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Alluvial* Gold Potential in Buried Palaeochannels in the Wyalong District, Lachlan Fold Belt, New South Wales

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Alluvial* Gold Potential in Buried Palaeochannels in the Wyalong District, Lachlan Fold Belt, New South Wales Alluvial* gold potential in buried palaeochannels in the Wyalong district, Lachlan Fold Belt, New South Wales Kenneth C. Lawrie1, Roslyn A. Chan2, David L. Gibson2, & Nadir de Souza Kovacs3 Recent advances in understanding discovered palaeochannels may be pro- and likely climate control related to palaeodrainage in regolith terrains have spective for alluvial gold sourced by ero- eustatic sea-level changes (Gibson & led to the development of new conceptual sion of the vein deposits. Chan 1999: Proceedings of Regolith 98 models for landscape evolution in the Conference, Kalgoorlie, May 1998, CRC Lachlan Fold Belt. At the same time, new Geomorphic and LEME, Perth, 2337). high-resolution airborne geophysical palaeogeographic setting Drilling and seismic refraction profil- datasets (magnetic, g-ray spectrometric, The Wyalong Goldfield is adjacent to the ing show that the Bland Creek and electromagnetic, AEM) have helped western margin of the northsouth- palaeovalley has a crudely asymmetric delineate many regolith features with no trending Bland Creek palaeovalley cross-section owing to more pronounced surface expression notably buried, (130 × 60 km; Fig. 1), which controlled the incision on its eastern side (Anderson et alluviated palaeoriver channels. Such northward flow of Tertiary palaeorivers al. 1993: NSW Department of Water Re- palaeochannels, mainly in areas adjacent discharging into the main westward-flow- sources, Technical Services Report to high ground, were identified in the ing palaeo-Lachlan River system. The 93.045). North-northwest-trending ridges 19th century in several of the goldfields palaeovalley drainage first incised (prob- in the palaeovalley apparently owe their in the Lachlan River catchment, where ably in the Paleocene) an already weath- expression to bedrock composition, in- some were mined for alluvial gold and ered terrain in which saprolite profiles in cluding alteration/mineralisation over- tin until the early 20th century. We have bedrock locally extended 50 m or more prints. On the western palaeovalley delineated previously unrecognised deep. Time-transgressive incision pro- margin, numerous magnetically deline- palaeochannels on high-resolution mag- ceeded by nickpoint retreat in response ated ENE- to NNE-trending palaeo- netic images near the Wyalong Goldfield, to the combined effects of differential channels appear to cut through these an historic source of primary gold in uplift associated with continental break- ridges. Steep-sided palaeochannels quartz veins. Some of these newly up, downwarping of the Murray Basin, (gorges?) underlying the Temora Gold- field are as deep as 140 m (Lishmund 1972: Records of the Geological Survey of NSW, 14(2), 133157). Alluviation of the palaeo-Lachlan River system during the late Tertiary (Williamson 1986: Water Resources Com- mission, NSW, Hydrogeological Report 1986/12) buried the Bland Creek palaeovalley, whose alluvial fill comprises two formations. The Late Miocene to Pliocene Lachlan Formation quartz- dominant, poorly sorted sand and gravel to cobble size was deposited in a swampy, moderately reducing environ- ment. After a brief erosional hiatus, the Pleistocene Cowra Formation, brown gravel and clay, accumulated in a more oxidising environment in which gravel distribution across the palaeovalley indi- cates constant reworking by braided stream channels (Williamson 1986: op. cit.). * We use the term alluvial synonymously with the terms placer, palaeoplacer, lead and deep-lead. Fig. 1. The Bland Creek palaeovalley in relation to the Lachlan River and Wyalong Goldfield. AGSO Research Newsletter 30 May 1999 Alluvial gold associated with the rain in which colluvium and alluvium earliest Silurian Ungarie Granite (M. Lachlan River and Bland Creek associated with modern drainage form a Duggan, AGSO, personal comunication palaeovalleys thin veneer (<3 m) over much of the 1999). Epidotequartzchlorite wallrock saprolitic bedrock. Relief in the Wyalong alteration coincides with the fault zones. Gold from alluvial palaeochannels contrib- area is subtle, and it is difficult to distin- Shear-parallel veins in these fault uted greatly to total gold production from guish between the mostly erosional ter- zones are much narrower (typically <1 m) several goldfields in the Lachlan River rain and the surrounding alluvial areas. and lenticular. The veins and host fault and tributary Bland Creek palaeovalleys. Between 1894 and 1920, the Wyalong zones display a variable dip subvertical For example, 3.8 out of 4.2 t Au was goldfield produced ~14 t (450 000 oz) Au or steeply east-dipping near the surface, mined from the alluvial