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Taxonomy and Paleoecology of a New Species of Sphenia (Bivalvia; Myidae) from the Pleistocene of Florida Jackson E

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Taxonomy and Paleoecology of a New Species of Sphenia (Bivalvia; Myidae) from the Pleistocene of Florida Jackson E TAXONOMY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF A NEW SPECIES OF SPHENIA (BIVALVIA; MYIDAE) FROM THE PLEISTOCENE OF FLORIDA JACKSON E. LEWIS TULANE UNIVERSITY CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ------------------------- ----------- -- --- --· ---- ----------· --- --- ------------- ---· --- -----· ·-- 23 I. INTRODUCTION ______________________ ________________ __ -------------------------------------- ·---- ____________ ____ _ 2 3 II. SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY __________________ _________________ __________________________ __ ___ ___________ 24 III. pALEOECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ___________________________________________________________________ 30 IV. LITERATURE CITED _ _______________ ___________________ ______ ___________ ________________ ___ _ ___ ___ 31 ABSTRACT T 12 S, R 29 E; this site, designated Uni­ The new species, Sphenia tumida} is de­ versity of Florida Locality 5, is approxi­ scribed from the Pleistocene of Flagler mately eight miles west of Bunnell. Al­ County, Florida, an occurrence believed to though the specimens were assigned tenta­ represent the last known appearance of the tively to the genus Cuspidaria in the original genus in the western Atlantic waters im­ report (Lewis, 1964), their true affinities mediately adjacent to the North American are with species of Sphenia} a genus whose continent. Taxonomic characters of the genus living representatives are found in the west­ are reviewed, as are the geographic distribu­ ern Atlantic only in the vicinity of Puerto tion and ecology of living species and the Rico. It is known in eastern North America, geologic distribution of fossil species in however, from fossils in coastal plain de­ eastern North America. Paleoecological in­ posits of Miocene and Pliocene age. The ferences drawn from this occurrence suggest purpose of this paper is to report the young­ a progressive shallowing of the Pamlico em­ est fossil occurrence of the genus in this bayment or lagoon in Flagler County, with a region, to review the ecology and distribu­ proportional increase in the amount of sand tion of selected living species, and to dis­ being transported to the depositional site. cuss the paleoecological implications of this Pleistocene occurrence. The classification of I. INTRODUCTION higher taxa follows, generally, that proposed by Newell ( 1965) for inclusion in Part N While investigating the paleoecology of (Bivalvia) of the Treatise on Invertebrate a Pleistocene marine fauna from Flagler Paleontology. Terms relating to the mor­ County, Florida (Lewis, the writer 1966), phology of the chondrophore are those em­ encountered three articulated individuals and ployed by MacNeil ( 1964) in his discus­ 85 disarticulated complete valves of a species sion of the genus M ya. of bivalve, all of which possess characteristics Acknowledgments: The writer acknowl­ in common quite unlike those of any species edges with deep thanks the comments and currently inhabiting the coastal waters of the suggestions made by the members of the southeastern United States or the northern editorial committee for this paper. He is Gulf of Mexico. The specimens were col­ especially grateful to Dr. H. E. Vokes, Tu­ lected from a bed of blue, highly fossilifer­ lane University, for his assistance and en­ ous, argillaceous, medium sand which con­ couragement, for providing specimens of the stitutes part of the Pamlico Formation and type species Sphenia binghami Turton, for is exposed in the SW 1I 4, SW 1I 4, Sec. 5, comparison, and for making available por- EDITORIAL COMMITTEE FOR THIS PAPER: A. MYRA KEEN, Department of Geology, Stanford University, Stanford, California KATHERINE V. W. PALMER, Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, New York DRUID WILSON, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. 23 24 Tulane Studies in Geology Vol. 6 tions of his catalog of bivalve genera prior Sphaena BLAINVILLE, 1824, Dictionnaire des to its publication (Vokes, 1967). Appre­ Sciences Naturelles, v. 32, p. 344. ciation is extended also to Dr. David Nicol, Type species: Sphaena Birghami Blain­ University of Florida, Dr. R. H. Parker, ville, by monotypy. Texas Christian University, and Dr. T. E. Pulley, Houston Museum of Natural Sciences, rrshaenia/) 11Spaeria/) 11Spenia/) 11Sphaenia/) who examined the material and whose ob­ rrsphena/) rrsphenica/) and rrsyphonia!) servations and comments greatly clarified ("Turton, 1822" or "Blainville, 1824"), the writer's thinking. Dr. J. F. Bridgman, auct. [see Vokes, 1967]. Tulane University, translated a portion of a Description: Shell small, thin, elongate, reference from the original Japanese. Dr. Joseph Rosewater, U.S. National Museum, with left