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87 BAB IV KESIMPULAN Berdasarkan 87 BAB IV KESIMPULAN Berdasarkan pertanyaan penelitian yakni “Bagaimana strategi Amerika Serikat untuk mengeliminasi kelompok teroris Al-Shabaab pada tahun 2008 hingga 2014 melalui kebijakan kontra terorisme di Somalia?”, penelitian ini membahas mengenai beberapa strategi AS dalam mengeliminasi kelompok Al- Shabaab. Pembatasan dari penelitian ini dimulai dari tahun 2008 hingga 2014 pada masa pemerintahan Presiden Obama. Terdapat tiga strategi yang dilakukan AS sebagai upaya kontra terorisme di Somalia. Pertama, AS menerapkan strategi “jejak cahaya” sebagai upaya kontra terorisme di bidang militer. Strategi “jejak cahaya” merupakan upaya kontra terorisme AS yang memanfaatkan teknologi seperti pesawat tanpa awak dan peluru kendali untuk melakukan pengitaian sekaligus penyerangan terhadap target operasi yakni Al-Shabaab. Selain itu, AS juga melibatkan beberapa operasi khusus untuk melawan Al-Shabaab di Somalia. Badan intelijen milik AS yakni Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) bekerjasama dengan Badan Intelijen Nasional Somalia (NISA) untuk membantu mendapatkan informasi mengenai lokasi keberadaan Al-Shabaab. Kedua, AS melakukan strategi kontra terorisme untuk melawan Al- Shabaab dengan memperkuat kerjasama dengan mitra dan aliansinya di Afrika. Di dalam dokumen strategi nasional AS, Presiden Obama memberikan mandat untuk memperkuat kerjasama dengan mitra dan aliansi agar mempermudah untuk mengeliminasi kelompok Al Shabaab. AS membentuk Komando Afrika 88 (AFRICOM) sebagai sebuah komando militer di Afrika untuk memperkuat kerjasama keamanan dalam meningkatkan kapabilitas negara-negara Afrika. AS juga membentuk Mintra Kontra Terorisme di Regional Afrika Timur (PREACT) untuk membangun kapasitas 12 negara di Afrika Timur dalam bidang militer, penegakan hukum, serta sumber daya pembangunan. Selain itu, AS juga mendukung Misi Perdamaian Uni Afrika (AMISOM) di Somalia dalam upaya mengeliminasi Al-Shabaab di Somalia. Ketiga, AS juga menerapkan strategi dalam bantuan pembangunan Somalia. Presiden Obama menyadari bahwa konflik yang terjadi di Somalia berasal dari faktor rendahnya tingkat kapabilitas pemerintahan Somalia untuk mengatasi ketidakstabilan di negara tersebut. Oleh karena itu, AS mulai membantu penguatan institusi keamanan lembaga pemerintahan di Somalia. Selain itu, AS juga membantu penerapan nilai demokrasi kepada Pemerintahan Federal Somalia (FGS) sebagai upaya meminimalisir adanya konflik akibat dari perbedaan ideologi di kalangan masyarakat Somalia. Terakhir, AS juga memberikan bantuan dana melalui Badan Pengembangan Internasional AS (USAID) untuk upaya pembangunan pemerintahan Somalia. Strategi militer yang dilakukan oleh AS terhadap Al-Shabaab merupakan implementasi dari konsep kontra terorisme model perang. Penerapan konsep kontra terorisme model perang dinilai tidak berhasil karena AS tidak berhasil mengeliminasi Al-Shabaab dari seluruh wilayah Somalia namun hanya berhasil mengeliminasi dari kota Mogadishu dan kota Kismayo saja. Pengintaian yang dilakukan oleh badan intelijen AS dan Somalia juga merupakan bagian dari 89 konsep kontra terorisme proaktif model intelijen. Hasil pengumpulan informasi tersebut digunakan sebagai alat pendukung untuk melakukan aksi militer AS. Terakhir, pendekatan jangka panjang dalam upaya kontra terorisme model pembangunan dilakukan oleh AS dengan memberikan bantuan pelatihan kepada tentara TFG, penerapan nilai demokrasi terhadap FGS dan bantuan dana dari USAID. Jika melihat implementasi ketiga strategi AS tersebut dari konsep kontra terorisme model perang, AS belum dapat memenangkan perang melawan Al- Shabaab. Konsep kontra terorisme model perang menilai bahwa parameter keberhasilan melawan terorisme hanya dapat dinilai dengan kekalahan dan kemenangan saja. Keberhasilan AS dalam menewaskan Ahmed Godane pada tahun 2014 tidak membuat Al-Shabaab kalah dan berhenti melakukan aksi teror. Namun, dukungan AS terhadap AMISOM dan tentara TFG dapat dikatakan lebih efektif. Upaya AMISOM dan tentara TFG dalam mengeliminasi kelompok Al- Shabaab dari kota Mogadishu dan kota Kismayo berhasil sehingga mengurangi pergerakan sekaligus sumber daya dari Al-Shabaab di Somalia. 90 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Buku Thomas R. Eldridge, Susan Ginsburg, Walter T. Hempel II, Janice L. Kephart, Kelly Moore dan Joanne M. Accolla, (2004), The 9/11 Commission Report: Complete Edition. Musaicum Books James J.F. Forest (Ed.), (2006) The Making of a Terrorist: Recruitment, Training and Root Causes. Volume III: Root Causes, Westport, Conn: Praeger Security International John W. 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