DOCSLIB.ORG

Medz Yeghern "The Great Crime

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Medz Yeghern Katastrophe "Total Destruction" Greek Genocide 1914-1923 Background Greeks have lived in Turkey for thousands of years. Greek communities were primarily concentrated around the regions of Pontus, Cappadocia, and the Aegean sea. Under the Millet system, Greeks managed to preserve their religion and culture, yet remained second-class citizens under Ottoman law. The Young Turks and later the Republic of Turkey sought to create Map of Massacre Sites a "pure" Turkish state and embarked on a decade-long campaign of expulsion and genocidal massacres of Greek communities across Turkey. Testimonials Key Perpetrators "You couldn’t get the women to give up their Talaat Pasha Extermination dead babies. They’d have babies dead for six Ottoman Minister of days. Wouldn’t give them up. Nothing you The Greek Genocide began in 1914 with massive could do about it. Had to take them away Interior Affairs deportation and execution campaigns in the regions of finally. Then there was an old lady, most extraordinary case. I told it to a doctor and Topal Osman - Turkish Eastern Thrace, Pontus, and Anatolia. Using the same he said I was lying. We were clearing them off bandit leader in Pontus methods employed against the Ottoman Armenian and the pier, had to clear off the dead ones, and this old woman was lying on a sort of litter. Assyrians, under direct order from the ruling Committee They said, “Will you have a look at her, sir?” Djemal Pasha for Union and Progress (CUP), Turkish gendarmes, So I had a look at her and just then she died Ottoman Minister of and went absolutely stiff" - Ernest the Navy Kurdish militias, and freed criminals embarked on a Hemingway. "On the Quay at Smyrna horrific campaign of looting, rape, and murder of Greek Mustafa Kemal Ataturk populations. Greek women and children were abducted "I see that time has come for Turkey to have 1st President of Turkey from their families and forced to convert to Islam and it out with the Greeks the way it had it out take Turkish names. The genocide against Greeks with the Armenians in 1915"- Talaat Pasha continued after the end of the First World War. In 1922, "We walked all day and sometimes night too. the Turkish Army captured the city of Smyrna (now They wanted us to die. Women, young Izmir) and systematically burned down the Greek children; walking and walking. Whoever couldn't walk anymore was left on the side of sections of the city with the population trapped inside, the road. The first to fall from exhaustion killing an estimated 200,000 civilians. This massacre is was Barba Konstantis the candle lighter at our church. He laid lifeless under some now known as the Great Fire of Smyrna. branches. Nobody buried him, no one blessed his body. It took, but I think it was two months"- Marianthi Karamousa,Genocide Aftermath Survivor Destroyed Greek Church after Smyrna Fire The genocide and deportation of Greeks created thousands of refugees. The vast majority of these refugees For more information please visit the Greek Genocide Resource Center fled to Greece, with smaller groups fleeing to the Soviet Union, Europe, and North America. Following the end of the Greco-Turkish War and the signing of the Treaty of Denial Lausanne, Greece and Turkey embarked on a large-scale population exchange. All Christians were forcibly moved to As with the Armenian and Assyrian Genocides, Turkey Greece and all Muslims moved to Turkey. Greek heritage vehemently denies the events described above as "genocide". and memory in Turkey following the genocide were almost The Turkish government has paid a large network of completely destroyed. In 1955, the few remaining Greeks lobbyists, academics and politicians to perpetuate the denial living in Istanbul experienced another violent pogrom. of the Greek genocide. Only six countries have recognized the Turkish mobs destroyed Greek homes and businesses. events as "genocide". The United States, United Kingdom, Currently, only a few thousand Greeks live in Turkey. European Union, and the United Nations have all failed to Erdogan's Turkish nationalist rhetoric keeps them in recognize the Greek Genocide. constant fear. 1 M 800,000 107 Y Greeks Killed Greek Displaced Turkey's Denial of the Genocide.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Review of Israel Charny's New Book, Israel's Failed Response to the Armenian Geno
