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Michael Hines Robinson entitled "Varying Degrees of Difficulty in Melodic Dictation Examples According to Intervallic Content." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Music, with a major in Music. Barbara Murphy, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Don Pederson, Brendan McConville Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Varying Degrees of Difficulty in Melodic Dictation Examples According to Intervallic Content A Thesis Presented for the Master of Music Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Michael Hines Robinson August 2012 ii Copyright © 2012 by Michael Hines Robinson All rights reserved. -
Interval Cycles and the Emergence of Major-Minor Tonality
Empirical Musicology Review Vol. 5, No. 3, 2010 Modes on the Move: Interval Cycles and the Emergence of Major-Minor Tonality MATTHEW WOOLHOUSE Centre for Music and Science, Faculty of Music, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom ABSTRACT: The issue of the emergence of major-minor tonality is addressed by recourse to a novel pitch grouping process, referred to as interval cycle proximity (ICP). An interval cycle is the minimum number of (additive) iterations of an interval that are required for octave-related pitches to be re-stated, a property conjectured to be responsible for tonal attraction. It is hypothesised that the actuation of ICP in cognition, possibly in the latter part of the sixteenth century, led to a hierarchy of tonal attraction which favoured certain pitches over others, ostensibly the tonics of the modern major and minor system. An ICP model is described that calculates the level of tonal attraction between adjacent musical elements. The predictions of the model are shown to be consistent with music-theoretic accounts of common practice period tonality, including Piston’s Table of Usual Root Progressions. The development of tonality is illustrated with the historical quotations of commentators from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, and can be characterised as follows. At the beginning of the seventeenth century multiple ‘finals’ were possible, each associated with a different interval configuration (mode). By the end of the seventeenth century, however, only two interval configurations were in regular use: those pertaining to the modern major- minor key system. The implications of this development are discussed with respect interval cycles and their hypothesised effect within music. -
Modern Art Music Terms
Modern Art Music Terms Aria: A lyrical type of singing with a steady beat, accompanied by orchestra; a songful monologue or duet in an opera or other dramatic vocal work. Atonality: In modern music, the absence (intentional avoidance) of a tonal center. Avant Garde: (French for "at the forefront") Modern music that is on the cutting edge of innovation.. Counterpoint: Combining two or more independent melodies to make an intricate polyphonic texture. Form: The musical design or shape of a movement or complete work. Expressionism: A style in modern painting and music that projects the inner fear or turmoil of the artist, using abrasive colors/sounds and distortions (begun in music by Schoenberg, Webern and Berg). Impressionism: A term borrowed from 19th-century French art (Claude Monet) to loosely describe early 20th- century French music that focuses on blurred atmosphere and suggestion. Debussy "Nuages" from Trois Nocturnes (1899) Indeterminacy: (also called "Chance Music") A generic term applied to any situation where the performer is given freedom from a composer's notational prescription (when some aspect of the piece is left to chance or the choices of the performer). Metric Modulation: A technique used by Elliott Carter and others to precisely change tempo by using a note value in the original tempo as a metrical time-pivot into the new tempo. Carter String Quartet No. 5 (1995) Minimalism: An avant garde compositional approach that reiterates and slowly transforms small musical motives to create expansive and mesmerizing works. Glass Glassworks (1982); other minimalist composers are Steve Reich and John Adams. Neo-Classicism: Modern music that uses Classic gestures or forms (such as Theme and Variation Form, Rondo Form, Sonata Form, etc.) but still has modern harmonies and instrumentation.