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History, Placers, and Recreational Regulations History, Placers, and Recreational Regulations UTAH GOLD UTAH

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History, Placers, and Recreational Regulations History, Placers, and Recreational Regulations UTAH GOLD UTAH History, Placers, and Recreational Regulations History, Placers, and Recreational Regulations UTAH GOLD UTAH Cover photo: Early prospector panning for gold. Photo courtesy of the Utah State Historical Society. Text by Christine Wilkerson. Design by Vicky Clarke. History, Placers, and Recreational Regulations UTAH GOLD UTAH UTAH’S GOLD HISTORY Lode and Placer Deposits Lake County. Placer gold was discovered in Bingham Canyon the following year. These placers were the Geologic processes concentrate gold into two largest and most productive ever discovered in Utah, principal types of deposits: lode (or primary) deposits yielding about $1.5 million in gold. However, they where gold is deposited by gold-bearing solutions were practically depleted by 1900. within rock formations; and placer (or secondary) deposits where gold-bearing rocks are eroded and A gold placer in the Mercur (previously Camp the free gold is concentrated in stream beds. Most Floyd) district in Tooele County was discovered in prospectors began their search for gold by looking for 1870. A few prospectors staked claims but soon placer deposits because they offered quick returns abandoned their endeavors due to the scarcity of with simple equipment. The discovery of placer both water and gold that could be panned. Silver deposits often led to the discovery of lode deposits. ores kept the district alive until around 1880. About In Utah, primary gold deposits have proven to be 1883, gold-bearing ores were found, but the gold more economical than placer deposits. could not be separated from the rock. Disappointed, prospectors again left the district. Then, in 1889, Early Discoveries these ores were rediscovered and the gold successfully recovered using the newly developed In 1847, the primary influx of Utah pioneers, cyanide leaching process. From 1890 to 1900, almost Mormon settlers (members of the Church of Jesus 2 million tons of gold ore were treated, producing Christ of Latter-day Saints), arrived in Salt Lake over 380,000 ounces of gold worth about $8 million. Valley. Unlike settlers in other western states who prospected for precious metals, early Utahns In the 1880s, Bluff residents intermittently concentrated on farming, raising livestock, and prospected the San Juan River and its tributaries. In establishing communities, and only mined materials 1892, exaggerated tales of the area’s fabulously rich necessary for home industries such as salt, coal, river placers and sandstone terraces spread like lead, and sulfur. Therefore, it wasn’t until 1858 that wildfire throughout the West. A stampede of 1,200 a gold discovery was reported. Westbound travelers prospectors followed, creating the “Bluff excitement” on their way to California found gold at Gold Hill in in the winter of 1892–93. After enduring hardships, Tooele County. Native Americans initially drove away much fighting, and some bloodshed, the prospectors prospectors, discouraging any mining in the area. discovered that the gold was very fine grained, Prospectors were persistent, however, and in 1869, making recovery difficult, and in a few months the the Clifton (Gold Hill) district was organized. Small area was practically abandoned. amounts of gold, silver, and lead were produced over the next few years. Mining activity and production In the late 1800s and early 1900s, gold placer increased in 1892, when a mill was constructed to mining was conducted in the Tushar, Henry, La Sal, treat the ores. and Abajo Mountains and along the Colorado, San General Patrick E. Connor, stationed with his Juan, and Green Rivers and their tributaries. Early regiment at Camp Douglas in the foothills east of gold-producing districts, some mining gold as a by- Salt Lake City, and others formally organized the first product of other metals, included Tintic, Bingham, mining district, West Mountain (currently Bingham) Mercur, Park City, Gold Mountain, Gold Springs, in 1863, after the discovery of lead-silver ore in State Line, Clifton, Park Valley, Spring Creek, Bingham Canyon in the Oquirrh Mountains of Salt American Fork, and San Francisco. 1 History, Placers, and Recreational Regulations CACHE Bear Lake XPark Valley Logan Great RICH Salt WEBER Ogden Lake MORGAN BOX ELDER DAVIS UTAH GOLD UTAH TOOELE Flaming DAGGETT SUMMIT Gorge Green River Wendover Salt Lake City Park City Oquirrh SALT Kamas Mtns X X LAKE X Cottonwood Bingham X American Fork Vernal Ophir-Rush Valley X WASATCH Mercur X Utah Provo Lake Duchesne X Clifton Willow Springs River X East Tintic X X JUAB Tintic UTAH DUCHESNE X Spring Creek Price CARBON UINTAH MILLARD EMERY GRAND Manti House Range Green SANPETE Green River Sevier Lake Dolores River River SEVIER Moab BEAVER LaSal Mtns X X Gold Mountain WAYNE San Francisco Tushar Mt. Baldy Mtns X Beaver PIUTE IRON GARFIELD X Stateline Henry Colorado Abajo XGold Springs Mtns Mtns Cedar City KANE XGoldstrike Bluff Creek Lake Montezuma River Powell San St. George Juan WASHINGTON Kanab SAN JUAN Gold producing areas in Utah (mentioned in text). 