    “One is either for human life or not!” Review of Israel Charny’s New Book, Israel’s Failed Response to the Armenian Genocide: Denial, State Deception, Truth versus Politicization of History. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2021. by Tessa Hofmann Review of Israel Charny: Israel’s Failed Response to the Armenian Genocide: Denial, State Deception, Truth versus Politization of History. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2021, 267 p. Tessa Hofmann In this extremely remarkable anthology, Israel Charny describes with obvious pain, palpable even after nearly 40 years, how a first conference on the Holocaust and genocide, including the Armenian Genocide, initiated by him and others, was blocked, obstructed, and nearly prevented by the Israeli government in the spring of 1982. National institutions such as Yad Vashem played a decisive and deeply deplorable role in this process. Promises made were revoked, which naturally put the organizers under enormous logistical and time pressure. Only now, based on newly declassified state records, Charny found that the boycott campaign was essentially spearheaded by the Israeli government itself, while the protest and attempts at prevention of lectures on the Armenian Genocide on the part of Turkey served Israel as a welcome pretext and reason for its interventions. Allegedly, Jewish lives and the escape route of Jews from Iran and Syria via Turkey were threatened by Turkey should the planned conference result in the presentation of six "Armenian" lectures - among a total of 150! The Israel Foreign Ministry demanded of Charny and his colleagues compliance, and as the tension mounted the Foreign Ministry also commanded disinviting all Armenian speakers.
    [Show full text]
  • 'A Reign of Terror'
    ‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam, Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ June 2005 ‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ Supervisors: Prof. Johannes Houwink ten Cate, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Dr. Karel Berkhoff, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies June 2005 2 Contents Preface 4 Introduction 6 1 ‘Turkey for the Turks’, 1913-1914 10 1.1 Crises in the Ottoman Empire 10 1.2 ‘Nationalization’ of the population 17 1.3 Diyarbekir province before World War I 21 1.4 Social relations between the groups 26 2 Persecution of Christian communities, 1915 33 2.1 Mobilization and war 33 2.2 The ‘reign of terror’ begins 39 2.3 ‘Burn, destroy, kill’ 48 2.4 Center and periphery 63 2.5 Widening and narrowing scopes of persecution 73 3 Deportations of Kurds and settlement of Muslims, 1916-1917 78 3.1 Deportations of Kurds, 1916 81 3.2 Settlement of Muslims, 1917 92 3.3 The aftermath of the war, 1918 95 3.4 The Kemalists take control, 1919-1923 101 4 Conclusion 110 Bibliography 116 Appendix 1: DH.ŞFR 64/39 130 Appendix 2: DH.ŞFR 87/40 132 Appendix 3: DH.ŞFR 86/45 134 Appendix 4: Family tree of Y.A. 136 Maps 138 3 Preface A little less than two decades ago, in my childhood, I became fascinated with violence, whether it was children bullying each other in school, fathers beating up their daughters for sneaking out on a date, or the omnipresent racism that I did not understand at the time.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7. Remembering Them
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2017-02 Understanding Atrocities: Remembering, Representing and Teaching Genocide Murray, Scott W. University of Calgary Press http://hdl.handle.net/1880/51806 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNDERSTANDING ATROCITIES: REMEMBERING, REPRESENTING, AND TEACHING GENOCIDE Edited by Scott W. Murray ISBN 978-1-55238-886-0 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence. This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display or perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to its authors and publisher, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form, and that you in no way alter, transform, or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without our express permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Balkanlar the Balkans
