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Jurnal Pertahanan Vol Risman, Widodo, Putro/Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 6 No. 3 (2020) pp. 496-506 Jurnal Pertahanan Media Informasi tentang Kajian dan Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nationalism dan Integrity e-ISSN: 2549-9459 http://jurnal.idu.ac.id/index.php/DefenseJournal COVID-19, SECURITIZATION, AND TERRORISM: NATIONAL SECURITY CHANGE MANAGEMENT DILEMMA Helda Risman1, Pujo Widodo2, Resmanto Widodo Putro3 Indonesia Defence University IPSC Area Sentul, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia 16810 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Article Info Abstract Article history: The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic is Received 28 September 2020 spreading globally, including in Indonesia, with a significant Revised 11 December 2020 impact not only in limited a sphere of the threat to public health. Accepted 26 December 2020 The Covid-19 pandemic shaped social phenomenon followed by the changes in the social order of life into the securitization process with multi-dimensional impacts. Due to restrictions Keywords: extensively, society's liability realities become an opening fissure Change Management, for terrorist groups to persist in their actions. This rational context National Security, raises awareness for the State as State-actor in the security realm Securitization, to generate security for its people. This paper aims to analyze how Strategic Leadership, the expansion of the Covid-19 outbreak with multi-dimensional Terrorism impacts in the securitization approach, counting terrorism expansion, and how the State dealing with as a State-actor. Using a qualitative approach, the authors expound on national security and change management theory, illustrating how the Government is a state-actor within its strategy. In responding to the emerging constellation, there are various dynamic challenges for the Government, within its central powers and regional authorities, toward change management dilemmas in the context of national security. At the end of the discussion, it portrays the urgency of responding to the strategic changes in the framework of change management under the top leader's forceful strategic leaderships DOI: in integrating all components of the nation. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jp. v6i3.1032 © 2020 Published by Indonesia Defense University INTRODUCTION a role after 9/11, which put terrorism at the The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) forefront of the national security agenda, pandemic came as a disaster with Covid-19 changed national security significant meaning to the security realm, priorities. Securitization in the health sector marked by public health consequences for has given space for implementing measures sustainability in political, economic, social, to deal with the Covid-19 outbreak that is security, and national defense. As if playing unable to be managed symmetrically. 496 Risman, Widodo, Putro/Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 6 No. 3 (2020) pp. 496-506 Almost every country is disrupted with approach and how the development of handling measures national-oriented terrorism in this constellation is seen as a internally since the Covid-19 widespread dilemma for national security. expansively in almost evenly distributed throughout the world. The international METHODS communities seem to have lost momentum The authors use qualitative methods in in developing multilateral strategic discussing the focused substance within this responses in dealing with the pandemic and paper in narrating how the Covid-19 building a health system sustainably in pandemic affects not only social individuals contending with the virus outbreak's shocks as a form of individual health but also in the future. develops broadly in multi-dimensions In the national sphere, Indonesia also towards threats to national security. The experienced the shock of the Covid-19 Covid-19 pandemic drives human health pandemic attack in early March 2019, threats leading to securitization and the where previously, it was confident that short-term impact of terrorism. Some of the there was no Covid-19 with permissive information and data used in analyzing the arguments that it does not exist in the focused substance were obtained from open tropics. Since the first discovery in two sources, including mass media, electronic Depok residents in early March 2020 media, literature, and other open sources. (Ihsanuddin, 2020), the Covid-19 case has The authors use qualitative methods to continued to experience an escalating discuss the focused substance in this paper tendency to date in several cities in narrating how the Covid-19 outbreak Indonesia, especially the capital Jakarta. influences social individuals as human The Covid-19 pandemic hitting Indonesia health and growing widely in multi- currently has caused various impacts not dimensional to national security. Covid-19 only on public health issues but also on pandemic impelled human health threats collateral implications for more complex toward securitization matter and its short- dimensions, from economic, political to term impacts on terrorism. Several security and defense. information and data used in analyzing the On the other hand, with types of focused substance were acquired from open measures restrictive broadly, it is sources, both from mass media, electronic recognized that these steps can reduce the media, literature, and other exposed spread of Covid-19 in the community. This sources. condition becomes a different obstacle for various criminal activities, including National Security terrorism. In reality, social phenomena also Paleri (2010) mentioned that: experience changes in various social life national security is the measurable state activities with their positive and negative of the capability of a nation to overcome impacts. Multi-dimensional problems, the multi-dimensional threats…by including terrorism, as a result of the Covid- balancing all instruments of state policy 19 outbreaks, are becoming increasingly through governance (p. 521). complex. As a necessity for Indonesia, it is This articulation provides an understanding not easy to respond to the Covid-19 that national security is a measurable state pandemic with partial-handling steps as the capability in overcoming multi-dimensional dimensional impact changes Indonesia's threat problems by managing all national national security and state defense order. instruments through government policies in Through this paper, the authors discuss how a balanced manner. The balance of all the complexity of the impact of the Covid- national instruments' use becomes an 19 pandemic with the securitization urgency in national security by utilizing 497 Risman, Widodo, Putro/Jurnal Pertahanan Vol. 6 No. 3 (2020) pp. 496-506 them based on each instrument functionally in the 3rd week of January 2020, based on and building them into a collective force. In people under monitoring (ODP) reports in a this context, when facing multi-dimensional particular area (Detik.com, 2020). threats, integrated government policy is a The findings of FKM-UI eventually necessity and becomes a guideline for all reaped public responses, among many of government levels, both at the central and which emerged were assessments that regional levels. revealed the Government's protracted efforts to prevent the widespread of Covid- Change Management 19. By the official announcement in early In terms of change management, Anderson March 2020, the Government began taking D. and Anderson L.A. (2001) explained that monitoring measures to prevent the change management is an attempt to find widespread of Covid-19. In the first week of solutions to two focal problems facing February 2020, the Government stopped all transformational change, how to plan for flights from China and revoked visa better implementation, and how to trounce granting and visa on arrival for Chinese personnel resistance, is not sufficient to citizens. In the first week of March 2020, achieve constructive results (p. 2). The the Government issued five main protocols essence of this theory explains that change preventing Covid-19, including health management is something good, where protocols, communication protocols, border management adjustments need to be made surveillance protocols, educational in facing transformational change. institution area protocols, and public area However, it looks insufficient due to and transportation protocols (Kemenkes RI, personnel or organizational elements 2020). Moreover, on March 14, 2020, the dispensing with the challenges that emerge Government officially declared the Covid- dynamically, leading to failure. In this 19 pandemic a national disaster. regard, it is necessary to realize a change in The Government's countermeasures leadership that allows for strategic dealing with Covid-19 outbreaks do not transformation through an oriented and stop at this point, yet realizing nationwide, integrated process. e.g., inter-city transportation restrictions, work from home, online learning, office ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION hours, quarantine, and others up to the Covid-19 in Indonesia establishment of the Covid-19 Task Force. On March 2, 2020, the President of the In Presidential Decree Number 7 of 2020 Republic of Indonesia, Mr. Joko Widodo, concerning the Task Force for the accompanied by Minister of Health Acceleration of Handling Corona Virus Terawan Agus Putranto, announced the first Disease 2019 (Covid-19), it explains the positive case of Covid-19 in Indonesia organizational structure of the task force struck two residents (Mother-Child) in containing
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