2 History, Placers, and Recreational Regulations UTAH GOLD UTAH UTAH GOLD UTAH Gold mining along the San Juan River, 1894. Five dollars per day was paid to each man work- ing this claim. Photo courtesy of the Utah State Historical Society. During these early years of discovery, thousands After the war, some gold mines remained closed of claims were filed and many mines started. due to the fixed selling price and rising operation Eventually most of these were either mined out and costs. The active Utah gold-producing areas at this abandoned, or were consolidated and worked by time included the Bingham, Cottonwood (Big and large mining companies. Little), East Tintic, Gold Mountain, Mt. Baldy, Ophir- Rush Valley, Park City, Tintic, and Willow Springs 1900s Activity districts, and the Notch Peak (in the House Range) and La Sal Mountain placers, although some only Gold production declined and many gold mines operated intermittently or produced small amounts. closed during World War I (1914–1918) due to a shortage of manpower, decreasing ore reserves, In 1968, gold’s fixed price of $35 per ounce as a and increasing costs. During the depression in the commodity was terminated and its price increased, early 1930s, gold mines were brought back to life reaching more than $1800 per ounce in 2011. From and prospectors thoroughly searched the known and 1982 to 2005 the price remained in the range of $250 to little-known gold-producing areas. Gold production $500 per ounce. Since then it has ranged from $600 to increased rapidly when the government-regulated $1800 per ounce. price of gold was raised in 1934 from $20.67 to $35.00 per ounce. This interval of increased productivity Major gold developments in the 1980s and ended during World War II when gold mines were 1990s included operations in the Bingham, Mercur, closed in 1942 by the War Production Board and Goldstrike, Tintic, and East Tintic mining districts. were not permitted to reopen until the war ended. Exploration and development continues in Utah today. By-product gold, such as the gold recovered with the Old mining districts are being re-explored and in copper ores in the Bingham mining district, accounted some cases, revived using new technologies. for most of the gold produced during the war. 3 History, Placers, and Recreational Regulations UTAH’S GOLD PLACERS CACHE Bear Lake What is a placer? Logan Great RICH Utah placers A placer is a sand or gravel deposit, Salt Ogden WEBER Lake MORGAN such as a beach or stream bed, containing BOX ELDER DAVIS TOOELE Flaming UTAH GOLD UTAH concentrations of heavy minerals like gold. SUMMIT DAGGETT Gorge Green River Salt Wendover Lake Gold is very resistant to weathering. As a rock City SALT Kamas Oquirrh LAKE 2 Mtns containing gold is eroded, the gold is freed and Vernal WASATCH carried downstream as dust, flakes, grains, and Utah 4 Lake Provo Duchesne nuggets. During high-flow periods when the River sand and rocks in the stream are moving, gold JUAB UTAH DUCHESNE settles downward and concentrates at the base Price UINTA of the stream bed or in depressions in sand and MILLARD CARBON EMERY GRAND gravel bars where the current is slower. Most Manti House 6Range Green of the placer gold in Utah is very fine grained SANPETE Green River Sevier Do (flour gold) and is difficult to recover. Lake lore R s iver River 3 SEVIER Moab BEAVER LaSal Mtns Tushar WAYNE Mtns Where are Utah’s gold placers? Beaver9 7 PIUTE IRON GARFIELD Abajo Utah’s placers are usually associated with Henry Colorado 5 Mtns 1 Mtns areas of igneous rocks. Gold-bearing solutions Cedar City deposited gold within the surrounding rock ma KANE zu te n o Bluff Creek formations (lode or primary deposit). As these Lake M S River Powell an n gold-bearing rocks are eroded, the free gold St. George 8 Jua WASHINGTON Kanab SAN JUAN is deposited and concentrated into placer (or secondary) deposits. Finding gold is possible in any to the Utah-Arizona border and are now under stream or river that crosses a gold-mineralized area. Lake Powell. However, since the known placer deposits have been 4. Green River – From Flaming Gorge Reservoir down worked and reworked for over 100 years, the chance to Horseshoe Bend. of finding large concentrations of gold in Utah’s 5. Henry Mountains – On the east flanks of Mt. Ellen streams is small. in Crescent Creek and Mt. Pennell along Straight Utah placers have been reported in the following Creek. areas: 6. House Range – In Amasa Valley and Miller 1. Abajp Mountains – Along Johnson and Recapture Canyon. Creeks. 7. La Sal Mountains – In glacial deposits and streams 2. Oquirrh Mountains, Bingham Canyon – Was the of Miners Basin, Wilson Mesa, Bald Mesa, and around North Mountain.
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