    DOSYA / FILE: Balkanlar The Balkans ULUSLARARASI SUÇLAR ve TARİH Yıllık Uluslararası Hukuk ve Tarih Dergisi INTERNATIONAL CRIMES and HISTORY Annual International Law and History Journal sayı / issue Panslavizmin Çarlık Rusyası’nın ve Sovyetler Birliği’nin 17 Balkan Politikaları Üzerindeki Etkisi 2016 Ali ASKER - Merve Suna ÖZEL ÖZCAN The Making of the Rhodopean Borders and Construction of the Pomak Identities in the Balkans Cengiz HAKSÖZ Yugoslavya’nın Dağılması Bağlamında Josip Broz Tito ve Slobodan Miloseviç’in Söylem ve Politikalarının İncelenmesi İbrahim Fevzi GÜVEN Kosova ve Kırım Vakalarının Uluslararası Hukuk Perspektifinden Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analizi Abdullah TUNÇ - Hamdi Fırat BÜYÜK The Fabricated Pontus Narrative and Hate Speech Teoman Ertuğrul TULUN RAPOR / REPORT 81. Yılında Montrö Sözleşmesi’nin Karşılaştığı Güvenlik Sorunları ve Sözleşmenin Feshi ve Tadili İçin Girişimler Vukuunda Karşılaşılacak Senaryoların Analizi Mustafa Şükrü ELEKDAĞ ULUSLARARASI SUÇLAR VE TARİH INTERNATIONAL CRIMES AND HISTORY Yıllık Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi Annual International Peer-Reviewed Journal 2016, Sayı / Issue: 17 ISSN: 1306-9136 EDİTÖR / EDITOR E. Büyükelçi - Ambassador (R) Ömer Engin LÜTEM SORUMLU YAZI İŞLERİ MÜDÜRÜ / MANAGING EDITOR Dr. Turgut Kerem TUNCEL İMTİYAZ SAHİBİ / LICENSEE AVRASYA BİR VAKFI (1993) Bu yayın, Avrasya Bir Vakfı adına, Avrasya İncelemeleri Merkezi tarafından hazırlanmaktadır. This publication is edited by Center for Eurasian Studies on behalf of Avrasya Bir Vakfı. YAYIN KURULU / EDITORIAL BOARD Alfabetik Sıra ile / In Alphabetic Order Prof. Dr. Dursun Ali AKBULUT E. Büyükelçi / Ambassador (R) Alev KILIÇ (Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi) (Avrasya İncelemeleri Merkezi Başkanı) E. Büyükelçi / Ambassador (R) Yiğit ALPOGAN E. Büyükelçi / Ambassador (R) Ömer Engin LÜTEM (AVİM Danışmanı) (Avrasya İncelemeleri Merkezi Onursal Başkanı) Prof. Dr. Ayşegül AYDINGÜN E.
    [Show full text]
  • Komitacı Eylemlerin Son Temsilcisi İsmail Hakkı Tekçe Ve Faaliyetleri
    Komitacı Eylemlerin Son Temsilcisi İsmail Hakkı Tekçe ve Faaliyetleri İsmail AKBAL Aksaray Üniversitesi AKBAL, İsmail, Komitacı Eylemlerin Son Temsilcisi İsmail Hakkı Tekçe ve Faaliyetleri CTAD, Yıl 7, Sayı 13 (Bahar 2011), 70-102. İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti/Fırkası’nın siyasal iktidar mücadelesi içerisinde yer alması ile birlikte Türk siyasal hayatı yeni bir kavramla tanışmıştır: Komitacılık. Siyasal iktidar yarışında legal yollardan çözülemeyen sorunların illegal yollarla, antidemokratik bir şekilde çözülmesine “komitacı faaliyetler”; bu faaliyetleri yürütenlere de “Komitacılar” denmiştir. 1903 yılından itibaren İttihatçılar tarafından kullanılan Komitacılar, 1919 yılında başlayan Millî Mücadele döneminde siyasal iktidar odağı olan Mustafa Kemal Paşa tarafından da siyasal iktidarını korumak için yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmışlardır. Bu çalışmada, komitacı yöntemleriyle tanınmış ve Milli Mücadele yıllarında Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın verdiği bütün emirleri sorgusuz sualsiz yerine getirmiş, kendi can güvenliğini emanet edecek kadar güvendiği bir subayı olan İsmail Hakkı Tekçe ve onun faaliyetleri üzerinde durulacaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler: İsmail Hakkı Tekçe, Komitacı, İttihad ve Terakki, Meclis Muhafız Taburu AKBAL, İsmail, Last Representative of The Komitaji Movements: İsmail Hakkı Tekçe And His Activities. CTAD, Year 7, Issue 13 (Spring 2011), 71-103. Komitaji was a new concept for Turkish political life introduced by Union and Progress Party/Society with its engagement in the struggle for the political power. Komitaji operations refer to the usage of undemocratic and illegal ways for the problems that could not be solved through legal means in the competition for political power and those who were involved in such operations were dubbed as Komitajis. Komitajis who were being utilized by the Unionists since 1903 were also employed frequently in order to uphold his power by Mustafa Kemal Pasha during National Struggle Movement after 1919.