valve slightly smaller than right; kindly provided access to the literature and shape varyingly irregular because of cus­ collections of the Museum's Division of Mol­ tomary nestling habit, but generally with lusca; Mr. Druid Wilson, U.S. Geological narrowed and produced posterior extremity Survey, Washington, D.C., did likewise with slightly reflexed or twisted and with or with­ the Tertiary invertebrate collections of the out slight gap between valves; anterior mar­ Survey; and Mr. J. C. Britton, Jr., U.S. Na­ gin broadly rounded; external prosopon * tional Museum, supplied otherwise inacces­ dominated by irregular concentric growth sible information regarding the ecology of lines; hinge teeth degenerate; ligament in­ the Puerto Rican species S. antillensis. Fi­ ternal; chondrophore narrow and directed nancial support was received under U.S. obliquely posteriorly from its insertion pos­ Public Health Service Grants 3 T1 ES 27 terior to umbo on hinge plate of left valve, 03SI and 5-T01 ES 00027-04, administered terminating beneath corresponding oval to by the Tulane University Program in En­ asymmetrically bisigmoidal depression in vironmental Biology, which enabled the hinge plate of right valve; adductor muscles writer to study both Recent and fossil ma­ anisomyarian, anterior scar oval to elongate terial at the U.S. National Museum during and anterior to antero-ventral in position the summer of 1967. close to margin, posterior scar circular to su~circular, partially beneath or immediately II. SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY adJacent to posterior extension of hinge plate; pallial line irregular; pallial sinus Class BIVALVIA Linne, 1758 broad and shallow to widely rounded; valve Subclass HETERODONTA Neumayr, 1884 interior and internal ventral margin usually smooth. Order MYOIDA Stoliczka, 1870 Discussion: Superficially, some charac­ Suborder MYINA Newell, 1965 teristics of Sphenia approximate those of other genera, particularly some of those in­ Superfamily MYACEA Lamarck, 1818 cluded within the Anomalodesmata, a sub­ Family MYIDAE Lamarck, 1818 class composed largely of forms also adapted to a burrowing habit. In external form, Genus SPHENIA Turton, 1822 Sphenia resembles another eulamellibranch ' Thracia Blainville, 1824, but differs by hav- Sphenia TURTON, 1822, Conchylia Insularum Britannicarum, pp. xvii, 36; A. ADAMS, * "Prosopon" is an inclusive term referring 1851, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 86; H. to th~ surfa~e appearance of a living or fossil and A. ADAMS, 1856, The Genera of Re­ orgamsm. G1ll ( 1949, p. 572) introduced the cent Mollusca, v. 2, p. 357; DALL, 1898, term to replace "ornamentation " observing that " om_amentation" implies "something' merely dec- Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Trans., v. 3, pt. 4, p. orative, . something additional to essentials" 859; GRANT and GALE, 1931, San Diego ~nd, thus, is inappropriate when applied to an Soc. Nat. Hist., Mem. 1, p. 419. mh~rent, often functionally significant, .. ge­ netically maintained," biological character. "Ex­ Type species: Sphenia binghami Turton, ternal" prosopon, in the sense used here, refers 1822 [p. 36, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5, pl. 19, fig. to that prosopon on the exterior surface of the 3], by subsequent designation, Stoliczka, valves, as opposed to that on the interior surface which, on some bivalves, such as members of 1870, Palaeontologia Indica, Ser. 6, v. 3, the Amusiidae, may be prominent and diag­ p. xv; Recent, Torbay, England. nostic. No.1 New Pleistocene Species of Sphenia 25 ing an internal ligament, both umbones type species, S. binghami, this writer must prominently and equally developed, and the join in rejecting Dall's diagnosis of the pal­ umbo of the right valve neither pierced nor lial sinus characteristic of Sphenia as re­ eroded by that of the left. Unlike the septi­ flected in the generic description above. branch Poromya Forbes, 1844, Sphenia is Keen (written communication, March not subequilateral to subtrigonal in shape 1968) observed a close resemblance between and lacks a granulose exterior, radial external the new species of Sphenia and another myid, prosopon, a pearly interior, and unequal Tugonia Gray, 1842. The two are similar in cardinal teeth intimately associated with the shell outline and shape, pallial line and sinus, chondrophores in both valves. Its greatest and adductor muscle scar characteristics; similarity among the Anomalodesmata, how­ however, Sphenia lacks Tugonia's reticulated ever, is with the septibranch Cuspidaria prosopon, broad posterior gap, and chondro­ Nardo, 1840, a fact implied by Dall ( 1898, phore in the right valve, and the beaks on p. 859) in noting the correct generic identity species of Sphenia are neither opisthogyrate of two species from Cuba which d'Orbigny nor located near the posterior shell extremity. assigned initially to 11Sphena'' ( 1846, p. 324). Extant species of Sphenia appear to be Recent authors place both of d'Orbigny's confined
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