Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47093-3 — Trace Metals in the Environment and Living Organisms Philip S

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47093-3 — Trace Metals in the Environment and Living Organisms Philip S. Rainbow Index More Information

INDEX

Aberdeenshire, 34, 156 Agrostis, 148, 160, 251, 271, 664 Ammodytes, 627 Aberllyn mine, 173 Merseyside refinery, 142, 166, 221, 249 Ampharete, 598 Aberystwyth, 172, 307, 370, 471, 498 tolerance, 172–173, 175, 268 ampharetid polychaetes, 598, See also Abington, 312 Aire River, 432 Ampharete, Melinna Abramis. See bream Aire valley, 32 Amphibalanus, 112, 495, 557 absorption, 68, See also uptake Airedale, 33, 54 Amphinemura, 343–344, 387 Acanthephyra, 585 ALAD, 116, 124, 222, 382, 547 amphipod crustaceans, 362, 551, See also acanthite, 29 Alca. See razorbill Corophium, Echinogammarus, Acarospora, 152, 155–156 alderflies, 318, 361, See also Sialis Gammarus, hyperiids, Rhepoxynius, Acartia, 551, 579–580 Alderley Edge, 27, 34–36 stegocephalids, talitrids Acaster, 432 alga, 286, 323, See also brown algae, bioaccumulation, 90, 99, 101, 103 acceptable daily input (ADI), 266, 660 green algae, phytoplankton, red biomarkers, 119 accumulation, 90 algae detoxification, 98, 101 accumulation patterns, 99 alginates, 441 uptake rates, 83, 85 Achillea, 163 Alice in Wonderland, 8 Anaconda, 50 Achnanthes, 321 Aliivibrio, 551 Analasmocephalus, 247 Achnanthidium, 321–322 Alitta, 443, 450, 515, 551 Anas. See mallard ducks acid mine drainage, 22, 29, 66, 288, 315, alkali disease, 20 Ancylus, 366 317, 389 Alle. See little auk Anglesey, 26, 33, 35, 47, 55, 306 Acid Mine Drainage Index (AMDI), 316 Allen River, 160 anglesite, 28, 33 acid volatile sulphide (AVS), 286, Allendales, 28, 32, 54, 309, See also Allen Anglo-Saxons, 36 315, 397 River, East Allen, West Allen Anguilla. See eels acidification Allenheads, 54 Anodonta, 367–368 freshwater, 29, 82, 317, 319 Allolobophora, 186, 192, 245, 265 Anstruther, 559 seawater, 667 Alloteuthis, 588 Antarctic Ocean, 575, 587 Acidithiobacillus, 29, 315 alpine pennycress, 159–161, 168, 171, Anthoxanthum, 173 actinides, 3 664, See also Thlaspi antifouling, 401, See also TBT (tributyl active transport, 68 Alston, 62, 154, 161, 310 tin) ADAS Gleadthorpe, 254 Alston Block, 32 copper, 554 adduct, 117 Alston Moor, 32, 36, 41–42, 54, 309 introduced species, 556, 558, 564 adsorption, 68 aluminium, 3, 9 lead, 554 biota, 94, 580, 584 ecotoxicity, 9, 147, 176, 319 paints, 7, 470, 504, 554, 558–559 sediment, 405 flowering plants, 176 antiknock, 6, 431, See also tetra-ethyl lead soil, 140 freshwater, 318 antimonite, 29 Adur Estuary, 524, 527 mining, 66 antimony, 3, 9, 11, 53, 129, 135 Aequipecten, 106, 484, 519, 606, 622 ores, 30 ores, 29, 53 Afon Goch, 118, 293, 306, 403, 425 soils, 146–147, 176 antioxidants, 68, 117, 392, 547 ecotoxicity, 360, 392 use, 9 Antwerp, 236, 239, 241 Africa, 48, 662 Alva mine, 58 Anyphaena, 247 African–Eurasian Waterbird Agreement, Alyssum, 171, 258, 665 Aphelochaeta, 454, 597 383 Amanita, 150 aphids, 170, 181 AFS Convention, 563 American dipper, 381–382 Apodemus, 209 Agabus, 361 amino acid, 70, See also cysteine, Aporrectodea, 186, 192, 245, 265 Agar mine, 48 glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, Appert, Nicholas, 6 Agaricus, 150 methionine, mugineic acid, proline Appletreewick, 37 Agassiz, Louis, 494 membrane transport, 77–78 aqua regia, 140 Agriolimax, 178 Amlwch, 56 Arabidopsis, 664

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47093-3 — Trace Metals in the Environment and Living Organisms Philip S. Rainbow Index More Information

Index 721

Arachnida, 124, See also harvestmen, Asian clam. See Corbicula baleen whales, 565–566, See also right mites, pseudoscorpions, spiders Askrigg Block, 32 whales, rorquals Araneus, 205 Asplenium, 158, 160 Ballin valley stream, 61 Arcachon, Baie d’, 560 assimilation efficiency, 85, 105, 292 Ballinafunshoge mine, 61 Arctic, 156, 662 Associated Octel, 431 Baltic Sea, 461 Arctic Ocean, 568, 575 Asterocarpa, 557 Baltic tellin. See Macoma Arctic skua, 627 Atlantic Ocean, 10–11, 591 Bampfylde mine, 52 Arctic tern, 627 North Atlantic, 568–569, 572, 575, 585, bank vole, 209, 223, See also Myodes Arenicola, 401, 452, 551 635 BARGE, 145, 281 bioaccumulation, 452, 597 atmosphere Barmby on the Marsh, 311 biomonitoring, 452 biogeochemical cycles, 11 Barmote Courts, 36 argentiferous galena, 55 deposition, 11, 14, 129, 156–157, 573 barn owl, 226, 229, 234, 238 Argyll, 33, 39 smelter emission, 129, 135, 139, 164 barnacles, 494, See also Amphibalanus, Arion, 177 Atolla, 591–592 Austrominius, Balanus, Lepas, Arkle Beck, 33, 362 Auckland, 320 Semibalanus Arklow, 316 auks, 627, See also guillemot, little auk, bioaccumulation, 90, 99, 101, 103, 495 Armeria, 160–161 puffin, razorbill biomonitoring, 112, 498 arrow worms, 565, 589 Australia, 21, 45, 51, 397, 559 detoxification, 97–98, 101, 498–499 arsenate, 1, 20, 78, 158, 441, 574 Austrominius, 83, 101, 104, 495, 557 fouling, 112, 557 arsenic, 3 autunite, 30 uptake rates, 83 coal, 11 Avenula, 146 Barnstaple, 25, 534 dust, 282 Average Score per Taxon (ASPT), 389, 394 Barrow Deep, 427, 607 fan worms, 596 Avoca, 29, 60, 66, 316 barytes, 22, 24, 33 mining, 49, 63 Avoca River, 61, 316, 389 Basset mine, 48 ores, 23, 27 East Avoca, 61, 316 Bathgate, 42 organic forms, 20, 176, 441, See also West Avoca, 61 bathypelagic zone, 565, 582 arsenobetaine Avoca River, 66, 506 Batrachospermum, 325 oxidation state, 1 avocet, 110 bats, 225 palatability, 455, 596 Avon Estuary, 436 batteries, 8 pesticides, 9, 50, 63 Avonmouth, 66 lead-acid, 9 soils, 142, 163, 284 centipedes, 206 nickel-cadmium, 7, 9 tolerance, 173, 176, 268 earthworms, 263, 268 nickel-metal hydride, 7 toxicity, 9, 20, 271, 278, 597, 618 ecotoxicity, 191, 198, 245, 248, 263, zinc chloride, 7 use, 5, 9, 49 268 zinc-carbon, 8 vegetables, 163, 278, 284 emissions, 139, 164, 173, 177, 244 bauxite, 30, 66, 147 arsenite, 1, 20, 405, 597 smelting works, 66, 139, 141, 164, 428 Bavaria, 6 arsenobetaine, 20, 618 soils, 141 beachhopper, 401, See also Orchestia arsenopyrite, 27, 49, 304 spiders, 247 beaked whales. See Blainville’s beaked Ascidia, 592–593 woodlice, 193 whale, Northern bottlenose whale, ascidians, 592, See also Botryllus, Ciona Aznalcóllar, 290 Sowerby’s beaked whale invasive fouling species, 556 azurite, 27, 34, 152 Beaulieu Estuary, 405, 562 Ascidiella, 592–593 beaver fur, 8 Ascophyllum, 440 Bacidia, 154–155 Beckton, 426, 515, 606 Asellus, 126, 363 bacteria. See microbes Beddgelert, 57 ash. See also pulverised fly ash badger, 266, 272, See also Meles Bedford United mine, 47 coal, 14, 20, 129, 140, 317 baetid mayflies, 288, 343, 348, 387, 498, beetles, 203, 206, 361 refuse, 14, 129, 140 See also Baetis carabid ground beetles, 203, 206, 248, Ashbourne, 32, 274 Baetis, 288, 343, 348, 350 See also Notiophilus, Poecilus Ashburton, 38 Bakewell, 36 staphylinid rove beetles, 203, 206 Ashdown Forest, 35, 39, 43, 61, 317 Balaenoptera. See blue whale, fin whale, water beetle, 340 Ashford, 36 minke whale water beetles, 361, See also Dytiscus, Ashover, 33 Balanus, 495 Helophorus, Oreodytes Asia, 662 Baldhu, 64, 299 Beldon Burn, 310

722 Index

Belgium, 203, 236, 269, 322, 666 morphological, 118 Blencathra, 65 belland, 280 omics, 549 blende, 22, 28, See also sphalerite Bellis, 163 organism, 118 blind staggers, 20 Beltingham, 161 physiological, 119, 549 bloomery, 22, 39 bentgrass. See Agrostis population, 119, 548, 550 blue-green algae/bacteria, 286, See also benthos, 286 tolerance, 121, 550 Cyanobacteria Bere Alston, 51, 306 biomonitor, 69, 111 blue tit, 225, 234, 241 Bere Alston peninsula, 38, 47, 51, 251, biomonitoring, 69, 111, 544 ecotoxicity, 241 306, 425 bird eggs, 241, 637 blue whale, 566–567, 645 Bere Ferrers, 38 cosmopolitan species, 112 BMWP score, 121 Bermuda, 595 feathers, 234, 633, 636–637 Bodannon mine, 53 Betws-y-coed, 173 required characteristics, 111 Bodmin, 38 Biala Przemsza River, 350 suite, 112, 398, 544 Bodmin Moor, 25, 31, 38, 322 bilberry, 146 Biomphalaria, 119 Bolenowe, 305 Binnerton, 371 biosphere, 1 Bolivia, 45, 49 bioaccessibility, 68, 88, 144, 281–282, biotic index, 69, 121, 388, 669 boll weevil, 50 626, See also BARGE bird eggs Bolts Burn, 310 bioaccumulated metal guideline, 68, 115, biomonitoring, 241, 637 Bontddu, 57 269, 390, 399, 669 mercury, 633, 637 booster biocides, 555, 661 bioaccumulation, 68 toxicity, 109, 639 Boothferry, 432 toxicity, 108 birds of prey, 226 Borrowdale, 43, 311 bioaccumulation factor (BAF), 124, bioaccumulation, 227, 229 Boscasswell mine, 63 264–265, 272 feathers, 238 Botallack mine, 63 bioaccumulation patterns mercury, 227, 238 Botrylloides, 557 crustaceans, 99, 104 Birmingham, 45, 167, 281, 432 Botryllus, 592–593 regulation, 100, 103 Bissoe, 49–50, 63, 299, 421 bottlenose dolphin, 640 strong net accumulation, 101, 103, 112, Black Burn mine, 154 Bournemouth, 435 189 black copper, 27 bournonite, 29 weak net accumulation, 102–103, 112 Black Country, 39 Bowland, 54 bioavailability, 68, 79 Black Death, 40 Bowmore, 513 dissolved, 80, 291, 313 Black Deep, 607 Brachythecium, 326–327 dust, 281 black jack, 22, 28, See also sphalerite Bradford, 432–433 sediment, 89, 314, 417 black tin, 22, 27, 37, See also cassiterite Bradshaw, A. D., 172 soil, 140, 142, 158, 281 blackband, 29 Brain River, 377, 400 trophic, 85, 106, 144, 292, 314, 417 blackbird, 225, 234–236 Braithwaite, 65 bioconcentration factor (BCF), 124, 264 ecotoxicity, 240 Branchiomma, 596–597 biodynamic modelling, 69, 104, 112, 353, Blackborrow, 61 Brandelhow mine, 58 443, 452 Blackcraig mines, 57 brandling. See Eisenia biogeochemical cycling, 14, 584 Blackdown Hills, 40 brass, 6, 45, 60 bioindicator, 69, 269 Blackett-Beaumont Company, 54 Brassicaceae, 168, 258, 665–666 biokinetic modelling. See biodynamic blackﬂies, 335, 340, 360, 391, See also Brassington, 36 modelling Simulium Breadalbane nugget, 58 biological monitoring, 69, 111 black-headed gulls, 540, 626 Breage, 37, 42 Biological Monitoring Working Party Blackmore, 38 bream, 374 (BMWP) score, 389 black-tailed godwit, 266, 272, See also Brean, 429, 522 biomagniﬁcation, 1, 8, 19, 107 Limosa Brigham, 41, See also Keswick biomarkers, 69, 116, 267, 391, 399, 547 Blackwater Estuary, 524, 560, 562 Brillia, 359 behaviour, 119, 550 bladder campion, 159 Bristol, 45, 60–61, 139, 195, 428 biochemical, 117, 547 bladder wrack, 122, 436, See also Fucus Bristol Channel, 434, 622 community, 120 Blaenau Ffestiniog, 56 biomonitoring, 440, 470, 504, 507, 515, cytological, 72, 118, 268, 548 Blainville’s beaked whale, 645 522 histological, 548 Blaise Wood, 178, 244 concentrations, 429, 571, 578 molecular, 117, 549 blast furnace, 5, 39–40, 61 dump sites, 608