    [Show full text]
  • When Persecution Bleeds Into Mass Murder: the Processive Nature of Genocide
    Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 1 Issue 2 Article 7 September 2006 When Persecution Bleeds into Mass Murder: The Processive Nature of Genocide Uğur Ü. Üngör Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Üngör, Uğur Ü. (2006) "When Persecution Bleeds into Mass Murder: The Processive Nature of Genocide," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 1: Iss. 2: Article 7. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol1/iss2/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. When Persecution Bleeds into Mass Murder: The Processive Nature of Genocide Ug˘ur U¨.U¨ngo¨r Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Amsterdam In the rapidly developing historiography of the Armenian Genocide, the processive character of pre-genocidal persecutions has received less attention than the genocidal process itself. This article treats the persecution of Ottoman Armenians as a cumulative process leading up to a mass-murder campaign in the summer of 1915. It addresses the evolution of CUP policy toward the Armenians through the prism of escalating persecution and the relationship between center and periphery. In order to illustrate the concrete implementation of this process, the province of Diyarbekir will serve as an example to clarify the history of the persecutions. Introduction This article will address the evolution of CUP policy toward the Armenians through the prism of escalating persecution and the relationship between center and periphery, within the context of the development of general Ottoman population policies between 1913 and 1915.
    [Show full text]
  • Genocide Bibliography
    on Genocide The Armenian Genocide A Brief Bibliography of English Language Books Covering Four Linked Phases Genocide Facts Presentation of Oral and Written Evidence for the Armenian Genocide in the Grand Committee Room, The House of Commons London 24th April 2007 First and Second Editions 2007, with Addenda 2009, Third Edition 2011, Fourth Edition 2013, Fifth Edition Centennial Presentation, the 1st of January, 2015 Sixth Edition © English By Français T.S. Kahvé Pусский Español Ararat Heritage Հայերեն London Português 2017 Genocide: Beyond the Night, by Jean Jansem, detail photography by Ararat Heritage PREFACE There are certain polyvalent developments of the past that project prominently into the contemporary world with pertinent connotations for the future, decisively subsuming the characteristics of permanence. Their significance dilates not only because well organised misfeasance bars them from justice, but also because of sociological and psychological aspects involving far-reaching consequences. In this respect, the extensive destruction brought about by the Armenian Genocide and the substantive occupation of Armenia’s landmass by its astonishingly hostile enemies will remain a multifarious international subject impregnated with significant longevity. Undoubtedly, the intensity of the issue in motion will gather momentum until a categorically justifiable settlement is attained. A broad reconstruction programme appears to be the most reasonable way forward. PREAMBLE 1st. PRELUDE TO GENOCIDE Encompasses the periods referred to as the Armenian Massacres; mainly covering the years 1894 - 96 and Adana 1909. Some titles in the bibliography record the earlier international treaties that failed to protect the Armenians. Only a small number of works have been included, predominantly relevant to this period.