workings in the (Bowman 1977: Forbes 1:250 000 mine and some veins flatten out at depth (<17° Temora Goldfield (Lishmund 1972: op. data sheets and metallogenic study, to the east; Watt 1899: op. cit.). Ore shoots cit.), ~60km south of Wyalong. NSW Geological Survey, Report) all of plunge to the north in most fault zones, Basal units in the Lachlan Formation it from several narrow north-northeast- but to the south in the east (Markham are the principal source of alluvial gold in trending subparallel veins (Watt 1899: 1987: Gold deposits of the Lachlan Fold the palaeochannels. The auriferous NSW Geological Survey, Report, Mineral Belt, NSW Geological Survey, unpub- sediments are typically 0.52 m thick and Resources 5; Bowman 1977: op. cit.). lished). Steeply plunging ore shoots up to 100 m wide (Andrews 1910: NSW Prospectors initially discovered the along strike were selectively mined. Min- Geological Survey Report, Mineral Re- location of individual auriferous veins in ing extended to depths generally less than sources 13; Wilson & McNally 1996: this area by tracing gold-bearing quartz 50 m in many veins, but to 100 m in high- Symposium on the geological evolution float up very low-gradient slopes in dense grade zones, and below 250 m in the of eastern Australia, Sydney University mallee scrub. The lack of alluvial gold was Neelds and True Blue mines, where aver- Consortium of Geology and Geophysics, attributed to the difficulty of prospecting age grades were 35 and 62 g/t respectively 7173), but appear to be less continuous for such deposits in flat country (Pittman (Aliano & Schwebel 1981: NSW Geologi- laterally and downstream than those in 1900: Department of Mines, NSW, Annual cal Survey, Report 1981/544). palaeochannel deposits in Victoria Report for 1899, 164). Pittman surmised Primary gold is intimately associated (Nielsen 1998: Australian Institute of that the area was denuded in Tertiary with pyrite. Minor sulphides include Geoscientists [AIG] Bulletin 24, 121125). times, and that higher rainfall in previous arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and Gold within leads was mined up to 6 km times had conspired with the districts chalcopyrite (Watt 1899: op. cit.). Coarse downstream of the channel heads elevation to form drainage channels. Oth- gold was recovered from white quartz in (Mullholland 1935: NSW Geological Sur- ers discounted the formation of alluvial veins in the east of the goldfield. Free vey, Report 1935/002; Lishmund 1972: op. prospects owing to the fine grainsize of gold is rare, but good grades were recov- cit.). Only in a few examples was it recov- the gold, which they asserted would have ered by cyanidation and/or chlorination. ered from horizons higher up than 2 m in been dispersed by aeolian processes in a the palaeochannel fill (e.g., at Golden moderately arid environment (Watt 1899: Oxide-zone enrichment Gate, Temora; Lishmund 1972: op. cit.). op. cit.). Lack of relief, low rainfall, and Gold grades of individual veins beneath Lateral gold distribution in the scarcity of groundwater for supporting the base of weathering are not uniform, palaeochannels is complex. It apparently sluicing operations (Lishmund 1972: op. but commonly <35 g/t. Despite their vari- was controlled by a combination of flu- cit.) also dampened enthusiasm for allu- ability, analysis of gold production fig- vial processes and local channel geom- vial-gold prospecting in the Wyalong ures for individual quartz reefs shows that etry. Gold was mined from tributary area. gold is enriched in the oxide zone (Aliano channels, and at the junction of tributar- Early mining, nevertheless, revealed & Schwebel 1981: op. cit.), where they are ies and the main channel in the Temora the presence of near-surface lumps of typically >60 g/t. Many shafts were not Goldfield (Lishmund 1972: op. cit.). Other gold-bearing quartz, locally known as deepened below the base of weathering examples of local controls on gold grades spuds, in the topmost regolith layers, owing to the increased difficulty of dig- include depressions or scour holes in which were clearly the result of denuda- ging and diminishing grades (Watt 1899: the courses of channels, and bends in tion of outcropping auriferous quartz op. cit.). creeks within the main palaeochannel gut- reefs. This, and analogies with other bed- In the oxide zone, fine gold is inti- ters (Andrews 1910: op. cit.; Lishmund rock-alluvial gold relationships within the mately associated with iron oxides; coarse 1972: op. cit.). same drainage system would suggest that gold, with colourless, white, and reddish Chemical dissolution and repre- gold may have accumulated in brown opaline silica (Watt 1899: op. cit.). cipitation of gold in alluvial deposits may palaeodrainage channels adjacent to the The base of oxidation of the host rock have been important for redistributing Wyalong (and Hiawatha) Goldfield. Allu- and quartz veins
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