Index 723

Britannia mine, 52 uptake, 78, 83 Carboniferous, 25–26, 29, 31, 33, 193 British Columbia, 381 use, 9 Carcinus, 527 Broadstone Stream, 317 cadmium red, 9 bioaccumulation, 528 Broken Hill, 51 Caerphilly, 190 biomarkers, 547 bronze, 4, 6, 34 Cairnsmore of Fleet, 33 detoxification, 532 Bronze Age, 4, 7, 24, 34, 658 calaminarian grassland community, 125, haemocyanin, 528, 532 brown algae, 557, See also Ectocarpus, 160–161, 666 tolerance, 122 kelps, Sargassum, wracks calamine, 22, 28, 54, 60, 161 uptake rates, 84 Brown Gill, 328 calamine soil, 125, 160 water permeability, 84 brown meat, 565, 618, 621 calanoid copepods, 551, 565, 578, 627, Cardiff, 428, 430, 470 brown shrimp. See Crangon See also Acartia, Calanus, Cardigan Bay, 471, 640 brown trout. See trout, See also Salmo Paracalanus, pontellids, Temora Cardiganshire, 55, 270 Bryan, Geoff, 561 bioaccumulation, 579 Cardross, 470 bryophytes, 124 Calanus, 578–580 Cargoll mine, 51–52 freshwater, 326, 374, See also Scapania calcareous soil, 125, 145 Carharrack, 299 terrestrial, 156 calcicole, 125, 145, 177 caridean decapods, 84, 523, 585, See also bryozoans, 555–556, See also Bugula, calcifuge, 125, 145 Acanthephyra, Crangon, Palaemon, Schizoporella, Tricellaria, calcite, 22, 24, 33 Palaemonetes, Pandalus, prawns, Watersipora calcium shrimps, Systellaspis Bryum, 327 channel, 71, 78, 158, 176, 367 Carlisle Buccinum, 517, 603, 622 phosphate, 97 silver mines, 36 Bude, 306 phosphate granules, 97 Carmarthenshire, 155 Budel, 199 calcium carbonate, 22, 78, 125, 146 Carn Brea, 38, 64 Budnick Consols mine, 52 granules, 97, 180, 504 Carn Brea mines, 48, 53, 63 Buellia, 154–155 calcium phosphate Carne mine, 63 Bugula, 555–556 granules, 181, 368, 505, 516, 533 Carnmenellis, 25, 31, 38 bullheads, 370, 372–373, See also Cottus Caldbeck, 41 Carnon River, 46, 64, 293, 299, 316, 403 Butte, 50 Caldbeck Fells, 39, 41, 58–59, 65, 328 caddisflies, 350 Buxted, 43 Calidris, 420, See also dunlin, knot diatoms, 321 buzzard, 226, 229, 234 California, 20, 170, 228, 589 invertebrates, 340 Bwlch, 155 Callington, 47, 51, 53, 251 Carnon valley, 45, 49, 64, 271, 299, 421 Calluna, 146 Carnyorth mine, 63 caddisflies, 286, 292, 318, 340, 343, 352, Caloneis, 321 Carpenter, Kathleen, 335, 359–360, 370, See also Hydropsyche, Caloplaca, 156 386 hydropsychids, Plectrocnemia, Calstock, 251, 306 carpet shells. See Ruditapes, Venerupis polycentropids, Potamophylax, Calver, 55 carrageenan, 441 Rhyacophila, Stenophylax Camborne, 31, 46, 48, 63, 305 Carrick Roads bioaccumulation, 353 Cambrian Railway Company, 155 Buccinum, 523 biomonitoring, 115, 353 Camden, William, 43 cockles, 483 ecotoxicity, 387 Campanula, 160 oysters, 474, 478 cadmium, 4, See also batteries Canada, 21, 45, 381, 397 scallops, 486 carbonic anhydrase, 18, 577 Cancer, 565, 568, 618 slipper limpets, 493 crustacean bioaccumulation patterns, Canvey Island, 409, 426, 466, 483 carrier protein, 78, See transporter 104 capelin, 627 (protein) detoxification, 180, 191 Capitella, 604 Carrock Fell, 142, 268 marine mammals, 646 Caplecleugh Low Level adit, 310, 321 Carrock mine, 65, 191 mining, 9 blue-green bacteria, 323 Carroll, Lewis, 8 seabird kidneys, 630, 639 bryophytes, 327 Carson, Rachel, 227 smelting, 67 green algae, 324 Carthaginians, 554 smoking, 19, 282 Capper Pass smelter, 433 Caryophyllaceae, 175 speciation, 81 Capsella, 166 cassiterite, 22, 27–29, 31, 304 tolerance, 200, 244, 268 Carbis Bay, 522 cast iron, 5, 23 toxicity, 9, 17–19, 275–276 carbonic anhydrase, 17 Castleton, 36

724 Index

Castletown, 506 biomonitoring, 359 invertebrates, 335 catalase, 68, 117, 392, 451, 547 ecotoxicity, 118, 359, 387 mayflies, 348 caterpillars, 129, 170, 181, See also mouthpart deformity, 360, 393 Clark Fork River, 343 Hipparchia, Pieris Chironomus, 118–119, 359, 391–392 Clavelina, 593 Catharacta. See great skua chitons, 97, 510, 590 clay ironstone, 29, 39, 44 cats, 19 Chiverton mines, 51, See also West Cleethorpes, 432 cattle, 49–50, 129, 271–272 Chiverton Clevedon, 440 catworms. See Nephtys Chlamys, 484 Cleveland, 29 Cavanacaw, 66 chloanthite, 29 Clibanarius, 107 CEFAS, 601 chloragogenous tissue, 125, 190 Clitters United mine, 53 centipedes, 202, 206, See also Lithobius chlor-alkali process, 227, 401, 431, 535 Cloeon, 335, 348 cephalopods. See cuttlefish, squid Chlorella, 121, 325, 393 Clogau, 57, 66 Cerastoderma, 120, 480, 625 chlorite, 22, 24 Clupea. See herring bioaccumulation, 480, 486 Chloroperla, 345 Clydach, 165, 434 biomonitoring, 483 chlorophytes, 286, 324, See also Chlorella, Clyde Estuary, 470 Ceredigion, 55, 173, 190, 270, Cladophora, Dunaliella, Clyde River, 312, 371 280, 307, See also Aberystwyth, Enteromorpha, Klebsormidium, Clyde River Protection Board, 470 Cardiganshire, Clarach, Rheidol, Microspora, Stigeoclonium, Clyde Sea, 563 Ystwyth Tetraselmis, Ulothrix, Ulva Clyde, Firth of, 95, 511, 528, 583, 603 cerussite, 28, 33–34 Cholwell Brook, 425 dump sites, 603 Ceunant mine, 155 Chordeuma, 247 cnidarians, 565, See also hydroids, sea Chacewater, 31, 45–46, 64, 271, 299 chough, 225 anemones, sea pens, scyphozoans, Chaetocladius, 340, 359, 387 chrome red, 8 siphonophores Chaetogaster, 365 chrome yellow, 5, 8 coal, 20, 43 chaetognaths. See arrow worms chromium. See also electroplating, acid mine drainage, 317 Chaetozone, 454, 604 stainless steel ash, 283, 317, 433 Chagford, 38 coal, 11, 129 burning, 11, 14, 129, 140, 317, 433 chalcocite, 27, 152 oxidation state, 282, 285 use for smelting, 43 Chalcolithic Age, 4 soil toxicity, 147 Coal Measures, 29, 40, 62 chalcopyrite, 27–28, 33, 56, 152, 304 toxicity, 281–282, 285 ironstones, 39, 44, 61–62 chalk, 125, 145 uptake, 78, 574 Coalbrook River, 61 chalybite, 29 use, 5, 8 Coalbrookdale, 61–62 Chamaesiphon, 323 chromosomes, 117–118, 392, 548 cobalt, 575 Chandler score, 389 Chrysonebula, 326 deficiency, 274 Chapman Sands, 483 chrysophytes, 286, 325, See also mining, 53 charcoal, 5, 35, 39, 43 Chrysonebula, Hydrurus ores, 29, 53 charophytes, 286, 324, See also cider, 5 soil toxicity, 147 Mougeotia, Spirogyra, Zygnema Cinclus, 381 use, 8 chelating agent, 69 Ciona, 592 cobaltite, 29 Chelmer River, 377 cirratulid polychaetes, 454, See also coccolithophores, 125, 127, 146, 565, 573, Chelsea, 231 Aphelochaeta, Chaetozone, 576, See also Emiliania Cheshire, 27, 34–35 Cirriformia Cochlearia, 161, 666 Chesil Beach, 562 citric acid, 160, 176 cockles, 120, 480 Chichester, 557 Cladonia, 155, 251 food safety, 624, See also Cerastoderma Chichester Harbour, 495 Cladophora, 325 cod, 603, 609, 617–618, 627 Chile, 45, 48 clams, 484 Coed y Brenin, 161 Chillaton, 53 Asian clams. See Corbicula Coelotes, 247 Chillaton and Hogstor mine, 52 semelid clams. See Scrobicularia coinage, 3, 5–8, 36, 43 China, 11, 20, 65 tellinid clams. See Macoma Coinage, 38, 49 chironomid midges, 286, 288, 316, 340, venerid clams. See Mercenaria, Coinage Town, 38 358, See also Brillia, Chaetocladius, Ruditapes, Venus, Venerupis Coire Buidhe Hill, 33 Chironomus, Diamesa, Eukiefferiella, Clarach River, 270, 307 coke, 5, 44, 61 Tanypus, Tanytarsus bryophytes, 326, 328 Coledale valley, 65

Index 725

collembolans, 125, 199, See also detoxification, 103, 155, 180, 191, 499 Crossness, 426, 450, 515, 606 Orchesella, Folsomia, Tomocerus ecotoxicity, 248, 340, 343 Crouch Estuary, 560, 562 bioaccumulation, 184, 199 haemocyanin, 94, 106, 362, 504, 512, Crowan, 304 ecotoxicity, 255 585 Crown, the, 38 tolerance, 200, 268 invertebrate jaws, 517 Cumberland, 40 colloids, 286, 292, 404 mining, 5, 41, 55, 58, 60 Cumbria, 40, 160–161, 666 Colorado, 51, 119, 343 ores, 25, 27 cumulative criterion unit (CCU), 287, 321, Colorado beetle, 50 organic complexation, 82, 574 343, 399 coltsfoot. See Tussilago palatability, 598 cuprite, 27 Columba, 225, 230 smelting, 41, 46, 51, 434 curlew, 538, 540 Combe Martin, 37–38 tolerance, 122, 173, 268, 325, 364, 558 cuttlefish. See Sepia comet assay, 117, 548 toxicity, 18 Cwm Rheidol, 55, 307, 365 common dolphin. See long-beaked use, 5–6, 56 Cwm Ystwyth, 55, 177, 190, 271, 307, 370 common dolphin, short-beaked copper mosses, 156 Cyanistes. See blue tit common dolphin Copperhouse, 46, 423 Cyanobacteria, 286, See also common gulls, 626 Corbicula, 367, 369 Leptolyngbya, Oscillatoriaceae, common porpoise. See harbour porpoise Cordulegaster, 361 Synechococcus common seal, 645, 652 Corella, 557 Cyathura, 542 common tern, 627, 633, 637 Cornish Copper Company, 46 cyclopoid copepods, 322, 335, 565 community, 125 Cornu, 177–178, 180 Cygnus, 383 assessment, 255, 269, 388, 552 Cornwall, 25 Cyprus, 4 ecotoxicology, 120, 244, 386, 540 lichens, 154 cysteine, 70, 72, 78, 96, 593 function, 149 mining, 5, 31, 37, 41, 45 structure, 258, 386, 552–553 Corophium, 464, 551 dab, 609 complexation, 69, 291 bioaccumulation, 98, 464 biomarkers, 609 inorganic, 80, 409, 574, 667 tolerance, 122, 465 dagger flies, 361 organic, 80, 82, 313, 409, 574 Corrie Kander, 156 daisy, 163 Compositae, 163 Corsica, 666 Dale Head, 152 Compstall Lake, 373 Coster, John, 42, 44 dandelion, 163, 166 Coniston, 27, 35, 41, 43, 59, 327 Cottus, 318, 370 Danegeld, 36 earthworms, 191, 268 crabs, 84, 618, See also Cancer, Carcinus Danes, 36 lichens, 152 Crafnant River, 309, 371 Darby, Abraham I, 61 mines, 41, 58, 152 craneflies, 340, 361 Darby, Abraham III, 61 Cononish, 66 Crangon, 402, 523–524, 603, 606, 621 Darley Brook, 356 conservation bioaccumulation, 527 Darley Dale, 54, 65 flowering plants, 666 copper regulation, 526–527 Dart Estuary, 562 lichens, 152, 154, 666 Cranych, Burchard, 40 Dartmoor, 25, 31, 47, 52, 425 conservative distribution, 401, 405, 571 Crassostrea, 112, 474, 551, 560, 625 Darwin, Charles, 495 Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Crataegus, 141 Davies, Walter, 270 (CLEA), 125, 128, 283–284 Crediton, 64 Davy, Sir Humphrey, 554 Conwy Estuary, 454, 478–479 Crepidula, 474, 492 DDE, 243 Conwy River, 308 Cretaceous, 39, 146 DDT, 243 fish, 371 Crich, 36 de Barton, Robert, 39 Conwy valley, 161, 173, 308 critical soil concentrations, 125, 259–260, decapod crustaceans, 402, 585, See also Cooks Kitchen mines, 63 262, 272, 659 carideans, crabs, Dendrobranchiata, copepods, 88, 565, See also calanoids, critical tissue concentrations, 222–223, hermit crabs, Norway lobster, cyclopoids, harpacticoids 265, 272, 544, 660 Palaemon, Palaemonetes, Pandalus, copper. See also brass, bronze, coinage, birds, 227, 229, 231, 243, 379–380, 382 penaeids, Pleocyemata, prawns, jewellery mammals, 223, 225 shrimps antifouling, 7, 45, 56, 60, 554, 558 Crofty mines, 63, See also South Crofty bioaccumulation, 90, 99, 618, 632 crustacean bioaccumulation patterns, mine uptake rates, 83–84 103 Cromwell, Oliver, 41 Dee Estuary, 55, 605, 648, 653 deficiency, 95, 261, 272–273, 585 crops, 134, 270, 275 Deep Rake, 55