    [Show full text]
  • Karadeniz'de Milli Mücadele Yanlısı Mülki Amirler: Mazhar
    2020 6 / 10 (231-244) Aksoy, Volkan, “Karadeniz’de Milli Mücadele Yanlısı Mülki Amirler: Mazhar Tevfik ve Ni- zamettin Beyler”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6/10, (Millî Mücadele’den Milli Egemenliğe Karadeniz Özel Sayısı), ss.231-244. DOI: 10.31765/karen.849320 KARADENİZ’DE MİLLİ MÜCADELE YANLISI MÜLKİ AMİRLER: MAZHAR TEVFİK ve NİZAMETTİN BEYLER* * Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article Volkan AKSOY Bu makale etik kurul izni ve/veya ya- sal/özel izin alınmasını gerektirme- mektedir. / This article does not require ethical committee permission and/or le- gal/special permission. Öz: Mondros Mütarekesi sonrası Osmanlı toprakları he- men her yönden işgale uğramaya başlamıştır. Özellikle deniz kıyısı bölgeler, ilk işgale uğrayan yerler olmuştur. ** Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Bu anlamda Samsun’a asker çıkaran İngilizler, Karade- Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi niz’de Sinop ve Giresun gibi iki önemli şehri de gözetim- Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, leri altında tutmuştur. İşgaller karşısında direnişe geçen Trabzon/TÜRKİYE halk ise Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın önderliğinde Milli Müca- [email protected] dele’yi başlatmış ve adı geçen şehirlerin dirayetli idareci- ORCID : 0000-0001-6725-8012 ler elinde bulunmasına azami dikkat göstermiştir. Bu ça- lışmada gerek Sinop’ta gerek Giresun’da mülki idarenin başında bulunan Mazhar Tevfik ile Nizamettin Beylerin Anahtar Kelimeler: Milli Mücadele, Milli Mücadele’nin hemen başında karşılaştıkları sorunlar Sinop, Giresun, Mazhar Tevfik, Niza- ve nasıl bir tutum sergiledikleri anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. mettin Bey Bu anlamda Sinop Mutasarrıfı Mazhar Tevfik Bey’in kendi Keywords: National Struggle, Sinop, kaleminden gerek İstanbul Hükûmetine gerek Mustafa Giresun, Governor Mazhar Tevfik, Cai- Kemal Paşa’ya yazdıklarına yer verilirken Nizamettin macam Nizamettin Bey’in de incelemesi ağırlıklı olarak Osmanlı Arşiv Kay- nakları üzerinden yapılmıştır.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of the Ottoman Greek Genocide (1914-1923)
    A Brief History of the Ottoman Greek Genocide (1914-1923) Asia Minor, also called Anatolia (from the Greek for “sunrise”), is a geographic Contemporary Eyewitness Accounts and historical term for the westernmost part of Asia. From the 9th century BC to the 15th century AD, Asia Minor played a major role in the development of From The Blight of Asia, by George Horton, U.S. Consul-General in the western civilization. Since 1923, Asia Minor has comprised the majority of the Near East, 1926: Republic of Turkey. “In January, 1916, the Greek deportations from the Black Sea began. These Greeks came through the city of Marsovan by thousands, walking for the Greek settlements in Asia Minor date as far back as the 11th century BC when most part the three days’ journey through the snow and mud and slush of Greeks emigrated from mainland Greece. They founded cities such as Miletus, the winter weather. Thousands fell by the wayside from exhaustion and Ephesus, Smyrna, Sinope, Trapezus, and Byzantium (later known as Constantinople, others came into the city of Marsovan in groups of fifty, one hundred and five the capital of the Byzantine Empire). These cities flourished culturally and hundred, always under escort of Turkish gendarmes. Next morning these poor economically. Miletus was the birthplace of pre-Socratic Western philosophy refugees were started on the road and destruction by this treatment was even and of the first great thinkers of antiquity, such as Thales, Anaximander, and more radical than a straight massacre such as the Armenians suffered before.” (p. 194) Anaximenes.