726 Index

deficiency, 134, 273 dibutyl tin (DBT), 648 Drym, 371 cobalt, 274 Dicranella, 327 Dublin Bay prawn. See Nephrops copper, 95, 273–274, 585 Didemnum, 557, 593 Duchy of Cornwall, 38 manganese, 576, 578 digestive gland (mollusc), 70, 127 Duchy Peru mine, 52, 62 selenium, 17, 20, 275 bivalve, 460, 548, 624 duck mussels, 368, See also Anodonta zinc, 577 cephalopod, 588 ducks, 379, 382, See also eider ducks, DEFRA, 125, 283, 601, 605 gastropod, 106, 177 mallard ducks Delphinus. See long-beaked comon dinoflagellates, 288, 565, 573, 576, See Dudley, 44 dolphin, short-beaked common also Prorocentrum, Scrippsiella, See Dudley, Dud, 43 dolphin also Prorocentrum, Scrippsiella Dudnance mine, 63 Denby, 60 Diodorus Siculus, 35 Duffield, 311 Dendrobaena. See Dendrodrilus dipper, 381–382 Dulas Bay, 306, 553–554 Dendrobranchiata. See penaeids Diptera, 184, 287 Arenicola, 454 Dendrodrilus, 184, 186, 190–191 dissolved metal concentrations barnacles, 90, 98, 498 Derby, 311, 432 coastal waters, 569 Carcinus, 531–532 Derbyshire, 21, 27, 36, 39 determination, 292, 404 Corophium, 98, 464 human exposure, 278–281 estuaries, 404 Orchestia,98 lead toxicity, 271, 278 freshwater, 293 Palaemonetes, 524, 527 lichens, 154 oceans, 569, 571 sediments, 426 mining, 31, 33, 36, 54, 65 dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 545 Dumfries and Galloway, 33, 36, 58, 515 rivers and streams, 293, 311 dissolved organic matter (DOM), 82, 287, dump sites, 599 small mammals, 220 291, 313, 409, 574 ecotoxicology, 602, 604–605, 607 soils, 135, 139, 141, 163 Distaplia, 593 Dunaliella, 580 vegetation, 163 Ditrichum, 157 dunlin, 420, 537, 539–540 Deroceras, 170 Dobwalls, 53 Durand, Peter, 6 Derwent River (Derbyshire), 310–311, 432 dog’s mercury, 165 Durham, 32 Derwent River (Lake District), 310 Dogger Bank, 428 dust, 280 Derwent River (Northern Pennines), 26, dogwhelks, 6, 106, 519, 561, See also concentrations, 140 32, 37, 312, 356, 360 Nucella, See also Nucella ingestion, 134, 278, 284 Derwent River (Yorkshire), 310 Dolaucothi, 35 inhalation, 134, 278, 280, 284 Derwentwater, 311, 328 Dolcoath mine, 45, 48, 53, 63–64 Dutchmen, 41 desorption, 68 Dolgellau, 30, 57, 65, 161 Dyfed, 35 detoxification, 69, 72, 108, See also dolphins, 19 Dyfi River, 270 metallothioneins, metal-rich granules Domesday Survey, 36, 40 Dysdera, 202, 204 detoxified fraction, 90, 95, 110 Dommel River, 322, 368, 391 Dyserth, 35 detritivores, 125, 184, 401, 441, See Don River, 432 Dytiscus, 335 collembolans, earthworms, Donana National Park, 290 millipedes, woodlice Doncaster, 432 Earth, 10, 75 Devon, 25 Dorset, 435 earthworms, 134, 209, 288, See also mining, 31, 37, 41, 45 Dowgang Level, 335, 359, 365, 387 Allolobophora, Aporrectodea, Devon Great Consols mine, 31, 47, 50, Dowgas mine, 53 Dendrodrilus, Eisenia, Lumbriculus, 135, 142, 191 Draethen, 190 Lumbricus Devonian, 25–26, 31, 34 dragonflies, 361 bioaccumulation, 141–142, 184, 186, Devonshire colic, 5 Drakewalls mine, 251 238, 263 Devoran, 49, 299, 421 Draparnaldia, 324 detoxification, 190 Diacyclops, 323 Drax, 433 ecotoxicity, 191, 245, 255 Diamesa, 359 dredged spoil, 571, 601 mining, 186 diatoms, 287–288 dump sites, 605, 607–608 tolerance, 191, 268 abnormal development, 118, 322, 393 Dreissena, 367–368, 391 East Allen, 26, 32, 309–310, 356, 367 freshwater, 319–320, 343, 387 Driggith mine, 59 East Grinstead, 35, 40, 43, 61 marine, 573, 577–578, See also drinking water, 134, 275, 278–279 East Looe Estuary, 424, 524 Rhizosolenia, Skeletonema, drinking water standards, 279, 399, 659 Cerastoderma, 483 Thalassiosira Drws-y-Coed mine, 56, 65, 173 Hediste, 449

Index 727

Littorina, 500 environmental geochemistry, 275 ferns. See Asplenium, Cystopteris Macoma, 461 Environmental Protection Agency ferritin, 70–72, 96, 590 Scrobicularia, 460 (USEPA), 618, 662 crystals, 97, 591 East Pool mine, 48, 53, 63–64 Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), ferrocytes, 595 East Wheal Rose, 51, 305 21, 385, 395, 535, 545, 560, 668, See Ferrybridge, 433

EC50, 259 also Sediment Quality Standards, fertilisers. See phosphate fertilisers Ecclesbourne River, 311, 372–373 Water Quality Standards fescue. See Festuca Ecdyonurus, 348 Eolimna, 322 Festuca, 146, 160, 251, 271–272, 664 Echinogammarus, 83, 104 Ephemera, 348 Merseyside refinery, 142, 166, 249 Echinus, 551 Ephemerella, 288 tolerance, 173, 175, 268 ecotoxicity, 1, 4 ephemerellid mayflies, 115, 288, 343, 348, Ficopomatus, 557 ecotoxicology, 1, 18, 116 See also Ephemerella, Serratella field vole, 209, 224, See also Microtus ecotypes, 154, 160, 173 Ephemeroptera. See mayflies Fife, 640 Ectocarpus, 555, 558 epipelagic zone, 565, 582 Fillan River, 312 Ecton, 173 EPNS (electro-plated nickel silver), 7 fin whale, 566–567, 645 Ecton Hill, 33, 43, 60 EPT score, 389 Finland, 461 Edinburgh, 281 Erith, 515 fish, 370 Edward I, king of England, 38 Esox. See pike bioaccumulation, 372, 377, 534, 610, Edward III, king of England, 39 essential metal, 1, 3, 18 614 Edward IV, king of England, 37, 39 Essex, 36, 377, 560, 563 biomarkers, 609 eelpout, 535 Etherow River, 328, 334, 374 biomonitoring, 373, 377, 610 eels, 371, 373, 377, 380, 400, 536 Eubalaena. See North Atlantic right whale ecotoxicity, 370–371 bioaccumulation, 536 Eucyclops, 323 food safety, 373, 377, 399, 534, 610, lifecycle, 536 Euglena, 287, 320, 387 616 metallothionein, 536, 547 eukaryotes, 18, 70, 76, 573 mercury, 377, 385, 400, 534, 610, 614 efflux rate constant, 70, 105 Eukiefferiella, 340, 359, 387 flagellates, 287, 320, See also Euglena Eggborough, 433 Eunotia, 321 Flanders, 360, 365, 368 eider ducks, 461, 480 euphausiids, 566, 582, 589 flatworms, 335, 387, See also Phagocata Eisenia, 186, 189–191 Europe, 6 flies. See Diptera Eiseniella, 365 European Food Safety Authority, 385 Flintshire, 55, 173 Elbe Estuary, 599 European Union (EU), 21, 276, 292, 563, flounder, 123, 461, 480, 533, 598, 609 Elbe River, 587, 637 659–660 bioaccumulation, 534 Electrogena, 348 excluders (flowering plants), 159 flowering plants, 158 electroplating, 7–8, See also EPNS Exmoor, 62 bioaccumulation, 158, 162 Elizabeth I, queen of England, 40–43 Eyam, 65 detoxification, 159 Eller Gill, 328 freshwater, 334 Ellesmere Mere, 374 facilitated diffusion, 70, 78 fluorite, 22 Ellesmere Port, 430–431 Fal Estuary, 299, 403, 441, 466, 513, 562 fluorspar, 22, 24 elm. See Ulmus oysters, 474 fluxing, 5, 23, See also smelting Elminius. See Austrominius Falmouth, 50 Folsomia, 199 Elvan Water. See Glengonnar Water Falmouth Bay, 64, 640 Fontinalis, 326, 328 Ely, 36 fan worms, 595 Fontygary Bay, 470 Emiliania, 146, 565, 577 arsenic, 597 food chains, 8, 19, 106, 129 enchytraeids, 125, 255, 288 vanadium, 597 food safety, 276, 615 English Channel, 317, 568, 589 FAO/WHO, 275–276, 282 regulated concentrations, 276, 278, fish, 613 Faroe Islands, 588 615–616, 621, 661 English Civil War, 41, 43 Fawley, 483 Food Standards Agency, 621 Enrick mine, 58 feathers Food Standards Committee, 615 Enteromorpha, 441, 559 biomonitoring, 234, 633, 636–637 food web, 134 Environment Agency, 125, 283 mercury, 235, 628, 632, 635–637 fool’s gold, 29 Environment Canada, 397, 546 moult cycle, 235, 634 foraminiferans, 127 environmental DNA (eDNA), 388, 552 Feish Dhomhnuill mine, 155, 666 Force Crag mine, 65 environmental genomics, 126, 151 ferberite, 29 Foreshield Burn, 367