    [Show full text]
  • Speaking to One Another
    Vanya Ivanova Hranush Kharatyan Matthias Klingenberg Nazaret Nazaretyan Leyla Neyzi Susanne Popp Speaking to One Another TOOLBOX for working on reconciliation in adult education Impressum Published by: Institut für Internationale Zusammenarbeit des Deutschen Volkshochschul-Verbandes (DVV International) Obere Wilhelmstraße 32 53225 Bonn Tel.: 0228/97569–0 Fax: 0228/97569–55 E-mail: [email protected] Authors: Vanya Ivanova, Hranush Kharatyan, Matthias Klingenberg, Nazaret Nazaretyan, Leyla Neyzi, Susanne Popp English editor: Colin Shepherd Cover photos: Sibel Maksudyan Design & Layout: Stefan Müssigbrodt, www.muessigbrodt.com Illustrations: Csilla Liptay ISBN 978-3-942755-37-5 This publication is not for sale and is not intended for commercial use or profit. Opinions expressed in papers published under the name of individual authors do not necessary reflect those of the publisher. Speaking to One Another TOOLBOX for working on reconciliation in adult education Content Introduction 7 From Learning To Listen via Speaking To One Another to Acting Together – Lessons Learnt from an Adult Education Reconciliation Project between Turkey and Armenia 8 What to aim for? 9 Target groups 10 Leave the comfort zone / Think outside the box 11 Low threshold approaches 12 Risk management with foresight 143 Expectations and trust building 14 Approaches Neutrality 15 “Digging where you stand” 16 Student camps 17 Student micro projects 18 Interviewing (eye-)witnesses 18 Study visits 19 Traveling exhibitions 20 Methods A growing archive 21 Road trip
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek Pontian Genocide the Untold and Forgotten Story
    THE GREEK PONTIAN GENOCIDE THE UNTOLD AND FORGOTTEN STORY November 2016 GREEK PONTIAN GENOCIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Preface 2. Facts and Summary 3. Background and Historical Documentation 4. Genocide Recognition Terminology 5. Contemporary eyewitness accounts 6. Academic Discussion 7. Conclusions 8. Recognitions and Proclamations 9. About the Canadian Hellenic Congress and the Bibliography PREFACE Dear Reader, The Canadian Hellenic Congress has produced this booklet for the purpose of creating awareness among our fellow Canadians and to contribute to the discussion of the need to recognize and acknowledge the first genocide of the 20th Century. Many of the materials used in this booklet are in the public domain and have been written by individuals who want justice to be served for all the victims of genocides. The Hellenic Genocide, part of which is known as the Greek Pontian Genocide, is the forgotten and untold story of the genocide of Hellenic peoples. By decree of the government of the Ottoman Empire (today’s Turkey), Hellenes were deliberately and systematically removed from their ancient homelands of Asia Minor, Anatolia and Pontus. Many fled the acts of terrorism; the labor battalions; the rapes; murders; hangings and fires. Others were driven from their homes in forced marches. Experts state that 1.7 million men, women and children were affected. Our hope is that governments, including our Canadian governments, legislatively recognize and acknowledge this genocide as a crime against humanity. We hope that our brethren, who perished, get justice and further that this heinous crime against humanity is never again permitted to take place against any peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Genocide History
    Integrated Genocide History George N. Shirinian, ed., Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923, New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2017. Pp 433, hardcover, $69.95 US. Reviewed by Matthias Bjørnlund, Danish Institute for Study Abroad The Context Genocide studies—in short, analyzing one or more cases of organized mass destruc- tion—is by now a somewhat established academic discipline. While it is still young, it is, after ‘‘having remained marginal to academic discourse’’ for decades, no longer a mere toddler in the field of humanities and social sciences thanks to a host of factors, from individual achievements to geopolitical shifts.1 Genocide, of course, is not young, not even as a concept. For instance, long before Nazi atrocities were famously dubbed ‘‘a crime without a name’’ by Winston Churchill in 1941, neologisms exactly similar to Raphael Lemkin’s 1943/44 invention of the Greek-Latin hybrid word ‘‘genocide,’’ (ge´nos +-cide, i.e., the murder of a people/nation/race/tribe) were used by Scandinavian and German politicians, diplomats, reporters, and intellectuals from 1915, alongside ‘‘crimes against humanity,’’ ‘‘extermination,’’ and ‘‘race murder’’ to define or encapsulate the ongoing destruction of the Ottoman Armenians and Greeks. These neologisms were, for instance, folkemord, folkmord, and Vo¨lkermord, all combining the words ‘‘people’’ and ‘‘murder.’’ Both before and after that, the Greek genoktonia, the Armenian tseghas- panutiun, and several similar words synonymous with genocide were used
    [Show full text]