728 Index

Forest of Dean, 39, 43 Carcinus, 532 oligochaetes, 365 Formica, 181 Cerastoderma, 483 stoneflies, 344 Forth Estuary, 513, 635 Hediste, 449 Glamorgan, 190 mercury, 440–441, 470, 535 Scrobicularia, 460 Glasdir, 65 Forth, Firth of, 470, 513, 635 sediments, 449 Glasgow, 281–282, 285, 601, 603 Foula, 630 Gannel River, 122, 312 Glebe mine, 65 fouling, 553 diatoms, 321 Glen Maye River, 312, 507 Foulness, 426 green algae, 325–326, 393 Glendalough valley, 61 Fowey Consols mine, 53 invertebrates, 340 Glendasan valley, 61 Foweymore, 38 isopod tolerance, 364, 394 Glenderamackin River, 311 Foxdale, 60, 312, 471, 507 mayflies, 350 Glengonnar Water, 312, 362, 371 Foyers smelter, 66 gannet, 627, 636 Glenravel, County Antrim, 30, 66 Fraddam, 139 garden snails. See also Cornu, Helix Glenridding Beck, 366 Fragilaria, 321–322, 393 bioaccumulation, 177 Globicephala. See pilot whale France, 236, 359, 560 biomarkers, 181 Glomeris, 247 Fratercula. See puffin biomonitoring, 180 glutamic acid, 70 Free Ion Activity Model, 80, 82 metallothioneins, 178, 181 glutathione, 68, 70, 96, 547 free metal ions, 70, 78, 80, 291 metal-rich granules, 178 glutathione peroxidise, 20 seawater, 80 garden spider, 205, See also Araneus Glycera, 516–517, 602 soil solution, 262 Garrigill, 161 jaws, 517 free radical, 70, See also reactive oxygen Garroch Head, 603, 607 glycine, 70 species Gasterosteus, 370 Gobiosculus. See two-spotted goby Friendship mine, 50 gastropod molluscs, 106, See also Godolphin, 304, 371 Frome River, 435 Biomphalaria, garden snails, limpets, Godolphin Bal, 42, 45 Frongoch mine, 173, 307, 320 neogastropods, Peringia, periwinkles, Godrevy, 305 Frongoch Stream, 323, 326 pulmonates, slipper limpets, slugs, Goginan mine, 172–173, 307, 327, 664 Fucus, 122, 440 Viviparus gold, 7, 30, 35, 37, See also coinage, bioaccumulation, 436 Gategill mine, 58, 65, 312 jewellery biomonitoring, 112, 436 Gatehouse of Fleet, 58 mining, 52, 57, 66, 662 fulmar, 627–628, 630, 632, 635, 639 Gawton mine, 50, 173, 176 Scotland, 43, 58 Fulmarus. See fulmar Geevor, 34 Snowdonia, 57 fulvic acids (fulvates), 69, 287, 319 Geevor mine, 63–64 Southwest England, 52, 64 functional ecology, 70, 83, 85 Gennadas, 585 use, 7, 9 fungi, 149, 170, See also Agaricus, genome, 70, 117, 480 Goldcliff, 430 Amanita, mycorrhizal fungi genomics, 70, 117 goldeneyes, 383 furnace, 36 environmental genomics, 126, 151 Goldscope mine, 39, 41, 58 blast, 5, 39–40, 61 genotoxin, 70, 117 Good Water Status, 289, 395, 545, 660 open hearth, 42 German Bight, 587 Gorseinon, 524, 527 Furness, 39–41, 43 Germans, 40 Gower peninsula, 434 Germany, 36, 40, 50, 172, 269, 666 Gower, Anthony, 340 Gadus. See cod Gibbs, Peter, 561 Grainsgill Beck, 65 gadwalls, 382 gibbsite, 30, 147, 318 Grampus. See Risso’s dolphin galena, 28, 33–34 Gillgill Burn, 310, 320 Grangemouth, 440, 470, 513, 515, 535 argentiferous galena, 28, 33 blackflies, 360 granite, 24, 26, 30–31, 33 Galmoy (County Kilkenny), 28 blue green bacteria, 323 Graphis, 251 galvanisation, 1, 52, 54, 155 brypophytes, 327 Grasmere, 41 Gammarus, 119, 362, 393 caddisflies, 353 grasshoppers, 181, 258 bioaccumulation, 362 chironomids, 359 Grassington, 37, 54 ecotoxicity, 119, 362 chrysophytes, 326 Grateloupia, 557 gangue, 23–24, 27 craneflies, 361 Gravel Hill mine, 62 Ganllwyd, 57 diatoms, 321 Gravesend, 409, 426, 450 Gannel Estuary, 553 green algae, 324, 393 Grays, 450, 553 Arenicola, 454 invertebrates, 335 great black-backed gulls, 626

Index 729

Great County Adit, 46, 49, 64, 299, 421 Halkyn Mountain, 35, 39, 55, 139 Helix, 177, 180 Great Crinnis mine, 51 vegetation, 160–161, 173 Helmsdale Water, 58 Great Flat Lode, 48 Hallen Wood, 204, 206, 244 Helophorus, 340, 361 Great Orme, 5, 7, 34–35, 43, 173 Halobates, 589 Helston, 25, 38 Great Retallack mine, 52 Hamble Estuary, 504 Helvellyn, 41, 58, 65 great skua, 627–628, 636, 639 Hammersmith, 428 Hemerdon mine, 65 great tit, 225, 234, 236, 239, 241 Hampshire, 405 hemimorphite, 22, 28 ecotoxicity, 240–241 Hannaea, 320 Hemiptera, 126, 335 Greeks, Ancient, 5, 554 harbour porpoise, 640, 646–647, 653 Henry II, king of England, 36 green algae, 121, 286–287, 323, 440, See harbour seal. See common seal Henry III, king of England, 40 also charophytes, chlorophytes hardness, 287, 314, 396 Henry VIII, king of England, 40 green plants, 126, 158 hard-shelled clam. See Mercenaria Hensbarrow, 38 Greenhow, 33, 54 harp seal, 652 Henze, Martin, 593 Greenhow Hill mine, 54 harpacticoid copepods, 441, 551, 565, See hepatopancreas, 71, 127, 565, 618 greenshank, 537, 539 also Tigriopus Carcinus, 528, 532 Greenside mine, 41, 58, 65, 362, 366 Hartfield, 43, 61 Palaemon, 103, 526 Grenville mine, 48 Hartsop mine, 58 Heptagenia, 288 Greta River, 41, 311–312 harvestmen, 124, 202, 247, See also heptageniid mayflies, 115, 288, 343, 348, grey copper ore, 27 Analasmocephalus, Leiobunum, See also Ecdyonurus, Heptagenia, grey seal, 645, 648, 652 Mitopus, Mitostoma, Nemastoma, Rhithrogena greylag geese, 382 Phalangium hermit crabs, 107 Grimmia, 156 Harz Mountains, 40, 50 Hermon mine, 161 Grimsby, 433 Haw Wood, 139, 165, 198, 206 Herodsfoot, 51, 424, 449 growth dilution, 71, 90 hawthorn, 141, See also Crataegus herring, 627 growth rate constant, 106 Hayle, 45–46, 50, 304, 423 herring gulls, 626, 633, 637 Gryllotalpa, 181 Hayle Estuary, 522, 550, 553 Heterosiphonia, 557 gudgeon, 377 Hediste, 449, 451, 550 Hexham, 161, 164 guillemot, 627, 630, 635 Scrobicularia, 460 High Peak, 33, 36 gulls, 626, See also black-headed gulls, Hayle River, 312 Hilderstone, 42 common gulls, great black-backed caddisflies, 356 Hildrew, Alan, 318 gulls, herring gulls, Larus, lesser diatoms, 321 Himantopus. See stilt black-backed gulls green algae, 121, 325–326, 393 Hingston Down, 38 Gunnislake, 31, 47, 50, 53, 306, 424 invertebrates, 340 Hinkley Point power station, 479, 524, gunpowder, 42–43 isopod tolerance, 364, 393 527 Gwennap, 37, 42, 45, 48, 299 stoneflies, 345 Hipparchia, 181 Gwinear, 37, 51–52 trout, 371 histidine, 160, 168, 191 Gwithian, 50, 63 Hayle–Camborne–Godolphin, 135, 142, Hochstetter, Daniel, 41 Gwynedd, 57, 173 163, 278, 284 Hochstetter, Joachim, 40 Gwynfynydd, 66 Hazardous Concentration (HC5), 260, 265 Holcus, 163, 173, 176 Gwynfynydd mine, 57 hazel, 165 Holes Bay, 435, 470, 478–479, 494, 543 Gyalidea, 155, 666 Health Criterion Value, 283 Holyhead, 556 heat shock proteins. See stress proteins Holywell, 55 Habitats Directive, 666 heather, 146 Homarus, 618, 621 haematite, 39 Heathrow Airport, 230 horses, 49–50, 271 brown haematite, 29 heavy metal, 1–3 horsetails, 142, 249 red haematite, 29 Hediste, 89, 442, 515, 551 house sparrow, 225, 234 Haematopus. See oystercatchers bioaccumulation, 123, 418, 443 Howgill Fells, 391 haemocyanin, 71, 94, 177, 200, 203, 362 biomarkers, 451, 547, 549 Huelva, 50 haemoglobin, 3, 124, 126, 359, 365 biomonitoring, 115, 444 Hull, 432 haemosiderin, 71, 96, 98 detoxification, 444, 451 Humber Estuary, 403, 432, 599 Haggs Bank, 161, 666 jaws, 450 humic acids (humates), 69, 71, 82, 319, Halamphora, 321–322 tolerance, 122, 451, 550 404, 409 Halichoerus. See grey seal Helford Estuary, 562 Hungary, 42

730 Index

hushing, 23, 55 mining, 39, 43, 61 Kilve, 515 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 146 ores, 29 King of Naples, 50 Hydrobates. See storm petrel oxidation states, 76, 89 King’s Field, 36 Hydrobia. See Peringia oxides/hydroxides, 76, 288, 404, 418, 575 Kingston upon Hull. See Hull Hydroides, 557 phytoplankton, 84, 575–576, 668 Kinlochleven, 66 hydroids, 565 radula, 510 Kipford, 36 Hydropsyche, 115, 269, 343, 353, 357, 390 smelting, 43, 61 kittiwakes, 626, 635 hydrothermal, 11 soils, 146–147 Klebsormidium, 324–325, 387, 393 fluids, 24, 26 speciation, 668 knot, 461, 480, 537, 539 vents, 10–11 use, 5 Kogia. See pygmy sperm whale Hydrurus, 326 Iron Age, 4, 24, 34 Korea, 556 Hygrobia, 362 Ironbridge, 61 Kreshan Disease, 20 Hygrohypnum, 326–328 iron-rich streams, 317 krill, 566, 582, 627, See also euphausiids Hylocomium, 157 Islay, 33, 36, 42, 57, 513 kupfernickel, 29 hyperaccumulation, 126 Isle of Man, 506–507 adaptive significance, 169, 258–259 coastal, 471 La Rochelle, 486 ecological effects, 171, 258 mining, 52, 60 Lagavulin, 513 flowering plants, 159, 161, 664 rivers, 312 Lagenorhynchus. See white-beaked hyperiid amphipods, 587, 589, 627, See Isle of Wight, 146 dolphin, white-sided dolphin also Themisto Isoperla, 345 Lake District, 27 Hyperoodon. See Northern bottlenose isopod crustaceans, 90, 122, 126 freshwater bryphytes, 327 whale freshwater, 362, See also Asellus, lichens, 152 Hyperoplus, 627 Proasellus mining, 39–40, 58 Hypnum, 157 terrestrial. See woodlice rivers and streams, 327 itai-itai disease, 17, 19 Lambley, 161 Iceland, 635 Lambriggan mine, 173 Idaho, 51 James V, king of Scotland, 43 Lancashire, 49, 173 Illinois, 666 James VI, king of Scotland, 42 Land’s End, 25, 31, 38 Illogan, 37 jamesonite, 29, 33, 53 Landore, 434 Immingham, 432 Japan, 19, 557 Langdale, 43 immunosuppression, 653 JECFA, 276 Langston, Bill, 561 butyl tins, 649 jellyfish, 565, See also medusae Langstrath, 43 Imperial Smelting Process, 66 jewellery, 3, 7 lanthanides, 3 imposex, 401, 561 Jintsu River, 19 Laphroaig, 513 incineration John, king of England, 38 Larne, 66 refuse, 129 Jungermannia, 327 Larus, 540, 626 sewage sludge, 129 Jurassic, 157 laterites, 30, 147, 283 Indian Queens, 53, 305 Latin America, 662 indicators (flowering plants), 159, 162 kaolinite, 30, 147 Launceston, 25, 53, 306 Indonesia, 49 kelps, 557–558, See also Saccharina Laxey, 60 industrial revolution, 44, 51, 62, 434 Kent, 39 Laxey Estuary, 506 Ingleby Greenhow, 156 Kenwyn, 37 Laxey River, 312

insecticides, 20, 50, 64, See also pesticides keratin, 235 LC50, 259 International Maritime Organisation, 563, Kerrier, 38 Leach’s storm petrel, 627 661 Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge, 20 lead. See also chrome red, chrome yellow interstitial water. See sediment pore water kestrel, 226–227, 229, 234 ALAD, 124, 222, 381 invasive species, 401 Keswick, 39, 41, 65, 311, 328 antifouling, 5, 554 ion channel, 71 smelters, 41, 58 atmosphere, 6, 11, 156, 573 Ireland, 26, 28–29, 61, 66, 316 Kew, 426, 428, 537 blood, 278, 281, 382–383 Irish Sea, 311, 471, 568 keystone species, 126, 261, 561 detoxiﬁcation, 180 iron, 10, See also cast iron, steel Kildonan Burn, 58 ores, 25, 28, 59 ferritin, 96, 590 Killhope, 54, 309–310 organic forms, 6, 420, See also haemoglobin, 18, 177, 507, 566, 591 Killyleagh, 470 tetra-ethyl lead

Index 731

paints, 5, 280 ecotypes, 154–155 Loligo, 588 petrol, 6, 129, 156, 166, 278, 281 James, Peter, 152 Lolium, 163 pig, 23, 35 metallophytes, 152 London, 40, 230, 280–281, 426, 601 red lead, 5 Purvis, William, 152 London Lead Company, 54 roadside contamination, 140, 166 Sommerfeldt, Christian, 154 Longannet, 440, 535–536 smelting, 5, 41, 66 ligand, 71 long-beaked common dolphin, 640 sugar of lead, 5 Ligia, 126 Longclose mine, 45, 63 tolerance, 122, 172, 175, 364 Ligustrum. See privet Longreach, 426 use, 5, 35–36, 51 Limanda. See dab Looe Estuary, 507, 553, See also East Looe white lead, 5 limestone, 5, 26, 31, 33, 40, 126 Estuary, West Looe Estuary lead dales, 33, 36 Limnodrilus,86 Lostwithiel, 38 lead mining limonite, 29, 31, 39, 62 Lotus, 146, 160 Lake District, 58 Limosa, 266 Loughor Estuary, 435, 450, 460–461, 504, Northern Pennines, 42, 54 limpets, 441, 506, 590, See also Patella 527 Scotland, 42, 57 Lincolnshire, 40 Loughor River, 434 Shropshire, 59 lines of evidence (LOE), 398, 543, 553, 668 Low Nest, 161 Southwest England, 38, 51 Linum, 146, 160 Low Peak, 36 Wales, 55 lipofuscin, 71, 73, 118 Lower Hamworthy, 484 lead moss, 157 Liskeard, 38, 51 Lower Hope Point, 450 lead pellets Lithobius, 206 lowest observable adverse effect level fishing weights, 383 little auk, 627 (LOAEL), 222–223, 381 gunshot, 224, 229, 234, 382 little owl, 226, 229 lowest observable effect concentration lead sandwort, 160, 666 little tern, 627 (LOEC), 385 lead toxicity Littorina, 106, 441, 499, 519 lugworm, 401, 452, See also Arenicola birds, 229, 231, 271, 383–384 bioaccumulation, 500 lumbricid oligochaetes, 365 fish, 371 biomonitoring, 500 lumbriculid oligochaetes, 365 humans, 5, 278, 280, 615 detoxification, 504 Lumbriculus, 365, 387 mammals, 224, 271–272 tolerance, 506 Lumbricus, 184, 186, 190–192, 265 Leadhills, 33, 39, 42, 57, 66, 278 littorinids. See periwinkles Lune River, 33 Leadhills Primary School, 371 Liverpool, 430, 554, 571 Luoma, Sam, 121 leadwort, 162 Liverpool Bay, 426 Lutra. See otters leaf litter, 129, 150, 165, 244, 258 concentrations, 571, 578 Lyminge, 40 Lecanora, 152, 154 crabs, 621 Lymnaea, 366 Lecidea, 152, 154–155, 666 dump sites, 604 Lyngbya, 323 Lecidella, 251 fish, 535, 605, 610, 614 Lynher River, 306, 322, 350, 356 Leeds, 432–433 mercury, 535, 605, 613, 621–622, 648 lysosome, 71, 118, See also lipofuscin Lee-on-Solent, 494 liverworts. See also bryophytes, Scapania membrane stability, 72, 118, 268, 392, Leiobunum, 247 livestock, 50, 134, 270, 275, See also 548 Leith, 470 cattle, horses, poultry, sheep residual body, 73, 98, 103, 190, 195, Lemanea, 288, 325 Lizard Peninsula, 147 444 Lepas, 498 Llanafan, 161 Lepthyphantes, 247 Llanberis, 56 Macoma, 420, 455, 461 Leptolyngbya, 323 Llanelli, 434, 450, 524 bioaccumulation, 461, 492 Leptospirillium, 315 Llanelltyd, 65 biomarkers, 549 lesser black-backed gulls, 626 Llanfarian, 320, 370 biomonitoring, 115, 461 Leuctra, 288, 335, 340, 344, 387, 391 Llanidloes, 55 ecotoxicity, 120 Levant, 48, 52, 63 Llanrwst, 161, 173, 308, 371 macrophytic algae, 436, See also brown Lever’s Water Beck, 327, 334 Llantrisant, 190 algae, green algae, kelps, red algae, lichens, 126, 151 Llanymynech mine, 35 wracks assemblages, 152 lobster, 618, 621, See also Homarus mad hatter, 8 bioaccumulation, 155 Loch Tay, 33 magnesium biomonitors, 156 Lochaber smelter, 66 aluminium, 176 detoxification, 155 locust, 170, 181 magnetite, 29

732 Index

major (metal) ion, 1, 4, 314 Megalomma, 596 Mersey River, 430, 571, 605 channel, 71, 77–78, 158, 319 Meganyctiphanes, 566, 582 Merseyside refinery complex malachite, 27, 34, 152 meiofauna, 288 detritivorous invertebrates, 181, Malacoceros, 604 estuarine, 441, 552 199–200, 249 malacostracan crustaceans, 90, 94, 362, freshwater, 322 ecotoxicity, 248, 250 583, See also amphipods, decapods, melaconite, 27 grasses, 142, 166, 181, 249 euphausiids, isopods melanin, 239, 274 herbivorous invertebrates, 184, 249 Malaya, 45, 48 Melaraphe, 500 predatory invertebrates, 203, 206, 249 Malham, 54 Meles, 266 small mammals, 210, 220–221, 223, 249 malic acid, 176 Melindwr, 307 soils, 139, 142, 166, 181, 249 mallard ducks, 379, 383 Melinna, 598 mesocosms, 552 ALAD, 384, 392 Menai Strait, 56, 478, 505 mesopelagic zone, 95, 566, 582–583, 585, lead pellets, 383 Mendip Hills, 35 591 Mallotus. See capelin Mendips, 28, 34, 43, 60 Mesoplodon. See Blainville’s beaked malondialdehyde, 117, 392, 452, 548 Mercenaria, 484, 486 whale, Sowerby’s beaked whale Malpighian tubules, 127, 181, 356 mercury, 4 metabolic requirements, 94 Manchester, 328, 373, 430, 571 atmosphere, 11, 129, 662 copper, 94, 103 Manchester Ship Canal, 430–431, 540, 605 biomonitoring, 633, 636–637 zinc, 94, 100 manganese birds of prey, 227, 539 metabolically available metal fraction coal, 11, 129 coastal fish, 610 (MAF), 71, 90, 101, 109, 544 essentiality, 76 detoxification, 108, 228, 647 metabolism, 1, 72 invertebrate jaws, 181, 205 freshwater birds, 379 metabolite, 72 mining, 52 freshwater fish, 377, 385, 400 metabolome, 72, 118 ores, 29 marine mammal kidneys, 19 metabolomics, 72, 118 ovipositors, 208 marine mammals, 645, 647 Metaleurop Nord, 221, 224 oxidation states, 76, 89, 608 organic forms. See methyl mercury metalloid, 2–3, 108 oxides, 29, 76 piscivores, 108, 379, 614, 645 metallophyte, 127 phytoplankton uptake, 84, 575–576 seabirds, 628, 632 fern, 158 toxicity, 608 selenium, 228, 647 flowering plants, 160, 269, 664 use, 5, 8 toxicity, 8–9, 18 lichens, 152 Manila clam. See Ruditapes tuna, 108, 276, 614, 662 metallothioneinlike proteins (MTLP), 72, 86 Manx shearwater, 627–628, 632, 636, 639 use, 9, 243 metallothioneins (MT), 70, 72, 86, 96, 104, Marchwood, 483–484 mercury toxicity 392 Maresfield, 35, 43, 61 birds, 227, 243, 379, 639 induction, 72, 96, 117, 180 Marine Biological Association UK, 427, humans, 17, 19, 276, 615 isoforms, 71, 96, 117, 178 561 mammals, 19 turnover, 96, 117, 191, 392, 536 Mary Ann mine, 51 Meridion, 322 metal-resistant species, 387 Mary Tavy, 425 Merioneth, 57, 66 metal-rich granules (MRG), 72, 86–87, 94, Mary, queen of England, 40 Merlangius. See whiting 96, 486 Matlock, 36, 54, 65 Mersey Estuary, 553 methionine, 78 Mawddach River, 57 Cerastoderma, 483 methyl mercury, 1, 8 mayflies, 115, 288, 343, 348, See also ecotoxicity, 431, 540 bioaccumulation, 379, 384, 614, 632 baetids, ephemerellids, Ephemera, eels, 537 biomagnification, 19, 108, 227, 379, heptageniids, Hexagenia, Fucus, 440 420, 614 Leptophlebia Hediste, 450 formation, 8, 19, 420 biomonitoring, 350 Littorina, 504 toxicity, 8, 276, 384, 420, 652, 662 ecotoxicity, 316, 340, 343, 348, 350 Macoma, 461, 540 trophic transfer, 8 meadow oat grass. See Avenula mercury, 431, 440, 450, 460–461, 483 uptake, 78 Mediomastus, 604 Mytilus, 470 Meuse River, 368 Mediterranean, 4, 11, 35, 584, 588 Scrobicularia, 460 Micragus, 247 medusae, 566, 578, 591, See also Atolla, sediment concentrations, 431 microbes, 148, 258, 320, 550, See also Periphylla tetra-ethyl lead, 420, 431, 540 bacteria, fungi Medway River, 35, 317 waders, 540 microcosms, 552

Index 733

micronucleus, 548 Monaco, 584 biomarkers, 119, 473, 547, 549 Microspora, 324, 393 Monera mine, 224 biomonitoring, 112, 465 Microtus, 209 money spiders, 202, 247, See also detoxification, 472 Middle Ages, 35 Lepthyphantes, Micragus ecotoxicity, 120 Middleton-in-Teesdale, 54–55 Monks Moor, 55 ecotoxicology, 473 Midger Wood, 139, 165, 206 monobutyl tin (MBT), 648 Mytton Flags, 34 midges, 288, 358, See also chironomids Montana, 50, 343 Myxicola, 596 mid-Wales, 21, See also Aberystwyth, Montgomeryshire, 55, 307 Ceredigion, Clarach, Powys, Rheidol, Monyash, 36 Nais, 365 Ystwyth Moore, Geoff, 590 Nangiles Adit, 64, 299, 316, 422 mining, 55 Moray Firth, 640 nanoparticles, 9, 79 rivers and streams, 293 Morecambe Bay, 535, 613, 622 Nant Gwydyr, 309, 371 Mielichhoferia, 156 Moreland, Samuel, 42 Nant Melindwr, 327 Mill Close mine, 54, 65 Mortlake, 231 Nantlle Vale, 56, 65 millerite, 29 Morus. See gannet Nant-y-Fendrod, 434 millipedes, 200, See also Chordeuma, Morwellham Quay, 47, 306 Napoleon Bonaparte, 6 Glomeris, Ophyiulus, Oxidus, Mosel River, 368 Nassarius. See Tritia Polydesmus, Tachypodoiulus mosses. See also bryophytes National Vegetation Classification (NVC) bioaccumulation, 184, 200 bioaccumulation, 156 system, 124, 146, 160 ecotoxicity, 245 biomonitors, 157 natural history, 74, 656–657, 669 Millport, 511, 515, 528 resistance, 156 Neanthes, 443, 551 Millstone Grit, 26 Mote of Mark, 36 Neath, 41, 434 mimetite, 28, 33 Mougeotia, 324–326 smelting, 46 Minamata Disease, 17, 19 Mount Wellington mine, 421 Neath River, 434, 504 Minehead, 440 Mount’s Bay, 42 Neath valley, 158 Minera mine, 210 mountain pansy. See Viola Neb River, 312 Minersdale, 39, See also Roughton Gill mud snail. See Tritia Needles, the, 146 Ministerley Brook, 350 mugineic acid, 160 Neidium, 321 mink, 385 multidimensional scaling, 72, 121, 553, Nemastoma, 247 minke whale, 566–567, 645–646 604 nematodes, 255, 441, 550, 552, Minnigaf, 33 Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index 602, 604 minnow, 370 Flanders, 366, 391 Nemoura, 288, 340, 344–345, 387 Minuartia, 159–160, 666, See also spring multivariate measures, 72, 121, 269, 388, Nent Force Level, 310 sandwort 552 Nent River, 161, 310, 312, 387 Miriquidica, 152 Mungrisdale, 41 diatoms, 312 mispickel, 23, 27, 49 Murex, 106 mayflies, 348 Misumena, 259 muricids, 519 oligochaetes, 365 mites, 124 Mussel Watch, 466, 470 Nent valley, 161, 666 terrestrial, 255 Musselburgh, 471 Nentdale, 28, 54, 309 Mitopus, 202 mussels, 465, 625, See also Anodonta, Nenthead, 54, 62, 161, 309, 320, 327 Mitostoma, 247 Dreissena, Mytilus, Pisidium Nenthead Stream, 321 Mogden, 426 food safety, 624 Neobisium, 202, 206 Mold, 7 mycorrhizal fungi, 127, 150, 666 neogastropod molluscs, 87, 517, See also mole, 134, 209, See also Talpa myctophid fish, 589 dogwhelks, netted dogwhelks, mud Molgula, 593 Mylor Creek, 442, 483, 516 snails, Murex, oyster drill, sting molybdate, 76, 78, 574 Myodes, 209 winkle, whelks molybdenite, 29 Myotis, 225 Neovison. See mink molybdenum, 11, 76, 129, 274 myriapods. See centipedes, millipedes Nephrops, 567 mining, 53 Myriospora, 154 manganese toxicity, 608 ore, 29 mysticetes. See baleen whales Nephtys, 122, 516, 602 toxicity, 272 Mytilus, 466 biomonitoring, 516 uptake, 574 bioaccumulation, 110, 466, 471, 486, detoxification, 516 use, 5 625 skeleton granules, 516

734 Index

nereid polychaetes, 402, See also Alitta, North Queensferry, 513, 515 Orchestia, 401, 510 Hediste, Neanthes, Nereis North Sea, 428, 471, 568, 599, 601, 617 bioaccumulation, 98, 511 jaws, 450 north Wales. See also Anglesey, Conwy, biomonitoring, 512 Nereis, 402, 443, See Alitta, Hediste, Dolgellau, Flintshire, Great Orme, moult cycle, 511 Neanthes Halkyn Mountain, Menai Strait, seasonal variation, 511 Netherlands, 199, 224, 269 Mold, Snowdonia uptake rates, 85 netted dogwhelks. See Tritia mining, 5, 34–35, 55, 308 ordination, 72, 121, 340 neuston, 566, 589 North Woolwich, 524, 527 Ordovician, 26, 33–34 Neutral Red Retention, 72, 118, 268, 392, Northamptonshire, 40 Oregon, 666 473, 548 Northern bottlenose whale, 645 Oreodytes, 335, 361 New Mill, 139 Northern Ireland, 30, 66, 147, 470 organic contaminants, 1, 107–108 New South Wales, 51 Northern Pennines, 21, 26, 28 organochlorines, 19, 107, 227, 243, New Zealand, 21, 320, 397 lead toxicity, 271 See also PCBs Newbridge, 43 lichens, 154 organometals, 1–2, 8, 77, 108, 419, Newcastle, 167, 310 mining, 31, 36, 42, 53, 309 See also methyl mercury, TBT, Newcomen, Thomas, 44 rivers and streams, 293, 309, 327, 335 tetra-ethyl lead Newcomen engine, 44, 53 soils, 164 Orkneys, 637 Newlands Beck, 328 vegetation, 164 Oscillatoriaceae, 323, 387 Newlands valley, 41 Northfleet, 426 osier, 665 Newlyn Downs, 305 Northumberland, 160, 563, 601 Ostrea, 474, 560, 625 Newport, 428 Norway, 553, 635 Oswestry, 35 Newquay, 51, 53, 305, 423 Norway lobster, 567 otters, 373, 384–386 Newton Stewart, 33, 57 Notiophilus, 208 Owenia, 601 Newtonards, 471 Notomastus, 604 oxalic acid (oxalate), 155, 160, 176 niccolite, 29 Nottingham, 432 Oxford, 378 nickel, 10, See also batteries, brass, Nucella, 106, 519 Oxidus, 249 coinage, EPNS, steel bioaccumulation, 519 oyster drill. See Urosalpinx mining, 53 biomonitoring, 519 oystercatchers, 461 oil, 11, 129, 156, 283 TBT and imposex, 6, 561 oysters, 474, See also Crassostrea, Ostrea ores, 29, 53 nuclear fusion, 10, 75 bioaccumulation, 110, 486, 625 refinery, 165, 434 number of taxa (NTAXA), 390, 394 biomarkers, 480, 547, 549 soil toxicity, 147 Numenius. See curlew biomonitoring, 112 use, 5–8, 283 detoxification, 478 nicotianamine, 159 ocean striders. See Halobates ecotoxicity, 479, 551 Nidd River, 33, 54, 432 Oceanodroma. See Leach’s storm petrel food safety, 625 Nidderdale, 54 Ocenebra, 474, 517, 519, 523, 561 green-sick oysters, 474, 479 Ninebanks, 161 ochre, 64, 288, 315 hatcheries, 435, 479 nitrate odontocetes. See toothed whales TBT, 6, 560 ocean profile, 572 Ogofau mine, 35 NOAEC (no observable adverse effect oil Pacific Ocean, 11, 575 concentration), 385 combustion, 11, 14, 129, 156 Palaemon, 87, 523–524 NOAEL (no observable adverse effect Okeltor mine, 50 bioaccumulation patterns, 100, level), 127, 381 Oldbury-on-Severn, 534, 610 103–104, 523, 527 NOEC (No observable effect oligochaetes, 86, 89, 288, 316, 342, 365, copper regulation, 103, 526 concentration), 127, 259–260, 262 387, 602, See also earthworms, uptake rates, 82–85, 100 nonessential metal, 2, 18 enchytraeids, Limnodrilus, zinc regulation, 100, 109, 523 nonindigenous species (NIS), 558 lumbricids, lumbriculids, tubificids zinc toxicity, 109, 524 Nookton Burn, 310 olivine, 147 Palaemonetes, 84, 86, 523–524, 526 Norfolk Broads, 367 omics, 117 zinc regulation, 523 Normans, 36 Oniscus, 126, 184, 193, 198, 244 palaemonids, 83, 402, 523 norstictic acid, 155 ooze, 125, 127, 146 Palaeozoic, 25, 30 North Atlantic right whale, 645 Ophyiulus, 247 palladium, 7 North Molton, 52 Orchesella, 184, 199, 268 Pandalus, 84, 94, 402, 524, 603, 621

Index 735

Paracalanus, 580 periwinkles, 106, 441, 499, See also phytosiderophore, 73, 158, 160, 171, 176 Parandania, 567, 591 Littorina, Melaraphe phytostabilisation, 655, 663, 665 parasitoid wasps, 181, 208, See also Perkinsiana, 596–598 Pieris, 170 Perithous, Torymus Perla, 345 pig iron, 23, 40, See cast iron Parc mine, 309, 371 Perlidae, 344, See also Perla pigeon, 226, 230, 234, 239, 382, See also Pardosa, 203, 247 Perlodidae, 344–345, 391, See also Isoperla Columba Paris, 6 permeability, 84, See also water pigs of lead, 35 Parmelia, 251 permeability pike, 108, 377, 380 particulate metal concentrations, 293, 405 Permian, 25, 31 Pill Creek, 442 partridge, 234 Perophora, 557 pilot whale, 640, 646 Parus. See great tit Perran Iron Lode, 31, 52, 62 Pinnularia, 321, 387 Parys Mountain, 27, 33, 47, 55, 90, 118 Perran Works, 49, 271 pipistrelle bats, 225 ecotoxicity, 56 Perranarworthal, 49, 52 Pipistrellus, 225 lichens, 152 Perranporth, 31, 41, 52 Pirata, 203 tolerance, 248, 664 Perranzabuloe, 52, 62 Pisidium, 367 Patella, 441, 506, 510 Pertusaria, 155 pitchblende, 30 bioaccumulation, 507 Peru, 48 Place Cove, 454 biomonitoring, 507 pesticides, 9, 227, See also Placynthiella, 155 Patterdale, 58, 65, 366 organochlorines plaice, 603, 609 PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), 243, petrels, 588, See also Leach’s storm petrel, Platichthys. See flounder 639, 649, 653, 661 storm petrel platinum, 7 pea mussels. See Pisidium petrol, 6, 129 Platorchestia, 511, 513 Peak District, 31, 311, See also Derbyshire pewter, 42 Platyhypnidium, 326–328 Peak, the, 32 Phagocata, 335, 340, 343, 387 Plecoptera. See stoneflies Pecten, 484, 622 Phalangium, 202 Plecotus, 225 Pedley, Richard, 43 Phallusia, 595 Plectonema, 323 Peltigera, 154 pheasant, 234 Plectrocnemia, 318, 340, 350, 353, 387 penaeids, 585, See also Gennadas, Sergia Philonotis, 326–327 size effect, 356 Pencourse Consols mine, 52 Phoca. See common seal Pleocyemata. See caridean decapods Pendeen Consols mine, 63 Phocoena. See harbour porpoise Pleuronectes. See plaice Pengenna mine, 53 Phoenicians, 554 Pleurozium, 157 Penhilick mine, 63 Phormidium, 323 pleuston, 566, 589 Pennatula, 567, 591–592 phosphate Plombières, 200, 268–269 Pennines, 26, 31, See Derbyshire, granules, 97, 180–181, 190, 486, 498 Plumbago, 162 Northern Pennines, Peak District, ion channel, 78, 158, 176 Plym Estuary, 449, 460, 466 Southern Pennines ocean profile, 572 Plymouth, 424, 556, 561 pennycress. See Thlaspi phosphate fertilisers, 14, 20, 129 Plymouth Sound, 306, 561 Penpol, 423 phosphor bronze, 5 Plympton, 38, 50, 65 Penryn, 25 photic zone, 566, 571, 580 pochards, 382 Penryn Creek, 466 Physalia, 589 Poecilus, 208 Penwith, 38 Physeter. See sperm whale Poland, 350 Penzance, 38 physicochemistry, 72, See also uptake Poldice mine, 42, 45, 154 peracarids, 90 physicochemistry, See also speciation pollution-induced community tolerance Perca. See perch phytochelatins, 72, 96, 159, 169, 326, 441 (PICT), 72, 122, 151, 320, 550 perch, 377, 380 phytoextraction, 655, 663–664 polychaetes, 89, See also ampharetids, Percuil Creek, 442 phytomining, 655, 663, 665 Arenicola, capitellids, cirratulids, peregrine falcon, 227, 229, 539 phytoplankton, 286, 565–566, 571, 573, Glycera, Nephtys, nereids, Owenia, mercury, 243 See also coccolithophores, diatoms, serpulids, spionids Peringia, 542 dinoflagellates Polydesmus, 247 Periodic Table, 1–3 bioaccumulation, 88 polyphenols, 441 Periphylla, 592 ecotoxicity, 578 pontellid copepods, 589 periphyton, 319–320 uptake, 84, 574 Pontonema, 604 Perithous, 209 phytoremediation, 655, 663 Pontrhydygroes, 173

736 Index

Pool, 46, 305 Protonemura, 345 razorbill, 627 Poole Harbour, 435, 562 protoporphyrin, 566, 591–592 Rea Brook, 350 clams, 484 protozoans, 288, See also ciliate recruitment, 120 cockles, 480, 483 protozoans Recurvirostra. See avocet ecotoxicity, 543 provisional tolerable daily input, 282 recycled (nutrient-type) distribution, 571 mussels, 470 provisional tolerable weekly input (PTWI), red algae, 288, 325, 557, See also oysters, 435, 474, 478–479, 543 275–276, 617, 626, 660 Batrachospermium, Grateloupia, periwinkles, 504 Psammechinus, 551 Heterosiphonia, Lemanea sediments, 435 Pseudanabaena, 323 red campion, 172 slipper limpets, 492, 494 Pseudodiaptomus, 580 Red Data List, 127, 154, 261 poplars, 166, 665 Pseudomonas, 151 red grouse, 233 Populus, 166, 665 Pseudopotamilla, 596–597 red kite, 229 Porcellio, 126, 184, 193, 198, 244, 258 Pseudoscleropodium, 157 Red River, 305, 466, 507, 522 pore water. See sediment pore water pseudoscorpions, 124, 202, 206, See also diatoms, 321 porphyrin, 566, 591–592 Neobisium Red Tarn Beck, 362 Port Edgar, 535–536 Psilochia, 152 Redruth, 25, 42, 45, 154, 299 Port Erin, 507 psilomelane, 29 redshank, 537, 539–540 Port Glasgow, 470 psoromic acid, 155 redstart, 225 Port Hacking, 559 puffin, 627–628, 635–636, 639 Redwick, 429 Port Isaac, 52 Puffinus. See Manx shearwater rehabilitation, 663 Port Talbot, 435 pulmonate gastropods, 291, 366, See also Relubbus, 371 Porthleven, 44, 355 Ancylus, garden snails, Lymnaea, residual body, 72–73, 98, See also lysosome Porthmadog, 56 Radix, slugs resistance, metal, 73, 121, 150, 160, 176 Portishead, 430, 440 pulverised fly ash, 140, 433, 601 Restronguet Creek, 46, 49, 52, 299, 656 Portugal, 119, 258 pumps, 42, 44 Carcinus, 528, 531–533, 542 Potamophylax, 353 Pumpsaint, 35 Corophium, 464–465, 542 poultry, 271 pygmy sperm whale, 640 Crangon, 526–527 power function model, 356, 372 Pyrenean scurvygrass, 161 dissolved concentrations, 405, 409, 422 Powys, 55, 155, 307, See also pyrite, 28–29, 33, 50, 61, 316 ecotoxicity, 120, 123, 423, 466, 483, Montgomeryshire pyrolusite, 29 541 ppb, definition, 2 pyromorphite, 28, 33, 279 Fucus, 440–441 ppm, definition, 2 pyrophosphate, 72–73, 97, 180, 498, 505 Hediste, 89, 444, 451, 539, 550 prawns, 82, 86, 402, 523, 618, See also Pytheas of Massala, 35 Littorina, 500, 505 carideans, decapod crustaceans, Pyura, 593, 595 nematodes, 442, 550 palaemonids, penaeids Nephtys, 516 precious metals, 3, 7 quahog. See Mercenaria Orchestia, 513 Prescot, 173 quantum dots, 9 oysters, 474 Prince Bishops of Durham, 36 quartz, 23–24, 29, 33 Scrobicularia, 456, 461 Prince of Wales mine, 52 queen scallop, 106, See also Aequipecten sediments, 304, 421, 449, 541 Prince Rupert, 43 tolerant populations, 122, 441, 451, principal components analysis (PCA), 72, rabbit, 8, 129, 385 461, 465, 533 121, 388, 553 Racomitrium, 326 waders, 539 privet, 167 radicals, 117, See also reactive oxygen Restronguet Point, 466, 500, 507, 522 Proasellus, 122, 126, 364, 393 species Rheidol, 270 Probable Effect Levels (PEL), 546 Radix, 366 Rheidol Estuary, 500, 507 prokaryotes, 18, 73, 76, 79, 149, 573, See radula, 97, 510, 590 barnacles, 499 also bacteria ragworms, 115, 402, 442, See also Alitta, Fucus, 440 proline, 160 Hediste, nereid polychaetes Rheidol River, 55, 155, 307 Prorocentrum, 579 Ramsar site, 402, 430 blue-green bacteria, 323 proteome, 73, 117, 480 Ramshaw, 310 bryophytes, 326, 328 proteomics, 73, 117 rare earth elements, 2, See also diatoms, 321 protists (protistans), 70, 286, 288, 320, See lanthanides fish, 335, 371 also protozoans Ray River, 378, 385 green algae, 324

Index 737

invertebrates, 335 Runcorn, 430–431 Schizothrix, 323 mayflies, 348 Russia, 367 Scilly Isles, 31 oligochaetes, 365 Ruthvoes mine, 53 scope for growth (SFG), 73, 119, 392, 452, red algae, 325 Rutilus. See roach 473, 549 Rheidol valley, 270, 307 Scopelophila, 156 Rhepoxynius, 551 Sabella, 596–597 Scorpidium, 326 Rhine Estuary, 599 sabellid polychaetes. See fan worms Scotland, 26, 33, 36, 39, 243 Rhine River, 368, 637 Saccharina, 558 gold, 58 Rhithrogena, 343, 348, 391 Sagitta, 589 mining, 33, 39, 42, 57 Rhizocarpon, 152 Sahara Desert, 11 Scrippsiella, 578 Rhizosolenia, 578 salad burnet, 146 Scrobicularia, 110, 455 Rhyacodrilus, 365 Salcombe Estuary, 562 bioaccumulation, 105, 418, 456, 492 Rhyacophila, 353, 387 Salicaceae, 166, 665 biomarkers, 461, 547, 549 Rhyd Ddu, 173 Salicornia, 436 biomonitoring, 115, 456 Ribble River, 605 salinity, 402 tolerance, 122 Ribblesdale, 54, 391 gradient, 403, 409 sea anemones, 565 Ridge Hill Manor, 35 metal uptake rates, 82, 84 sea campion, 160–161, 175 right whales, 645, See also North Atlantic speciation, 81 sea lamprey, 370 right whale Salmo, 317–318, 370 sea pens, 565, 567, 591, See also Rio Guadiamar, 290 salmon, 291, 370–371 Pennatula Riou Mort, 359 salmonid fish, 370, 377, 399, See also sea squirts, 556, 592, See also ascidians Rissa. See kittiwakes salmon, sewin, trout sea trout, 370 Risso’s dolphin, 640 salt marshes, 436 sea urchins, 551, See also Echinus, river invertebrate classification tool San Diego, 557–558 Psammechinus (RICT), 394 sand eels, 627, 637, See also Ammodytes, seagrasses, 436 river invertebrate prediction and Hyperoplus seals, 645 classification system (RIVPACS), sand goby, 598 Seaton River, 322, 350 389, 394 sandhopper, 402, See also Talitrus seaweeds, 122, 436, See also macrophytic Rivers Pollution Act 1876, 307 Sandlodge mine, 58 algae Rivers Pollution Commissioners, 270 sandstone, 25–26, 31 sediment Riverside, 426 sandwich tern, 627 bioavailability, 89, 314, 417, 456, 599, roach, 373 Sandwick, 58 601 roadside contamination Sanguisorba, 146 biomonitoring, 601 lead, 129, 166 Sarcosagium, 154–155 coastal organic enrichment, 602, 604, Robertus, 247 Sargasso Sea, 536 606, 608 Rocky Mountains, 119 Sargassum, 557 concentrations, 293, 295, 412, 599 Romans, 5–6, 24, 35, 56, 59 Scabiosa, 146 extraction, 412 Rönnskärsverken smelter, 223 Scafell Pike, 311 grain size, 411–412 rorquals, 567, See also blue whale, fin scallops, 484, See also Aequipecten, organometals, 419 whale, minke whale Chlamys, Pecten partitioning, 417 roseate tern, 627 bioaccumulation, 486, 622 pore water, 89, 288, 314, 417 Rosewarne and Herland mine, 51 detoxification, 486 Sediment Quality Guidelines, 21, Roskear mines, 63 food safety, 622 397–398, 545–546, 553 Rostherne Mere, 377 scampi, 618, 621, See also Nephrops, Sediment Quality Standards, 546 Rotherfield, 61 Norway lobster Sediment Quality Triad (SQT), 73, 402, Roughton Gill, 39, 328 Scandinavia 543, 545 Roughtongill mine, 39, 41, 58 lichens, 152 seed plants, 128, 158 Rowberrow, 60 Scapania, 326–328, 387 Seine Estuary, 599 Royal Commission on Land in Wales, 270 Scarborough, 614 selenate, 76, 78, 108, 158 Royal Mint, 36 scavenged distribution, 573 selenite, 108 Royal Navy, 49, 56, 60 scheelite, 29 selenium, 3 Ruditapes, 484 Scheldt Estuary, 599 coal, 11, 129 Rumex, 160, 251 Schizoporella, 556 deficiency, 17, 20, 275

738 Index

selenium (cont.) environmental health, 275, 280 small scabious, 146 essentiality, 20 mining, 60 smaltite, 29 mercury, 228, 647 shipworms, 7, 56, 60, 402, 554, See also Smeaton, John, 44 toxicity, 9, 17, 20, 109 Teredo smelter, 22, 164, See also bloomery trophic transfer, 21, 108 shore crab. See Carcinus smelting, 4–5, 23, 35, 44, 129, 434 use, 9 short-beaked common dolphin, 640 soils, 135, 139, 164 Sellaphora, 321–322 shrew, 209, See also Sorex vegetation, 164 semelid bivalve. See Scrobicularia Shrewsbury, 34, 59, 350 Smithson, James, 28 Semibalanus, 98, 106, 495, 519 shrimps, 402, 523, 618, 621, See also Smithsonian Institution, 28 Sepia, 588 carideans, Crangon, decapod smithsonite, 22, 28, 34 sequential extraction, 142, 417 crustaceans, Pandalus smoking, 19, 282 Sergia, 585 Shropshire, 26, 34–35, 59, 186, 350 Snailbeach mine, 34, 59, 350, 663 serpentine, 128, 147, 156 iron production, 40, 44, 61 snails. See garden snails, littorinid serpentine flora, 147, 171 Sialis, 318, 361 periwinkles, neogastropods, serpentine soils, 128, 147, 171, 666 Sicily, 50 pulmonates serpulid polychaetes, 557–558, See also siderite, 29, 31, 39, 62 Snowdonia, 28, 173 Ficopomatus, Hydroides siderophore, 73, 79, 575 mining, 56, 65, 225 Serratella, 348 Sikehead mine, 310 Society of Mines Royal, 40–42 Seton mine, 63 Silene, 159–160, 172, 175, 271 sodium Settle, 33 silicate channel, 78 Severn, 43 ocean profile, 572 soil Severn Estuary, 405, 428 Silurian, 26, 33 bioaccessibility, 281 Arenicola, 454 silver. See also coinage, jewellery bioavailability, 134, 140, 142, 158, 186 dissolved concentrations, 429 mining, 36, 38, 51, 55, 57–58 concentrations, 129, 135, 140, 254, 283 ecotoxicity, 542 ores, 26, 28, 38 consumption, 134, 278–279, 284 fish, 534 speciation, 81 ecotoxicology, 135, 150, 254 Fucus, 440, 504 toxicity, 18 solution, 134, 141, 158, 186, 262 Hediste, 450 use, 7, 9 Soil Guideline Values (SGV), 125, 128, Littorina, 500 Silver Beck, 39 283, 285 Macoma, 461 Silvergill mine, 39 solar system, 10 Mytilus, 470 Silvermines (North Tipperary), 28 sole, 609 Nucella, 522 Simpson’s Index, 120 Solea. See sole Patella, 507 Simulium, 335 Solent, 484 Scrobicularia, 460 siphonophores, 565, 567, 582, 588–589 Somerset, 28, 34, 40, 43, 272, See also sediment concentrations, 429 Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), Mendips, Rowberrow, Shipham waders, 539 383, 666 Sorex, 209 Severn River, 44, 61, 350 Skiddaw, 41 South Africa, 45 sewage, 14, 368, 426 skuas, 627, See also Arctic skua, great South Crofty mine, 45, 53, 63–65 sewage sludge, 20 skua South Falls, 427, 607 agricultural application, 14, 20, 140, slag, 5, 23 South Shields, 471 150–151, 283 slipper limpets, 474, 492, See also South Tamar mine, 460 coastal dumping, 14, 427, 433, 535, 599 Crepidula South Terras mine, 53 sewin, 370, See also sea trout slugs, 170, See also Agriolimax, Arion, South Tyne River, 26, 32, 154, 160, 309–310 shales, 20, 31, 274 Deroceras stoneflies, 345 Shannon–Wiener Index, 120, 255 bioaccumulation, 177 South Tyne valley, 32 sheep, 50, 271–272, 274 biomonitoring, 180 south Wales, 35, 46, See also Sheffield, 167, 432 small mammals, 209, See also bank vole, Carmarthenshire, Dyfed, Glamorgan, Sheffield Park ironworks, 43 field vole, mole, shrew, wood mouse Neath, Swansea Shell Ness, 466 bioaccumulation, 210, 249 Southampton, 484 Shelve, 59 ecotoxicology, 222 Southampton Water, 504 Shetland, 58, 147–148, 563 hair, 221 clams, 484 seabirds, 630, 635, 637, 639 kidney, 210 cockles, 483 Shipham, 34, 43, 139, 161–162, 195 liver, 210, 219 mussels, 470

Index 739

Southend, 426, 466, 483, 494 St Germans River. See Lynher River Strangford Lough, 470 Southern Ocean, 575 St Helens, 248 Strathclyde, 33 Southern Pennines, 26–27, See also St Hilary, 45, 304 stream tin, 23, 37 Derbyshire, Peak District St Ives, 31, 53, 522 Streptanthus, 170, 258 Southwest England, 229, See also St Ives Bay, 304–305, 507 stress proteins, 117 Cornwall, Devon St Just, 31, 34, 37, 52–53, 63 striped dolphin, 640 Sowerby’s beaked whale, 645–646 St Just Creek, 442 Strontian, 33, 57, 155 Spain, 40, 48, 51, 290 St Kilda, 630, 635, 637, 639 Styela, 556, 593 sparrowhawk, 226–227, 229, 234 St Michael’s Mount, 35 Stylodrilus, 365, 387 spathose ore, 29, 62 St Newlyn East, 51 subcellular metal distributions, 86, 93, speciation Staffordshire, 33, 43–44, 60, 173 110 acidification, 667 Stainmore, 32 Suffolk, 281, 377, 563 estuaries, 409 Stanhope, 62 Suisgill Burn, 58 modelling, 82, See also WHAM stannary, 38 Sullom Voe, 563 seawater, 80, 409, 667 Stannary Charter, 38 sulphate species diversity, 73–74, 120, 388, 553, Stannary Courts, 38 ion channel, 78, 158 See also Shannon–Wiener Index, Stannary Laws, 38 sulphides, 10–11, 26, 315, See also acid Simpson’s Index Stannary Parliament, 38, 49 volatile sulphide (AVS) species evenness, 73–74, 255 stannite, 27 sediment, 314 species number, 120 steel, 5, 7–8, 62 sulphur, 29, 50, 61 species richness, 73–74, 120, 255, 388 stainless, 8 sulphuric acid, 29, 50, 64, 157, 315, 593 species sensitivity distribution, 128, 260, stegocephalid amphipods, 90, 567, 590, superfluous feeding, 88, 567, 579 262 See also Parandania, superoxide dismutase, 68, 117, 392, 547 sperm whale, 640, 646 Stegocephaloides Surirella, 321 sphalerite, 22, 28, 33–34 Stegocephaloides, 567, 590 Sussex, 35, 39, See also Weald spiders, 202–203, See also Anyphaena, Steinia, 155 Sussex Ouse, 317 Coelotes, Misumena, Robertus Stenella. See striped dolphin Sutherland, 58 bioaccumulation, 203, 258 Stenophylax, 340, 353 Swale River, 33, 432 chelicerae, 205 Stephen, king of England, 36 Swaledale, 33, 362, 391 ecotoxicity, 247 Stercorarius. See Arctic skua swan mussels, 367–368, See also Anadonta garden spider, 205 Stereocaulon, 152, 154–156 Swanpool, 50 orbweaving spiders, 206, See also Sterna. See Arctic tern, common tern, swans, 383, See also Cygnus Araniella, Larinioides roseate tern Swansea, 434 Spirogyra, 287, 324 Sternula. See little tern ecotoxicity, 271 spoil heaps, 49, 51–52, 55, 250, 270 stibnite, 29 smelting, 46, 55, 57, 165 fauna, 251, 258 stickleback, three-spined, 370, See also valley, 158, 166, 434 soil concentrations, 251 Gasterosteus Swansea Bay, 434 vegetation, 160, 173, 251 Stigeoclonium, 121, 287, 324, 393 fish, 535 sprat, 627 stilt, 110 Littorina, 504 Sprattus. See sprat sting winkle. See Ocenebra Swart Brook, 41 spring sandwort, 159–161, 666 Stirling, 57–58, 66 swayback, 274 springtails. See collembolans Stoke Climsland, 251 Sweden, 50, 223, 238 Spurn Head, 432 Stone Edge smelter, 139 Swindon, 378 squid, 588, 627, 632, 646, See also stoneflies, 288, 335, 340, 343–344, See swordfish, 614, 617, See also Xiphias Alloteuthis, Loligo, Todarodes also Amphinemura, Chloroperla, Sygun mine, 57 St Agnes, 34, 41, 51, 62, 173 Leuctra, Nemoura, Perlidae, Synechococcus, 323, 387 district, 27, 31, 38, 48, 51–52 Perlodidae, Protonemura Systellaspis, 95, 585–586 St Andrews, 559 biomonitoring, 345 St Austell, 29, 31, 38, 51, 53, 62 ecotoxicity, 344 Tabellaria, 320–322 St Austell Consols mine, 53 Stoneycroft Gill, 41 Tachypodoiulus, 247, 249 St Austell Moor, 25, 31, 38 Stoneycroft mine, 41 tailings, 23 St Day, 45–46, 299 Stoneycroft smelter, 58 tailings pond, 64, 289 St Erth, 371 storm petrel, 627 Talargoch, 35

740 Index

talitrid amphipods, 109, 401–402, 441, Tertiary, 147 tinplate, 6, 434 510, See also Orchestia, tetra-ethyl lead, 6, 11, 140, 420, 431, 540 Tissington, 36 Platorchestia, Talitrus, Talorchestia Tetraselmis, 575 titanium Talitrus, 109, 362, 402, 510, 513, 515 Thalasseus. See sandwich tern dioxide, 8–9, 30, 147, 433 Talorchestia, 510 Thalassiosira, 575–577, 579 use, 8 Talpa, 209 Thames Estuary, 115, 317, 426, 535, 599 Todarodes, 588 Tamar Estuary, 425, 441, 454, 515 barnacles, 498–499 tolerable daily intake (TDI), 381 Carcinus, 528 bioavailabilities, 409, 440 tolerance, 74, 393, 550 Hediste, 449 Cerastoderma, 483 brown algae, 122, 558 Littorina, 500 Crepidula, 494 Carcinus, 122, 533 Scrobicularia, 460 dissolved concentrations, 405, 409, 427 collembolans, 200 Tamar River, 38, 47, 51, 293, 306, 424 dump sites, 427, 606 Corophium, 122 Tamar valley, 47, 50–51, 135, 176, 251 ecotoxicity, 542 co-tolerance, 122, 173, 364, 393 Tame River, 432 fish, 535, 537 earthworms, 191, 268 Tanypus, 335, 359, 387 Hediste, 449–450 ecotoxicological monitoring, 121 Taraxacum, 163, 166 Littorina, 500 evolution, 173 Tasmania, 49 Macoma, 461 flowering plants, 160, 169, 172, 249, 268 Tavistock, 29, 38, 47, 52, 306, 425 Mytilus, 466 fouling organisms, 558 Tavy Estuary, 425 Orchestia, 515 freshwater invertebrates, 122, 364, 393 Hediste, 449 prawns/shrimps, 524, 527 Fucus, 441 Scrobicularia, 460 Scrobicularia, 460, 549 green algae, 121, 324–325, 393, 558 Tavy River, 38, 306, 425 sediment concentrations, 412, 427, 450, Hediste, 122, 451, 550 Tawe Estuary, 434 546 Littorina, 506 Tawe River, 434, 504 sewage plants, 426, 515, See also mechanisms, 175 Tawe valley, 55 Beckton, Crossness microbes, 150 tawny owl, 226 Thames River, 368 Nephtys, 122, 516 Tay River, 58 fish, 378, 385 Scrobicularia, 122, 461 TBT (tributyl tin), 2, 78, 403, 660 Tharyx. See Aphelochaeta Tollesbury, 524, 527 antifouling, 6, 559 Themisto, 587 Tomocerus, 199 bioaccumulation, 110 Thlaspi, 159–160, 168, 170, 258, 666 toothed whales, 565–566, See also beaked imposex, 561 Threlkeld, 59, 65 whales, dolphins, pilot whale, marine mammals, 648 Threlkeld Stream, 311, 321 porpoises, pygmy sperm whale, metabolism, 110, 648 Threshold Effect Level (TEL), 397, 546 sperm whale oysters, 560 thrift, 160–161, See also Armeria torbernite, 30 recovery, 563 Thunnus, 614 Torymus, 208 toxicity, 6, 110, 560 Thyasira, 604 total oxyradical scavenging capacity tectonic plates, 10 Thymus, 146, 160 (TOSC), 117, 392, 473 Teddington, 426 Tigriopus, 551 tourmaline, 23–24 Tees Estuary, 504 Tilbury, 426 Towy valley, 155 Tees River, 26, 33 tin, 6, See also bronze, tinplate toxicity testing, 85, 260, 550 Tees valley, 32 antifouling, 558, See also TBT sediments, 551–552 Teesdale, 54, 309 mining, 5, 37, 41, 48, 63 test species, 550 Teesmouth, 538 ores, 22, 25, 27 trace metal, 2–3 Teifi River, 271 organic forms, 420, See also TBT trace metal definition, 2 tellin. See Macoma smelting, 5, 37 transcriptome, 74, 118, 480, 549 tellinid bivalve. See Macoma use, 5–6, 9 transcriptomics, 74, 118 Temora, 579–580 tin smelting, 433 transferrins, 74, 96 tenorite, 27 Tincroft mine, 48, 53, 63 transporter (protein), 69, 77–78, 158, 574, Tephromela, 156 Tindale, 54 576 Teredo, 402, 554 Tinners’ Charter, 38 Trebullet mine, 53 terns, 627, See also Arctic tern, common Tinners’ Parliament. See Stannary Trelawney mine, 51 tern, little tern, roseate tern, Parliament Trelogan mine, 173 sandwich tern Tinopolis, 434 Trematomus, 598

Index 741

Trent Biotic Index (TBI), 389 Uckfield, 61 vertical migration, 95, 582–584, 586 Trent Falls, 432 Ullswater, 366 Vezdaea, 154–155 Trent River, 311, 432 Ulmus, 141, 164 Victoria, queen of England, 47 Treore stream, 52 Ulothrix, 324 Viola, 160–161, 271, 666 Trevennick mine, 53 Ulva, 440, 558 vitamin B12, 274, 575 Trevithick, Richard, 44 Union Minière, 236, 239, 241 Viviparus, 366 Trewetha mine, 51 United States, 6, 45, 50–51, 227 Triassic, 34 univariate statistic, 74, 120, 269, 388 Wadebridge, 52–53, 62 tributyl tin. See TBT (tributyl tin) Universe, 10 Wadhurst Clay, 35, 317 Tricellaria, 556 Upper Silesia, 350 Waghurst, 61 Trichoptera. See caddisflies Uppsala, 279 wagtails, 225 Trididemnum, 593 uptake, 74, 76, See also Free Ion Activity Wales, 26, See also mid-Wales, south Tringa. See greenshank, redshank Model Wales, north Wales Tripyloides, 442 diet, 85 Waltham Abbey, 36 Tritia, 517, 519, 523, 561 endocytosis, 77–78 Wanlockhead, 33, 42, 57, 66, 278 trophic level, 8 free metal ions, 78 Warhol, Andy, 658 trophic transfer, 1, 8, 106, 123, 172, ion channel, 71, 77–78, 158 Wash, the, 539, 625 263 organometals, 77–78 Watchet, 522 trophically available metal (TAM), physicochemistry, 72, 78, 83 Water Framework Directive, 21, 289, 292, 74, 87 physiology, 83–84 545, 660 trout, 291, 377, See also Salmo, phytoplankton, 574 water permeability, 84 salmonids, sewin rates, 74, 83, 98 Water Quality Standards, 545, 668 brown trout, 317–318, 370 toxicity, 98, 109 Watersipora, 556, 559 ecotoxicity, 370 transporter (protein), 69, 78, 158 Watt, James, 44, 47 Trow Rocks, 471, 473 uptake rate constant, 74, 104 Weald, the, 39–40, 43, 317 Truro, 38 uraninite, 30 Wear, 26, 32 Tubifex, 288–289, 365 uranium, 30, 53 Weardale, 32, 36, 54, 135, 258, 309 tubificid oligochaetes, 289, 292, 340, 365, Uria. See guillemot weevils, 181 391, See also Chaetogaster, Nais, Urosalpinx, 474, 517, 519, 561 weight of evidence (WOE), 289, 668 Tubifex, Tubificoides estuaries, 451, 543, 553 Tubificoides, 604 Vaccinum, 146 freshwater, 398 Tuckingmill, 305 Van mine (Y Fan mine), 55, 224 Weir Point, 500, 522 Tudors, 41, See also Elizabeth I, Henry vanabins, 593, 598 Weirquay, 51, 251, 425 VIII, Mary vanadate, 76, 78, 574 Weissia, 157 tufted ducks, 382 vanadium Wemyss, 190, 320, 326 tuna, 8, 19, 614, See also Thunnus essentiality, 76 Wensley, 36 mercury, 108, 276, 614, 617, 662 fan worms, 597 Wensleydale, 33 tungsten oil, 11, 129, 156 Weser Estuary, 599 mining, 53, 65 palatability, 595, 597 West Allen, 26, 32, 161, 309–310, 367 ores, 29 sea squirts, 593 West Chiverton, 52 use, 8, 53, 63 use, 5, 8 West Chiverton mine, 52 tunicates, 567, 588, See also ascidians vanadocyte, 567, 593 West Hoathly, 43, 61 Turdus. See blackbird vegetables, 134, 142, 275 West Looe Estuary, 424, 524 Tursiops 640, see bottlenose dolphin, Velella, 589 Hediste, 449 Tussilago, 142, 249 venerid clams, 484, See also Mercenaria, Littorina, 500 Twelveheads, 299 Ruditapes, Venerupis, Venus Mytilus, 466 two-spotted goby, 455, 598 Venerupis, 484 Scrobicularia, 460 Tyndrum, 33, 57, 66, 312 Ventonleague, 423 West Lothian, 42 Tyne Estuary, 441, 460, 522, 621 ventral caecum, 74, 464 West Thurrock, 450 Mytilus, 470–471 amphipod, 102, 512, 590–591 Wester Ross, 243 Tyne River, 32, 154, 161, 310 isopod, 195, 364 Westgate, 251 Tynemouth, 470–471 Venus, 484 Weston Canal, 537 Tywarnhaile, 38 venus shells. See venerid clams Weston-super-Mare, 516

742 Index

Wetmoor Wood, 198, 206 Windermere, 61 Yewthwaite mine, 58 WFD-UKTAG, 394 Windrush River, 378, 385 Yorkshire, 39–40, 156–157, 614 whales, 19 Windsor, 36 Yorkshire Dales, 31, 33, 54, 433 WHAM (Windermere Humic Aqueous winkles. See periwinkles Yorkshire fog, 163, 173, 176, 244, 268, Model), 82, 396 Winster, 54, 135, 139, 279, 281 271 Wharfe River, 54, 432 Wirksworth, 33, 36–37, 311 Yorkshire Ouse, 311, 432 Wharfedale, 33, 37, 54 wolf spiders, 202–203, 247, 250, See also Ystwyth Estuary, 500, 507 Wheal Betsy, 425 Pardosa, Pirata barnacles, 499 Wheal Busy, 45, 50, 271 wolfram. See tungsten Fucus, 440 Wheal Crebor, 47 wolframite, 29, 53 Ystwyth River, 55, 155, 161, 307 Wheal Fanny, 63 Wolfson Geochemical Atlas, 275 blue-green bacteria, 323 Wheal Fortune, 45, 304 Wood Head Stream, 328 bryophytes, 326, 328 Wheal Godolphin, 361–362 wood mouse, 209, 224, See also caddisflies, 356 Wheal Jane, 31, 64, 299, 316 Apodemus chironomids, 387 flooding, 64, 421 Woodhall, 470 diatoms, 320–321 Wheal Maria, 47 woodlice, 129, 197, See also Oniscus, fish, 335, 370, 386 Wheal Newton, 51 Porcellio green algae, 324 Wheal Owles, 53 bioaccumulation, 90, 184, 193, 498 invertebrates, 335, 386 Wheal Prosper, 44 detoxification, 195 mayflies, 348 Wheal Rock, 27 ecotoxicity, 198, 244, 258 red algae, 325 Wheal Trenwith, 53 ventral caecum cells, 195 Ystwyth valley, 139, 270, 386 whelks, 517, 622, 645, See also Buccinum, woodlouse spider, 202, 204, 247, See also dogwhelks, netted dogwhelks Dysdera zebra mussels. See Dreissena Whin Sill, 32 Woolwich, 409, 498 zinc. See also batteries, brass, Whiston, 60 World Health Organisation, 399, 617 galvanisation Whitby, 621 World War One, 63, 65, 307 antifouling, 558 white arsenic, 23, 49, 64 World War Two, 64–65, 309, 495, 582, carbonic anhydrase, 17 White Cliffs of Dover, 146 637 complexation, 81–82, 574 white lead ore, 28 wracks, 440, See also Ascophyllum, Fucus crustacean bioaccumulation patterns, white meat, 568, 618, 621 bladder wrack, 122 99 white muscle disease, 275 egg wrack, 440 detoxification, 180, 498 white seabream, 597 horned wrack, 440 ecotoxicity, 343 white tin, 22–23 knotted wrack, 440 invertebrate jaws, 181, 205, 450, 589 white-beaked dolphin, 640 serrated wrack, 440 mining, 52, 54–55, 57, 60 Whiterock, 470 spiral wrack, 440 ores, 22, 25, 28, 275 white-sided dolphin, 640 toothed wrack, 440 ovipositors, 208 Whitesike, 161 Wrey Ludcott mine, 51 phytoplankton uptake, 84, 575–577 Whithorn, 515 wrought iron, 23, 39–40 smelting, 54, 66, 434 whiting, 609 Wye River, 345 tolerance, 121, 173, 175, 324 Whitstable, 494 uptake, 78, 83, 168 Wicklow, 29, 61, 66, 316 Xiphias, 614 use, 6, 54 Wicklow Mountains, 26, 61 zinc violet, 160–161, 269 Wicklow nugget, 61 y belen, 280 zincblende, 22, 28, 52, 54, See also Widnes, 430 Y Fan mine. See Van mine (Y Fan mine) sphalerite Wigton, 41 Yarm on Tees, 36 zippeite, 30 wild thyme, 146, 160 Yatestoop mine, 54 Zoarces. See eelpout William of Orange, 41 Yealm Estuary, 454, 598 zooplankton, 568, 578 Williamston, 161 yellow copper ore, 27 Zostera, 436 willows, 166, 233, 665 yellowtuft, 665 Zygnema, 324